Physics Essays (Examples)

Physcical Science

Procedures in the Physical Science

Procedures in the Physical Sciences: Challenges in Measurements

Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges.

Ever since the ancient times, individuals have always been pulled into the unknown. Human beings have always been inquisitive in regards to everything that was going on in the world. They would ask question such as the following; is the earth a certain size? Is the sea really deep? Are there any other lands past the distance? And how what is the size of the universe? These kinds of questions have continuously directed people to start getting their minds to think and figure out what was going on. Until these current days some of these questions are still in the back of their…

PSYCHOLOGY as a SCIENCE

Psychology is a relatively new field of science as opposed to the natural sciences because it was born out of the spirit of humanism after the Renaissance (Hergenhahn, 108). As a result, methods and norms in the field are still being developed. In addition, the subject matter of the field includes the mind, personality and other intangible entities that cannot be subjected to the same kind of testing and experimentation as in medicine or physics.

Psychology has intended to become a branch of science to gain greater credibility and reliability for its claims. Science is recognized as objective whereas other fields may be treated as subjective and based on philosophical speculation rather than rigorous experimentation and research. In fact, the history of science in the modern world can be traced to the moment in 1600 when William Gilbert published his work on magnetism based on objective…

social environment in the Palestinian Territories, I have a tremendous appreciation for some of the benefits and opportunities available to young people in the U.S. that many of my future classmates may take for granted. For example, in my homeland, there is a desperate need for a more efficient and affordable energy supply. As a result, I appreciate the convenience of affordable electricity in the U.S. that might never occur to some of my classmates who have never known life without it. Partly because of the need for affordable clean energy in my homeland, I developed an interest in pursuing the technical challenges of developing affordable energy sources for use in areas of the world where energy needs are not currently being met by the existing infrastructure and systems available. I hope to pursue that interest, beginning through my choice of a double academic major in Theoretical Mathematics and Physics.…

All of these items are well-organized in the online exhibit, making them easily viewed and studied (Computer History Museum). Of the many aspects of this specific exhibit are the graphical representations of Moore's Law, which is shown below:

What Was Learned

The depth of research and continual investments in ARPA-Net, TCP/IP and the many protocols that support the Internet today illustrate how powerful the combination of federal and private investments are in driving innovation. In addition the role of minicomputer development, which first legitimized software for the mass market, was an inflexion point in the development of many related industries (Computer History Museum). Moore's Law and the many innovations are graphically illustrated, along with first-hand accounts of the engineering teams who produced the first memory chipsets and microprocessors (Computer History Museum). Their insights into how they envisioned their inventions helping mankind are prescient in their accuracy, as Dr. Gordon Moore…

Humanities and Other Modes of Human Inquiry and Expression

• Define the term humanities

Humanities are a term that encompasses many individual study and sciences. There can be a two way classification of all human knowledge. First is the knowledge of the space around us, but not directly linked to humans. For example, the study of physics, botany or astronomy does not involve expressions from human emotion and nor do they reflect human behavior or needs. They are more or less functional knowledge that can be used as technical knowledge for building and creating things or understanding nature. They have specific rules, methods and human thoughts have no place in the system. For example, in classifying plants, the human feeling of the beauty of a rose has no meaning. On the other hand this knowledge has no meaning either unless the knowledge serves humans. (Austin, 2009)

But the humanities is…

He also showed considerable personal initiative by co-founding a T-shirt company during his fifth form, and co-founding an advertising company, named The Five Seconds, in his sixth form.

This student's character and personality, as demonstrated by his extracurricular activities and academic success, will ensure his future success in economics. He is motivated, intelligent, and exceptionally well-suited to pursuing study in this specific field. I am deeply impressed by this student and recommend him unhesitatingly, as I am certain that he will excel in his studies with UCAS.

References

Girls Inc. Of Orange County. About Girls Incorporated of Orange County, California. 18 May

2005. http://www.girlsinc-oc.org/newabt.htm

Health24.com. Teen pregnancy prevention. http://www.health24.com/sex/General/1253-1267,11605.asp or http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:j4x_fnz0RrUJ:www.health24.com/sex/General/125

3-1267,11605.asp+Teen+Pregnancy+Prevention+Program+article& hl=en& client=firefox-a

Lederman, Regina P. And Mian, Tahir S. 2003. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education

Program: a curriculum for prevention of STDs and pregnancy in middle school youth.

Behavioral Medicine, Spring, 2003, 29(1), 33-41. .

Wind -- Science Fiction for Adults, a Drama of the Human Heart and Mind rather than Light-Sabers

Ursula Le Guin, the Modern Female Conscience of Science Fiction

Ursula Le Guin is one of the most highly respected authors of fantasy and science fiction of the 20th century. The award-winning Le Guin has long been praised for combining traditional elements of literary fiction, science fiction; with philosophical and ethical speculations on ways humans have experimented with alternative societies and philosophies as well as technology. Thus, Le Guin writes from a subjective humanist perspective, usually avoiding technical sciences as physics and chemistry in favor of cultural anthropology, political science, and psychology. This made her write 'against the grain' of other of her fellow contemporary science fiction authors when she began to gain fame in the 1960's. Her multifaceted focus has enabled her to remain popular today, long after the technological obsessions of…

Teaching Journal

Today being a productive teacher is more challenging than ever. Children are much more used to varied classroom approaches, with the Internet, computers and other electronic equipment becoming the norm. Gone are the days when students sit quietly in their seats while the teacher stands and does mathematics on the chalkboard and reads from a textbook.

I believe I am well prepared to meet this educational challenge. I know it is important to make my class interesting and enjoyable, so the students look forward to acquiring new knowledge. I also learned through individuals such as Greenway -- a specialist in areas such as experimental learning, accelerated education, team building and personal development -- ways to improve my teaching style. Rather than seeing teaching as a standard and traditional process to be regimentally followed, Greenway calls it an art form. "Learning is a creative process. Facilitating learning is at…

Unlike mathematics or physics, history is not an exact science. However, since early modern times, chroniclers of the past and present have attempted to craft some sort of systematic analysis of human behavior and evolution within specific geographical and historical contexts. This has not always been the case. Many ancient historians such as Herodotus interwove fact and fiction, reality and myth, with a storyteller's ease. Other historians, such as Plutarch, did not focus on events that they had witnessed, but on the collective testimony of the past and on the biography of "great men" rather than of society as a whole. These tendencies towards the fantastic and the fictional rather than the realistic and the analytical were exacerbated with the influx of Christianity into Europe, which often encouraged the fusing of elaborate accounts of the holiness of the saints onto historical struggles of the present. For a more systematic analysis…

For instance, Freud tells us that a king and queen represents one's parents; that small animals and vermin represent one's brothers and sisters; that female genitals are represented by receptacles of various kinds including jewel-boxes, and that gliding, sliding and pulling off a branch all represent masturbation. Strikingly, Freud gives us no evidence for such claims. Might it be possible to support these claims with evidence? If so, please offer a conjecture as to what sort of evidence might be sought in support of these claims. If not, please explain how we should respond to Freud's interpretive claims if they cannot be supported with evidence.

It seems to me extremely difficult if not impossible to support these claims with evidence. One way to do so may be by taking nay number of these claims e.g that jewel boxes resemble female genitals and by studying a certain population -- large enough…

Platforms

The development of the GPS system was almost entirely a series of chance events, yet these chance events occurred in a situation and amongst individuals that were able to see them for what they were and combine them into the GPS system essentially as it is still used today. Knowledge of the Doppler Effect, the Russian launching of Sputnik, the ability for the folks at the Applied Physics Lab to pick up Sputnik's signal and from this to pinpoint the satellite's location and track its movements, and finally the APL director's idea to reverse this calculation and determine Earth-bound positions from orbiting satellites -- all of these events happened not by design, but because one mind saw something another mind had done and applied it in a new context. The importance here was the environment at the APL, which brought these different minds and perspectives together.

3)

There are…

There have been far fewer distractions, and the ability to quickly get feedback on what I am doing well, what I need to improve on, and also discovering what I have a passion for has been easier in a community college. Being in a community college has also given me the chance to get to know my professors very well and go very in-depth into subjects I am interested in. It has been a great experience because I could attain my goals of getting good grades, with the professors' help.

I've also learned that in a community college I can pace myself easier from a class units standpoint, and can also get more out of the subjects covered. Best of all, community college classes seem to fit together well, the subject areas flow together and build on top of one another, making learning easier.

I'd give a high school senior…

Part a: Commas

Fortunately, Albert's determination has not been erased. He knows that yes, his work experience is of questionable value in the real world, but that won't stop him! The voice of his mother, who died recently, seems to be urging him forward: "Don't be pessimistic, Al. Whenever the going gets rough we have to put our noses to the grindstone!" That voice, its enthusiasm never waning, shields Albert from despair.

Part B: Semicolon

1) Driving in a rainstorm is always stressful; driving in a blizzard can be terrifying.

2) it was rainy and very chilly outside, but Marina decided to walk to work anyway.

3) in what seemed like a paradox to him, David was afraid of heights; however, he liked to fly.

4) Train travel isn't just for the faint of heart; it is also for those who enjoy the beauty of unfolding landscapes.

5) During the…

Your answer should be at least five sentences long.

The Legend of Arthur

Lesson 1 Journal Entry # 9 of 16

Journal Exercise 1.7A: Honor and Loyalty

1. Consider how Arthur's actions and personality agree with or challenge your definition of honor. Write a few sentences comparing your definition (from Journal 1.6A) with Arthur's actions and personality.

2. Write a brief paragraph explaining the importance or unimportance of loyalty in being honorable.

Lesson 1 Journal Entry # 10 of 16

Journal Exercise 1.7B: Combining Sentences

Complete the Practice Activity on page 202 of your text. After completing this activity, read over your Essay Assessment or another journal activity you've completed.

* Identify three passages that could be improved by combining two or more sentences with coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. Below the practice activity in your journal, write the original passages and the revised sentences you've created.

* Be sure to…

bleep do we know." The documentary has been chosen based on the fact that it has highlighted various issues that relate to the quantum uncertainty, spirituality, evolutionary thought and neurological processes that are an important part of life. The documentary has gained great success all over the world and has been known for a great cinematic blend of drama and comedy. Some of the main facts that have been mentioned in the documentary will be supported with the help of a case study. The documentary will be explained in detail with the characters that have been used in the movie to display the processes being the base of the documentary. In the end of the paper, recommendations will be made that will be related to the changes that are needed in the society in relation to the concepts presented in the paper.

Description

What bleep do we know is one…

In January 1942 the military became impatient with a lack of a single military application being developed appropriated, and was recategorized. Still, it was understood that the potential for energy was vast enough that funding continued under the kriegswichtig (vital for the war effort) designation.

On June 9, 1942, Adolf Hitler issued a decree for the reorganization of the RFR as a separate legal entity under the Ministry of Armament and Munitions under Reich marshal Hermann Goering. It was hoped that Goering would manage the effort as aggressively and efficiently as he had the Air Force. This was also a key moment in the history of German science -- there was recognition that it had been a mistake to exclude Jewish scientists from the product, and Abraham Esau was back as Goering's assistant, later replaced by Walther Gerlach.

The administrative control over the project is one of the areas that…

Wulf, S.J. (2000). "The skeptical life in Hume's political thought. Polity, 33(1), 77.

Wulf uses David Hume's well-known skepticism to advance his concerning the extreme degrees to which philosophy had been taken before returning to less radical modes. He develops material about the antithetical ideas to those investigated here; that is, he puts into a context the ideas of those philosophers who, working at the edge of the intelligible, refused to "accede to the judgment of reason and even their own senses."

Zukav, Gary. (1984) the dancing Wu Li masters: An overview of the new physics. New York: Bantam.

One of the first statements Zukav makes in this book is that he found, visiting the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Berkeley, California, that physics "was not the sterile, boring discipline that I had assumed it to be. It was a rich, profound venture, which had become inseparable from philosophy. Incredibly, no…

Rene Descartes: Why Psychology Cannot be a Science Like Physics

The philosophies and concepts presented in Rene Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy illustrate several reasons why psychology cannot be a science like physics. These concepts include that truths are based on clear and distinct ideas, that the mind is not an object but a separate entity, that human psychology is a product of a reflex action between the mind and the body, and that truth can only be obtained by judging ideas based on observing experiments. Each of these concepts will now be looked at in turn, relating it to psychology as a science.

Meditations on First Philosophy is Descartes' attempt to question everything around him and determine what can really be accepted as truth and what cannot. The one sure thing this is based on is that Descartes exists. The reasoning is that if he did not exist, he…

Nagel's Model of Inter-Theoretic Reduction

Nagel's Model of Inter-Theoretical Reduction

Reductionism has to do with the classification of knowledge, particularly the classification of scientific knowledge. Many philosophers, such as Nagel, believe that the all current scientific knowledge can be broken down into discrete theories. Accordingly, progress in science is measured by the development of new theories.

These theories are used to explore and control the phenomena in their domains and to systematise, organise and summarise our knowledge about them. In fact, mastering any field of science requires an understanding of its fundamental theories.

Examples of scientific theories are the quantum theory in physics, the evolutionary theory in biology, and the general equilibrium theory in economics.

Definition of a Theory

The first issue which all must face is defining a theory and its constituents. The second issue, often resolved in the definition of the theory, is the relation of a theory…

" (Ibid) the term cosmology is derived from the Greek word 'kosmos' meaning order and refers to the world and the universe. (Ibid, paraphrased) the cosmologic philosopher is stated to be on who "contemplates the nature of this order and is concerned with the relationships between the plants, the stars and the earth. The laws of the universe are important topics to cosmologic philosophers. They consider the laws of thermodynamics, the laws of gravity, etc. They are also concerned with time and space, with power and motion, disintegration, and preservation." (Ibid)

The third component of metaphysics or that of psychology is a word derived from the Greek language which is stated to refer to "the nature of the psyche or soul." (Ibid) There is a great debate among philosophers about how to define the word soul as some believe that soul and spirit can be used interchangeably and others believe…

Computers Are an Underutilized Resource for High School Physical Education Teachers

Computers have become an integral part of the high school learning environment, beginning in the early 1990s. They provide a vast variety of resources to help enhance student education through presentation of material in a variety of media and act as an enhancement to teacher lessons. They can sometimes free teachers from routine tasks, allowing them to bring greater depth to the classroom environment.

The use of computers has revolutionized the learning experience for many students and has provided a valuable resource. Many of these resources have pointed this technology towards traditional subjects such as math and physics. The physical education classroom could enjoy just as many benefits from the use of a computer as the math of physics classroom. Yet most do not utilize this resource, either by choice, or administrative decision.

This research will focus on the…

Science

Philosophy Inherent in Science

Explanation in Science

This summary was a review of Carl G. Hempel's "Explanation In Science," which was reprinted from "Scientific Knowledge" and was edited by Janet A. Kovoany. Carl Hempel was well-known for his scientific explanation concept which has become the foundaton of many modern day philosophical discussions on the purpose and logic of science. Hempel's work was insightful and it was founded on the basis that man uses science to continually improve his current situation or 'strategic position' by either prediciting or controlling events and things around us. Hempel professed that we as a species are impelled to satisfy an inner curiosity and need to explain all that is around us and all that is unexplainable. In my researching Carl Hempel I discovered that his peers saw him as a man who was on the level of Socrates and his true genious can has…

Philosophy of Chemistry

The work of Scerri (2000) asks the question of what could the connections between chemistry and philosophy possible be "apart from the obvious superficial one of their both representing quests for knowledge?" (p.1) Scerri states that in the view of the chemist "the philosopher -- who conducts no experiments whatsoever -- is not worthy of very high esteem. From the scientific perspective, philosophical views do not seem very dynamic, since they sometime stem from established philosophical doctrines or a priori beliefs about the ways the world should be." (2000, p.1) It is reported as well that philosophers "for their part are proud of their training in rigorous ways of thinking. They freely admit to not engaging in the grubby details of the experimental world because such activities might limit the generalities of their claims and of their attempts to depict reality in its broadest terms." (Scerri, 2000,…

Aristoxenos, two centuries after Pythagoras released his model, sought to discredit the standing theories held by Pythagorean devotees. In his works, he established that numbers are not relevant to music, and that music is based on perception of what one hears, not any mathematical equation. Descartes as well as Vincenzo Galilei (Galileo's father) both also discredited the music-to-math theories that formed the revolutionary basis for Pythagoras' music work, but not on the basis that music and numbers are unrelated. Rather, Galilei in particular figured that the tension of a string compared to the pitch made by that string should be the variables to create the sound ratio, not the length of that string. "Using weights to vary the tension of a string, he found that the above mentioned intervals arise for ratios of 1:1, 1:4, 4:9, and 9:16 respectively. These ratios as different from those found for length; they are…

This sort of outlook fits well into Fodor's driving point regarding psychology: human behaviors can be understood as valid arguments relating intentional states of mind. In physics, when observable phenomena disagree with our understanding of the rules governing the physical world, it is not assumed that some other mystical force is at work -- merely that our observations or concepts concerning physics must somehow be mistaken in that specific situation. Furthermore, it is not assumed that we cannot know what caused the disparity between prediction and observation -- merely that it requires further inquiry. Similarly, Fodor does not assert that the workings of the mind cannot be understood because we may be unable to directly observe them, nor does he contend that something nonphysical is at work when disagreements occur. Fodor's physicalism approaches the mind from the perspective that the mind is a complex physical system, and that mental states…

Heidegger

The question of technology in modern life, according to Heidegger, is not so much a matter of technology taking over life, but rather the kind of interaction between mankind and technology which we allow. After all, technology had no soul, no independent mind of its own by which it seeks to take over, and dominate modern life. Technology is, at its core, our servant, and should remain our servant. The issue for Heidegger is our relationship to technology, and how we allow technology to present itself, and influence modern life.

As with many philosophers, the issue is one of causality. How technology shapes and frames human life is a causal relationship. Heidegger does not see this relationship as one of control. Rather Heidegger uses the illustration of a silver communion chalice in order to describe his perspective on the causal relationship. Heidegger is an etymologist. He loves to pursue…

Jete'

Analysis of the Muscles Involved

The Center of Gravity

Analysis of the Injuries Prone to the Movement

It is not known when leaping first appeared in dance. Many ancient forms of dance involve leaping. The most common connotation of leaping is found in ballet. Ballet reached the height of its popularity during the reign of Louis XIV at the end of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was because of leaps that the ballet dancers shortened their skirts. The French Dancer, Marie Camargo broke convention and shortened her skirts to emphasize her leaps and jumps (Thinkquest, 2002).

Leaping refers to a movement taking off from one foot and landing on the other foot. There are five types of jumps in ballet. This particular type of leap is called a jete' A leap in dance is often proceeded by a preparatory move such a one or more approach…

Bayes Probability

Can Bayes Confirmation Theory Give an Adequate Explanation for Confirmation of Scientific Theories?

Theorizing in science is a complex and time-consuming undertaking. The theorist uses collected evidence from some means of scientific inquiry to project a generalized case. However, there is a difficulty with this process. There is some amount of probability that the theory will be wrong. Even if this is not a harmful outcome, it is difficult for the theorist to overcome in their professional lives. So, researchers want to understand the probabilities involved in the success of their theories.

Bayes theorem discusses the probability that an event will occur, which in the use proscribed for this research is whether a theory is correct or not. Bayes looked at two different events one of which can be used to add to the probability that the other is correct. For example, say that a statement (any given…

The nature of science
A number of scientists have the feeling that philosophical inquiries are well outdated. They purportedly can handle matters in a better way than their social constructivists counterparts. Philosophers and physicists are very different from each other, especially taking into account what some renown physicist recently commented on philosophy. Stephen Hawking for instance is on a campaign to tarnish philosophers. He might not be so convincing in whatever points he puts across, but he is winning the heart of the public by his jokes on philosophers. Jokes have for a long time been known to really move the masses. His most recent book, The Grand Design, co authored by Leonard Mlodinow, starts by scrutinizing the nature of reality, the beginning of all things and the purpose of God. He then claims these to be matters of philosophy, which is in itself dead. Philosophy, according to him, is…

Social Constructionism and Historiography of Science

In the historiography of science, the debate between intenalists and externalists has been one of the major fault lines over the past century. While many historians are not specialists in physics, chemistry and biology, by training and experience they also consider the political, economic and cultural influences on any institution and organization in a given period, and science his not been exempt from historicism. Internlaists found that scientific progress was generally driven forward by geniuses like Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Antoine Lavoisier and Albert Einstein, and that their discoveries about nature were objectively true regardless of external social and political considerations. For externalists and social constructionists, however, all of these scientists were products of a certain historical and cultural milieu, which influenced their work in many ways. For example, according to Boris Hessen and Robert Merton, Newton and the 17th Century English…

Technology in Education

For purposes of completing this study of the use of technology in higher education, a local high school was visited, where the technology coordinator provided a demonstration of the learning systems used there. In addition, one senior-level course in Physics was attended where the advance imaging and learning technologies where shown. What was unique about this visit was how easily these technologies can be made to align with the student's specific learning needs and requirements. This technique is called scaffolding, and is attained through the use of personalized applications and portals of the teaching systems in use (Najjar, 2008). This analysis reviews the hardware, software and support considerations, as well as discussing the technology competency skills required by educators.

Analysis of Learning Technologies in Higher Education

In teaching advanced mathematics and science courses, the high school has found that enabling greater collaboration and repetition of concepts is…

In the case of Leadership and the new science…the second edition has brought about more business clarifications and applications, making the initial ideas more easily to understand in business practice.

Margaret J. Wheatley is the author of several books in fields of business, her most popular books being a simpler way, Leadership and the new science: discovering order in a chaotic world, Turning to one another: simple conversations to restore hope to the future and Finding our way: leadership for an uncertain time. Wheatley is a writer and a management consultant, focusing her attention on means to "organize and accomplish work in chaotic times, sustain our relationships, and willingly step forward to serve" (Amazon, 2012). Peter M. Senge is another management expert, with the difference that his expertise is more theoretical. Senge is a scientist and has the merit of influencing the business community. He currently occupies the position of…

In homes and buildings, the thermal mass of concrete plays a big role in energy efficiency. The high thermal mass of concrete offers this benefit: it stores and releases the energy required for heating or cooling and hence, reduces "temperature swings in homes and buildings."

Interestingly, concrete also helps big rig trucks and "over-the-road trucks" use less fuel; that is because concrete's rigid pavement design is better than asphalt pavement in terms of fuel consumption. And concrete pavement is "light-reflective" and so it requires "less energy than other materials to illuminate." The Cement Americas narrative goes on to report that members of the Portland Cement Association have voted to adopt a goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions "per ton of product by 10% (from 1990 levels) by the year 2020."

The Portland Cement Association (PCA), meantime, has its own informational Web site (www.cement.org) and the PCA claims that concrete is…

Not only is a challenge present for Muslim teachers in attempting to standardize this curriculum but as well "this is compounded by the fact that curriculum materials related to teaching about Islam produced overseas - even for Arabic language studies - are viewed as irrelevant or unsuited to young students' lives and culture in the U.S. And Europe." (Douglass and Shaikh, 2004)

Guidelines have been provided in recent years concerning teaching religion in public schools in the U.S. And it is stated by Douglass and Shaikh that "general adherence to the guidelines and their implementation in textbook development has done more than anything else to improve the accuracy of textbook depictions of the basic beliefs and practices, origin stories and subsequent cultural and institutional history of various religions." (Douglass and Shaikh, 2004) Stated as primary among the changes is "the consistent use of attributive phrases, combined with greater factual accuracy."…

or, to put it another way, "chemistry carried out with the primary object of investigating the workings of nature is what we now call physical chemistry" (Laidler, 5). This has made the distinction between physics and chemistry at this frontier very difficult to define. This fuzzy distinction is also one of the things that makes the discipline of physical chemistry so interesting -- it cannot deny the complete interweaving of scientific disciplines.

Physics and chemistry lay out the foundation and explain the mechanisms of all other sciences, and the field of physical chemistry is the closest unification of these two sciences. All biological and astronomical processes only occur because of reactions and interactions at the molecular and atomic level, and physical chemistry attempts to explain these underlying principles (Laidler, 9). Though the nature of energy and matter is still not fully understood, physical chemistry is approaching better and better explanations…

An article of the Physics Department at the Weber State University argues that Kuhn's complicated view is due to the essential nebulous character of the paradigm itself. Given this situation then, the authors at the Weber University argue that Kuhn's model is not entirely applicable as one cannot entirely know the features and characteristics of a paradigm, such as its components or its evolution. They go on by offering the example of the atoms, which, despite the extensive years of research and analysis, continue to be used in terms of assumption and controlled experiments. Given this situation, in which it may be difficult to control and foresee the movement and actions of atoms, the professors at Weber conclude that it is rather impossible to foresee the evolution of science as a whole, and even less so include it in a paradigm.

The final critique brought to Kuhn relies in the…

Forensic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies the techniques and concepts of chemistry to provide evidence and testify in court. Some federal agencies such as FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and National Institute of Justice use forensic chemistry experts to investigate the crimes committed against the society, which include environmental pollution, food adulteration, and distribution of unsafe chemical substances. In the United States, cocaine and other illegal drugs can put society at risks. Thus, experts in forensic chemistry uses different processes to perform a laboratory test to identify the presence of substances. A chemical analysis carried out in the laboratory can help to detect illegal drugs, which will assist the police or other law enforcement agents to prosecute offenders in the law courts. (Drug Enforcement Administration 1).

Moreover, the forensic chemistry analyzes non-biological materials to detect a trace of evidence from the crime scenes to found unknown material…

Mind and Human Behavior

Define and discuss a particular theory of consciousness

Consciousness can be best grasped in context as a facet of an interactive wakeful state wherein most cognitive processing occurs non-consciously. However, on combining non-conscious and conscious processing in the wakeful state, how can we differentiate one from the other, how can consciousness be defined, and what purpose does it serve? The conclusions drawn with respect to the former question critically influence how the latter question is answered. What property makes a state non-conscious rather than conscious? This section will support the argument that, out of all possible answers commonly put forth (i.e., accessibility, intentionality, reflexivity, subjectivity), the element-- reflexive, auto noetic-consciousness -- is the only one observed solely in the state of consciousness (Peters, 2013).

The Quantum Theory of Consciousness

The consciousness issue has opposed traditional approaches, in which the human brain is perceived as a computer…

As activists in women's liberation, discussing and analyzing the oppression and inequalities they experienced as women, they felt it imperative to find out about the lives of their foremothers -- and found very little scholarship in print" (Women's history, 2012, para. 3). This dearth of scholarly is due in large part to the events and themes that are the focus of the historical record. In this regard, "History was written mainly by men and about men's activities in the public sphere -- war, politics, diplomacy and administration. Women are usually excluded and, when mentioned, are usually portrayed in sex-stereotypical roles, such as wives, mothers, daughters and mistresses. History is value-laden in regard to what is considered historically 'worthy'" (Women's history, 2012, para. 3).

In what Kessler (1994, p. 139) describes as "the all-too-common historical exclusion or devaluation of women's contributions," the male-dominated record of human history has either diminished the…

When this takes place, it is up to the principal to implement the required changes through his influence on the teachers. This is a very time consuming and perseverant effort for all administrators and that includes principals. This brings us to another point that has to be enquired among principals - their perseverance. At the same time, principals are the natural leader among teachers and they are always expected to give the direction and support for all teachers.

This includes providing guidance for identification, selection and development of programs to meet the needs of the students subject to the vision of the school. He also has to ensure that teachers are provided the time, resources, and opportunities for professional development so that the entire curriculum is taken care of. This is probably the most important duty for a principal, and unless the curriculum is actually put into effect, all changes…

(Hilton, 26) in general, no mathematician would be willing to accept the solution to a problem without some sort of proof, and in the same way, no student of calculus would be ready to accept the resolution of a problem without the necessary proof. (Cadena; Travis; Norman, 77)

It must be stated that Newton's mathematics that involved 'fluxions' was one of the first forms of the area defined as 'differential calculus'. Although Newton used and preferred to use geometrical methods to algebraic equations, calculus methods had come into importance. However, calculus was not widely accepted at the time, and there were several philosophical objections to the science, but the fact remains that these objections over the years have made no difference to the application of the science. This is mainly because of its abstract nature, and also the logically sufficient nature of the science. The mathematician, Karl Popper, has stated…

Sensory experiences are nor reliable for making any statements, since people often mistake one thing for another. (Descartes talks about mirages). Knowledge based on reasoning is not always trustworthy, because people often make mistakes. (adding numbers is a classical example). Finally, knowledge is deemed by Descartes to be illusory, since it may come from dreams or insanity or from demons able to deceive men by making them believe that they are experiencing the real world, when are they are in fact not doing so. (the metaphysical approach in Descartes work is can be easily recognized here).

Following this analysis of existent forms of knowledge, Descartes concludes that certainty can be found in his intuition that, even if deceived, if he thinks he must exist: "Cogito ergo sum." The thought ("cogito") is a self-evident truth that gives certain knowledge of a particular thing's existence, i.e. one's self, but only the existence…

Besides this, one can, as a separate undertaking, show these people later the way of reasoning about these things. In this metaphysics, it will be useful for there to be added here and there the authoritative utterances of great men, who have reasoned in a similar way; especially when these utterances contain something that seems to have some possible relevance to the illustration of a view. (13)

By contrast, Mercer uses Leibniz's Rhetoric of Attraction to explain the discrepancies between different descriptions of his intellectual evolution and philosophical system, statements that ultimately served to "lead wayward souls to the philosophical truth" (2001, p. 37). Consequently, Mercer regards Leibniz as a "conciliatory eclectic par excellence," who was one of a group of teachers and scholars with whom he worked early in his intellectual career, from 1661-68.

Hassing notes that Jakob Thomasius was Leibnez's primary inspiration; however, Johann Adam Scherzer, Johann Christoph…

178). Jung espoused the belief that the 'ego' of man was brought together through the experiences, both consciously and unconsciously that the individual experienced. Ultimately these experiences would lead the individual to an enhanced and complete life, leading to exaltation and a 'complete' man.

Phenomenology as a discipline is distinct from but related to other key disciplines in philosophy, such as ontology, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Phenomenology has been practiced in various guises for centuries, but it came into its own in the early 20th century in the works of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and others" (Smith, 2005).

This philosophy was much like the philosophy practiced by alchemists in earlier centuries. Alchemy, before modern times was considered to be the search for turning metal into gold. According to some sources alchemy was a title given to those men who worked gold. "They called gold-working al-kimiya - 'the art of the…

History of Ultrasound Physics and the Properties of the Transducer

Today, innovations in medical imaging allow clinicians to view the soft tissues, organs and blood flow inside the human body in ways that provide the opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of disorders as well as to monitor neonatal health (Goldberg & Verny, 2007). The introduction of ultrasound technologies, though, has only taken place since the second half of the 20th century, although there were a number of earlier attempts in the late 19th century that met with limited success. To determine the facts about this important innovation, this paper reviews the relevant literature concerning the history of ultrasound physics and the properties of the transducers that are used for ultrasound imaging, followed by a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

According to Levine (2010), ultrasound…

Kurt Lewin. The influence of his theories on the field of psychology and obstacles faced by social psychologists are also dealt with. Lastly, a personal evaluation of how Lewin's theories may be applicable to daily life is included. The paper discusses and reviews all theories founded and furthered by Lewin in his career as psychologist and researcher. It allows scope for assessment and criticism, followed by response.

Theorist Kurt Lewin (1890 -- 1947) can be counted among the most prominent psychologists of his time. His works laid the groundwork for organizational development and are even now regarded as pivotal to the field. It has been aptly stated that almost no questions can be raised with regards to Kurt Lewin being the intellectual founder of modern applied behavioral science theories, as well as planned change and action research. Lewin's groundbreaking planned-change research works on different styles of leadership. Many of his…

" (Glass, 2013, p. 44)

In an interview with Bruce Glass, Peter Enns (2013) reports that Glass stated the following of his work "Since I am agnostic I have no personal stake in Christianity's concordance with the findings of science. I have no reason to contort either of them to make them compatible. So hopefully, readers of all persuasions can conclude that the book provides an impartial analysis of the, often underappreciated, intellectual depth of the Christian faith as it is aligned with the natural world that we see around us." (p.1) Glass states that he addresses many of the "theological implications of evolution, including apparently "random" events occurring within a world under God's sovereignty, the idea of a "fallen world" with humans evolving as a population, and how evolution does not preclude the possibility of a higher order of moral reasoning that results from a direct, spiritual connection to…

Hydroelectric Power: The Renewable Energy Source

For centuries, human have been relying solely on the use of fossil fuel to produce energy. To anticipate the exhaustive use of fossil fuel that has hit the highest point and issued the fear of energy source shortage in the next decades, it is urgent to investigate the closest and renewable potentials to cover the advanced needs of energy.

One of the most popular sources that have been thoroughly investigated and mechanically tested is the use of hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power plant utilizes natural power from the flowing water, which is channeled into a turbine. The flowing water holds enormous energy to spin the turbine and operate generators. Human can get endless supply of electricity from dams, rivers, waterfalls, or artificial channels.

Unlike the fossil fuel, flowing-water power doesn't run out as long as the water cycle is kept undamaged. This renewable energy source…

Gyroscopes Mkhblink

The gyroscope, with its intricate and puzzling movements, was invented by Jean Benard Focault to show also the earth's motion around its axis. What it is exactly is any rotating body that exhibits two fundamental properties: gyroscopic inertia (rigidity in space) and precession (the tilting of the axis at ninety degree angles to any force inclined to alter the plane of rotation). These properties are present in all rotating bodies including planetary bodies like the earth, moon and sun. The term gyroscope is usually in reference to a spherical, wheel-shaped object that is universally mounted to be free to rotate in any direction. Gyroscopes are used to demonstrate the two properties of rotating bodies or to indicate movements in space. Gyroscopic Inertia can be explained using Newton's first law of motion, which states that a body tends to continue in its state of rest or uniform motion unless…

Clinical Psychology Dissertation - Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings

An Abstract of a Dissertation

Dream Content as a Therapeutic Approach: Ego Gratification vs. Repressed Feelings

This study sets out to determine how dreams can be used in a therapeutic environment to discuss feelings from a dream, and how the therapist should engage the patient to discuss them to reveal the relevance of those feelings, in their present, waking life. It also discusses the meaning of repetitious dreams, how medication affects the content of a dreamer's dreams, and if therapists actually "guide" their clients in what to say. This "guidance" might be the therapist "suggesting" to their clients that they had suffered some type of early childhood trauma, when in fact, there were no traumas in their early childhoods. The origin of psychiatry is not, as it would have people believe, medicine, therapy or any…

Mind, Freedom and Knowledge

Descartes argued that that all humans had both a body and mind, and that the mind was eternal while the body was subject to physical and material laws. The universe was divided between the mind and matter, and the physical world could be explained by mathematical and scientific laws. Hobbes, Locke and other political and philosophical theorists of the 17th Century were also influenced by the new scientific thought of Descartes, Galileo and William Harvey to one degree or another, and had to incorporate them into philosophy (Ryle, p. 251). Ryle denied that any "ghost in the machine" existed, of that the immortal soul somehow operated the physical body. He admitted that explaining the link between bodies and minds was very difficult, although behaviorists had come to understand that expressions indicate moods and emotions, while vision, hearing and motion are all based on sensory inputs being…

Climate Change -- Cause and Mitigation

There are several ways to look at climate change because there are natural causes and there are also human-influenced causes for the global climate to change. This paper defines anthropogenic climate change and it defines natural climate change and the historic record of the earth's changing climate over the millennia. This paper also provides strategies for mitigating global climate change and speculates as to the possible stabilization of climate change vis-a-vis the business and economic fields.

What is Anthropogenic Climate Change?

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines anthropogenic as "…relating to, or resulting from, the influence of human beings on nature"; the first use of this team was in 1923.

Meanwhile, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research lists three ways in which the evidence points toward humans having influence over the rising temperatures on earth. The "…concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is rising," which is…

Heat, Temperature, And Kinetic Theory

The summer sun can make it seem easy to understand the concepts of heat and temperature, at least in a visceral sense, but understanding what these concepts mean and how they interact in the more objective and codified world of physics is another matter entirely. For this, it is necessary first to begin to be far more careful when using the two terms, which are far from interchangeable when used in their strictest sense, as well as to develop an understanding of some of the basic and fundamental features of the physical world as it exists and as it is experienced. The following pages present a brief description and discussion of heat and temperature, and the physical/scientific contexts in which they can be properly understood. Armed with this understanding, one can talk about the temperature with much greater authority and with much greater interest than…

Multicultural education researchers and educators agree that preservice teachers' attitudes, beliefs, and understandings are important: foci in multicultural education coursework (Cochran-Smith, 1995; Grant & Secada, 1990; McDiarmid & Price, 1993; Pohan, 1996). Teacher attitudes and beliefs influence teaching behaviors, which affect student learning and behavior (Wiest, 1998)."

1996 study used 492 pre-service teachers to try and gauge the attitudes and beliefs among the group when it came to understanding diversity and cultural differences in students (Wiest, 1998).

A decade earlier leading education experts Hollingsworth was able to identify a method for helping students of teaching to challenge their convictions and apply them to their careers.

Many advocates of multicultural education suggest that field experiences be included in preparing teachers to work with diverse student populations (Pohan, 1996; Sleeter, 1995; Tellez, Hlebowitsh, Cohen, & Norwood, 1995). Sleeter (1995) describes some investigations, such as miniethnographies, that her students conduct: I regard extended…

Gleick's explanation is more conversational and has a popular appeal, as noted, while Stewart's explanation, while not impenetrable by any means, is more mathematical in nature, more technical, and more extensive in many ways. He is not telling the story of chaos as much as he is showing how it was derived and how it is applied in different scientific fields of investigation. He even follows poets in considering the nature of such chaotic systems as water flowing in a brook, something that has long fascinated poets and physicists alike and something that is not easy to analyze or predict. Different tools have been developed for measuring different physical properties, such as oscillators and various sound equipment. Stewart looks at these for what they show about both order and chaos at the same time. Stewart also raises the Hyperion issue and how it illuminates chaos theory and is in turn…

In aerodynamics Bernoulli's principle is used to explain the pick up of an airplane wing in flight. (the Aerodynamic Development of the Formula One Car) wing is so constructed that air flows more quickly over its upper surface than its lower one, resulting in a reduction in pressure on the top surface when compared to the bottom. The resultant variation in pressure gives the pick up that maintains the aircraft in flight. If the wing is twisted overturned, the ensuing force is downwards. This gives details as to how racecars turn at such high speeds. The down force formed pushes the tyre into the road providing more control. In aerodynamics another vital feature is the pull or resistance acting on solid bodies moving through air. For instance, the propel force formed by the engine, must surmount the drag forces formed by the air flowing over an airplane. Reorganizing the body…

It is almost as if Hawking wants science and religion to agree.

He also uses a sense of humor often times to get his point across. In UIAN, he uses visual jokes, written puns and several witticisms to get you in a light mood to keep going through the book and picking up the important ideas that are in there. His life work has been dissecting these questions and proposing answers and it seems important to him to get the reader and his listeners, students and followers excited with him.

Stephen William hawkings http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hawking.html

Hawking's mother spent part of her life in dangerous places during World War II. His mother went to live in a safe town and gave birth to Stephen.

The family were soon back together living in Highgate, north London, where Stephen began his schooling.

In 1950 Stephen's father moved to the Institute for Medical Research in…

In Jamaica, like many other physicians abroad, Sloane collected specimen; later, he acquired the collections of others. Among the botanical material in his collection were exotic plants and bird skins, "unique albums of Durer's prints and drawings" "a vast library of manuscripts and printed books" (Geographical 2003 26+,the second two items of which probably contained abundant botanical engravings.

Not all of the items Sloane collected survived. One that id, however, was cocoa, which he brought back to England and "marketed shrewdly as a medicinal drink valued for its 'Lightness on the Stomach'" (Sterns 2003 411+). The financial incentive was strong in many of the collectors, although with Sloane, it also had a practical side as he went in search of remedies. In 1712, for example, Sloane became keen to purchase the collection of the German physician, Engelbert Kaempfer. A chapter of Kaempfer's book, Exotic Pleasures, mentioned a number of Oriental…

272). There were great changes taking place during that period in history, and not all of those changes had to do specifically with science. Some of them stemmed from science in other ways, and were encouraged to develop because they had a better framework during that time.

Philosophy during that time also had a "momentous transfer of allegiance from religion to science" (Tarnas, 1993; p. 272). That deeply affected how people felt about themselves and their world, and it changed the way many of them thought. Those who embraced science did so willingly, and those who embraced religion were also afforded that right. In other words, whether a person focused on science or religion, that person had a choice. Things were no longer all about the Church, and what the Church had always taught people. During that time in history, many people were afraid of the Church and thought that…

These massive walls of water travel faster than a commercial jet as they descend upon cities and islands. The energy and force of a Tsunamis is the massive transference of potential energy, caused by the shifting currents of the ocean, into kinetic energy that active pushes the Tsunamis forward. In 2004, one tsunami traveled 375 miles in a mere 75 minutes, about 300 miles per hour. Energy however is not just limited the massive, and the mystical, it is present in every form of life. In our own bodies, energy is the driving force behind why our heart pumps blood and why we have the ability to breathe. We use chemical energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, etc. To power the basic functions of our bodies.

Simply put, energy drives every stage of life, it is in attempting to find the factors that influence how energy is used and cultivated that…