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Definitions of Design and Research

Research and Design: Synthesis of Cross and Throop
According to Nigel Cross, Design Research: A Disciplined Conversation, the study of graphic design is unique because the nature of the discipline implies a crossroads between the arts and sciences. Graphic design highlights a more all-encompassing weakness of much of academic researchacademia has fostered the creation of an artificial divide between things to know (technique in the form of the sciences) and ways to find out (theory, in the form of the arts) (Cross 7). Although there have been both scientific and artistic overviews of design, in terms of the people, processes, and forms, all of these are too limited in isolation to fully understand the real product. In design epistemology, there is more often than not a focus on one aspect of design at the expense of other aspects. Design must be analyzed within a larger context, as creating culture and not simply as a product of culture (Cross 7). This has which has finally been recognized by parts of the academy although there remains the danger of academics theorizing about what is a real practicedesign epistemology must be functional, even while it aspires to critical and abstract understanding of how