B. CORPORATE CULTURE
The corporate culture of Wal-Mart is one of the biggest contributing factors that make it one of the world's most admired companies. From the three basic beliefs to the sundown rule, we respect our customers, associates and suppliers and strive to treat them as we ourselves want to be treated. In building and nurturing these relationships, as well as serving the communities where we live, we've helped build a better business - one committed to excellence." (Website of Wal-Mart Stores, 2007)
1. The Wal-Mart culture is based on high standards of ethics, morality and integrity.
2. A new feature promoted by the company includes the usage of environment friendly procedures and packaging
3. Wal-Mart treats all employees, partners and customers with the utmost respect
4. Wal-Mart values diversity and encourages innovation
C. CORPORATE RESOURCES
1. Marketing a. Product
Wide array of products
Everything from grocery and apparel to general merchandise
Both organic and non-organic products b. Promotion
Strong advertisements and promotions realized by the Wal-Mart marketing department with the aid of specialized firms
Advertisements aired on all media channels, including television advertisements, radio announcements, internet ads, street banners, flyers and interviews in newspapers and journals
Focus on the low prices c. Price
Low prices generally due to cheap imports
The cheap products pose significant threats on local businesses (CI#2) d. Place
International coverage as Wal-Mart is present in all American States and another 13 countries
Available for online purchases at http://www.walmart.com/
2. Research and Development
Since Wal-Mart is simply a retailer, they do not feel the need for product innovation and improvement, therefore the R&D budgets are rather limited
3. Operations and Logistics
Basically include the import of low cost products, transport, storage, inventory and selling of the items
No major difficulties are encountered as the corporation employs strict procedures that insure a smooth ongoing of the operations highly efficient logistics system that allows the conglomerate to collect and then transport products to numerous destinations
The high efficiency of Wal-Mart's operations and logistics represents the key to their ability to maintaining low retail prices
4. Human Resource Management
Almost 2 million employees in 2007
Wal-Mart employees work an average of 34 hours per week; they are discouraged to work overtime and are presented with training programs
Sales associates is the most common position within Wal-Mart
Employees are generally dissatisfied with the wages, lower than in other companies, and the benefits, which generates an increased turnover (CI#3)
5. Information Systems
Skilled and qualified technicians to maintain and update the information system and databases
Offer the backbone for online purchases and assistance
The Information System Division is focused on three beliefs and five commitments
Beliefs: "Respect for Individual; Service to our Customers and Strive for Excellence"
Commitments: "Know the Business; Build it Right; Show the Value; Count on Us and Teach Up" (Information Systems Divisions, Wal-Mart Stores Website)
6. Financial Data and Analysis
Financial highlights for 2006, 2005 and 2004:
Net Sales $312,427 $285,222 $256,329
Cost of Sales $240,391 $219,793 $198,747
Net Income $11,231 $10,267
Diluted Earnings per Share
Long-Term Debt $26,429 $20,087 $17,102
Return on Assets
Return on Shareholders' Equity
Note: The data are presented in million of dollars and have been retrieved from the Wal-Mart Annual Report for 2006
7. Wal-Mart Ratios
Ratios
Value for fiscal year 2006
Valuation Ratios
P/E Ratio
Price to Sale
Price to Book
Dividend Yield
Profitability Ratios
Gross Margin
Operating Margin
Pre-tax Margin
Net Profit Margin
Effective Tax Rate
Management Effectiveness
Return on Assets
Return on Investment
Return on Equity
Efficiency Ratios
Receivable Turnover
Inventory Turnover
Asset Turnover
Data retrieved from Reuters Website in November 2007
1. Valuation Ratios - are identified in order to ease the comparison of the price of a company stock with other stocks on the market
1.1 Price to Earnings (P/E) Ratio = Price per Share / Earnings per Share
Wal-Mart's P/E Ratio is a bit higher than the industry's (14.71>14.55), meaning that the investors are paying more for each unit of income and are expecting increased growth in comparison to other companies in the industry. (Investopedia, 2007)
1.2 Price to Sales Ratio = Share Price / Revenue per Share
The Wal-Mart price to sales ratios is almost identical with the industry's P/S Ratio, meaning that the value of the WMT stocks is extremely well balanced with other traded companies in the industry.
1.3 Price to Book = Stock Price / (Total Assets - Intangible Assets and Liabilities)
Wal-Mart's price to book ratio is a bit higher than the industry's ratio (2.93 > 2.66)....
This could reveal a slight over evaluation of the WLM stocks.
2. Dividend Yield = Annual Dividends per Share / Price per Share
The 1.93% value of the dividend yield reveals that investors get 0.0193 dollars in return for each dollar they have invested in Wal-Mart. The dividend yield is a bit higher than the industry's (1.79%), meaning that Wal-Mart is a rather profitable investment.
3. Profitability Ratios
They reveal the performance achieved by Wal-Mart in terms of realized profits
All of the five ratios are lower that the industry's average ratios. This means that Wal-Mart realizes lower profits than other companies activating in the same industry. 4. Management Effectiveness Ratios
The Management Effectiveness Ratios "compare financial measures from company financial statements to evaluate management performance." (O'Reilly, 2007)
Wal-Mart's ROI, ROA and ROE are higher that the industry's ratios, meaning that the company possess qualified, capable and skilled management.
5. Efficiency Ratios
Measure how well the company can manage their resources and assets and simultaneously maximize profits
All three Receivable turnover, Inventory turnover and Asset turnover are higher than the industry's.
IV. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: OPPORTUNITIES and THREATS
A. SOCIETAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Economic
The weakening of the U.S. dollar in comparison to the strengthening of the European Union currency, the EURO
Strong position on the United States market as opposed to fierce competition on the European Market (METRO or Carrefour). For instance, the Wal-Mart store in Germany was closed as it did not deliver the expected results on a highly competitive market
2. Technology
http://www.walmart.com/is a highly efficient website with a user-friendly interface, which aids customers in their shopping process and enlarges Wal-Mart's customer reaching
Technological developments have been registered in the logistics sector as to sustain the international success
3. Political-legal
Wal-Mart has been involved in several judiciary law suits based on their procedures
Among the most outstanding criticizers of Wal-Mart's are: employee unions (CI#3), environment organizations and local entrepreneurs (CI#2)
4. Socio-cultural
Customers are attracted by the low prices promoted by Wal-Mart, but they criticize the quality of the products on sale (CI#1)
The retailer has been blamed for importing products from countries that do not implement strict health and quality regulations and also for having mislabeled some items as organic when in fact they were non-organic
B. TASK ENVIRONMENT
1. Threat of new entrants - Low
It takes years and it is quite difficult to achieve such a development level as to be able to compete with Wal-Mart. Therefore, however new entrants do pose some risks, the level is rather limited.
2. Bargaining power of buyers - Medium
Customers praise Wal-Mart for the low prices they promote. However, they do criticize the sometimes inappropriate quality of the products. Therefore, they pose the threat of boycotting the retailer. Wal-Mart would have superior arguments to defend their operations, but the boycotting might have medium impacts upon the company.
3. Treat of substitute products - Low
Wal-Mart sells a wide array of products, everything from grocery to apparel. It would be rather difficult for the society to develop substitute products for all categories of general merchandise. And even if they did develop substitute products, they would most likely be available at significantly higher prices and would therefore pose a low threat on Wal-Mart.
4. Bargaining power of suppliers - High
Wal-Mart heavily relies on the partnerships with their purveyors. Were the suppliers to change their contractual terms and quality of their services and products, Wal-Mart would suffer greatly. In order to reduce their dependence upon the purveyors, Wal-Mart promotes a rather diverse selection of suppliers.
5. Rivalry among competing firms - High
Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States with a market share of approximately 20%. Their main competitors include Kmart, ShopKo or Target. The retailer is faced with the fiercest competition on the European market, where the fight for supremacy takes place between METRO, Carrefour and Tesco.
V. ANALYSIS of STRATEGIC FACTORS
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths
1. Leading position on the U.S. market and international recognition
2. Strong financial highlights
3. Skilled and qualified management and marketing teams
4. Commitment to communities' development (CI#2)
5. Involvement in charitable and other social events
6. The creation of additional jobs
7. Cheap products that attract numerous customers
8. 20% market share
9. Highly efficient logistics system which supports international operations
Weaknesses
1. Poor human resource management, including low wages and limited benefits for employees, which generate increased personnel turnover (CI#3)
2. Involvement in law suits with environment organizations and labor unions
3. The reputation of putting local entrepreneurs out of business (CI#2)
4. The reported poor quality of some products (CI#1)
Opportunities
1. Increased demand for cheap products
2. Increased…
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