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Ethics in the Justice System How we treat minorities versus whites

......Policies Affecting Particular Communities
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, criminologists started developing some problem-solving techniques that recognized that there was a concentration of criminal behavior in certain places as it would be the case of certain individuals (Taxman, Byrne and Pattavina, 2005, p.66). Criminal hotspots gave rise to the idea that public safety goals can be achieved by attending to the behavior of individuals in the specific area. Many of these hotspots resulted in certain communities being the target of law enforcement actions. The areas are defined by areas of law enforcement actions and requests by citizens or assistance through calls for service or policy initiatives. The communities are where churning occurs due to the residents being subject to the heightened police efforts made in an attempt to reduce disorder and criminal activities. These communities are commonly plagued by a lack of support services, high levels of poverty, elevated high school dropout rates and similar indicators of unhealthy communities which include higher rates of communicable disease and mortality. Another factor affecting disorder is police misconduct which has been shown to contribute to violence in these communities
One of the three dominant themes in these communities is coercive dominance