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History of Science and Scientific Method of 4 Periods in Ancient Civilization

...... Because the Egyptian civilization was considered old when the Greeks matured, it had 3,000 years to develop new ideas and technology. Egypt, however, developed a more sophisticated social and legal system than Sumer, advanced writing to the art of hieroglyphics (which allowed for poetry, literature, and greater flexibility), a solar and lunar calendar (based on agricultural needs), advanced architectural and artistic expression (contemporary builders are still awed by the pyramids), sophisticated shipbuilding and medical skills (recent finds show empirical knowledge of anatomy, injuries, and treatment), astronomy, and a fully develop numeric system that included geometry (Clagett). Like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians made great strides in revolutionizing science in the Ancient World. They helped develop an understanding of physiology and medicine. One of the earliest extant medical documents is the Edwin Smith papyrus. According to the New York Academy of Medicine, the papyrus dates back to the sixteenth century BC and its contents predate that by 1,000 years. This document is the sole surviving copy of an ancient Egyptian textbook examining trauma surgery. It shows remarkable knowledge, demonstrating an understanding of major organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and bladder. It recognizes that the heart was connected to the