(1958: 191) (Scott, 2003, p.50) Simon states that a hierarchy of goals is established in which each level is "...considered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a means relative to the levels above it. Through the hierarchical structure of ends, behavior attains integration and consistency, for each member of a set of behavior alternatives is then weighted in terms of a comprehensive scale of values -- the "ultimate" ends. (Simon, 1997: 74) "In addition to simplifying decisions for participants in all these ways, organizations also support participants in the decisions they are expected to make.
WEBER'S THEORY of BUREAUCRACY
DESCRIPTION of THEORY
Scott (2003) notes that it was observed by Collins (1986) that there is nothing "...known in the field of organizations, perhaps in all sociology, than Weber's model of bureaucracy. It also happens that there is no more complete misunderstanding of a major sociological theory than the way Weber's organizational theory was treated in American sociology." According to Scott (2003) the early interpretations of the work of Weber were flawed "in two major respects": (1) his famous depiction of the central features of rational-legal "bureaucratic" structures was decontextualized, taken out of historical context and treated as a kind of caricature of modern administration forms.; (2) Second, most of his arguments were interpreted as belonging within the framework of conventional technical rationality, whereas his conception was more complex, paving the way to an alternative conception of rationality." (Scott, 2003, p.43) Three types of authority...
1: 212 -- 301; as cited in Scott, 2003)
Weber's model of bureaucracy contains the following characteristics:
Fixed division of labor among participants
Hierarchy of offices
Set of general rules that govern performance
Separation of personal from official property and rights
Selection of personnel on the basis of technical qualifications
Employment viewed as a career by participants
FAYOL'S ADMINSTRATIVE THEORY
DESCRIPTION of THEORY
The approach of the administrative theory developed alongside scientific management and emphasized the management function as well as attempting to generate broad administrative principles that served as guidelines for "the rationalization of organizational activities." (Scott, 2003, p.41) Fayol was a French industrialist and was one of the "earliest exponents of this approach." (Scott, 2003) Those who supported this view never stated a precise number of principles…
The religious organization has other-worldly goals, but must adapt to the demands of this world in order to survive. There are generally two kinds of responses to this problem -- the church response and the sect response. The church response is to adapt at the expense of the goals and the sect response is value-rational-to maximize goal commitment at the expense of adaptation (Satow, 1975). EXAMPLE NATURAL -- Management NEED
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Data Collection and Improving the Mayo Clinic The Mayo Clinic is one of the best and most respected medical institutions in the world. However, even an organization at the forefront of the healthcare industry must remain always in a state of improvement. In order to do so, an organization must conduct meaningful and empirical research regarding its own capabilities and performance. This requires the use of the appropriate modes of data
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