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Arab americans racism before and after 9 11

...... Furthermore, racism against the Arab Americans has typically assumed some different patterns from the racism directed at African Americans in the past in ways that make it especially difficult to counter. In this regard, Babbitt and Campbell note that racism against Arab Americans does not characteristically take the form of declaring them to be inferior in order to account for and justify subordinate positions in society. Rather, nonsubordinate, vulnerable groups are the target of racism in the form of race- or ethnicity-based hatred, resentments, or horribly offensive stereotyping (p. 93). As defined by the U.S. Department of Justice, hate crimes are traditional offenses motivated by the offender's bias (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2002, p. 3). According to Babbit and Campbell, incidences of hate crimes against Arab Americans were evident well before the terrorist attacks of September 11:
During the [first] Gulf War, such an incident of anti-Arab persecution took place in Chelsea, Massachusetts, where an Arab American family was driven from its home. Although active, actional anti-Arab racism was most prominent during that period, the widely held stereotypes of Arabs and Arab Americans (the distinction is not clearly made in the popular mind in the United States) as terrorists