BUSINESS ETHICS SCENARIO ??" EXPANSION TO KAVA
According to our instructions, the mandate we must follow is to increase the company presence in Kava. The primary objective is to benefit this company in a manner that also confers some meaningful benefit to the people of Kava. The government and various other entities in Kava also apparently hope to benefit by virtue of our establishing what they have referred to as our business culture in Kava.
In principle, we must identify the optimal use of company resources to generate profit for the organization and benefit our society in the U.S. in some symbiotic rather than parasitic relationship with the people of Kava and the nation as a whole. After identifying viable possible strategies for achieving that objective, the next issue will be determining a fair and equitable sharing of economic benefits after expenses.
To the extent the Kava government hopes to emulate U.S. business models and organizational structure and operations, it would seem that providing assistance would naturally benefit the Kava people. However, to the extent the Kava government (and other entities) hope to emulate the negative aspects of modern American business culture of excess and exploitation of the lower classes by the wealthier and more powerful, our providing the assistance requested could have a detrimental rather than a beneficial effect on the Kava people.
Implementing modern organizational processes and applying modern human resource principles should be well within our ability to accomplish. Therefore, our most important functions in pursuing our objectives is to maximize the benefit to the company, share in proceeds fairly with the Kava people, and make every reasonable attempt to encourage the Kava government to emulate our modern approach to public welfare and an implement an appropriately paternalistic and socially concerned approach toward incorporating our methods into Kava society.
Undoubtedly, the application of modern organizational processes, organizational structure, operational management, and strategic planning principles would be tremendously beneficial to any organizational presence in Kava. Naturally, any of our facilities would apply the same concepts that characterize our domestic and other foreign operations. The Kava government could also benefit greatly from our comparatively sophisticated approach to government operations and public administration.
However, this raises potential ethical concerns over the capacity for harm to the Kava people. More specifically, the Kava people are much more vulnerable to exploitation (including from their own government and domestic organizations and institutions) than are citizens of more advanced democratic societies. In that regard, even the protections available in more sophisticated societies cannot prevent major governmental corruption, exploitation, or unethical business practices in the private sector.
Therefore, the prospect of expanding our company presence to Kava does not obligate us to become more directly involved in Kava government or politics, but it does impose an obligation on our part to encourage the most beneficial organizational values and practices at every level. Business management principles must be shared in a manner that best cultivates a fundamental respect for human rights, equal rights, ethical principles of fairness and equity.
Naturally, in addition to attempting to instil socially responsible organizational values in Kava, our ethical responsibility requires us to determine a fair method of apportioning the measurable value that we derive from our Kava operations between the Kava people and our financial interests. It should go without saying that we will restrict our operations, organizational processes, and human resource approaches to those considered ethically appropriate in the U.S. and that we will strongly encourage that the Kava government adopt similar standards of government and corporate responsibility for the benefit of Kava society through our influence.
However, to the extent our Kava operations generate financial profit, we must determine how to allocate those profits ethically. In that regard, our fundamental obligation is to compensate Kava employees and organizations is to ensure that the amount of profit that we extract from their labor and other resources is ethically appropriate to the circumstances. No arbitrary assignment of numerical percentages can provide the right ratio of company (and American) profits to Kava benefits.
Therefore, a viable approach might be to first outline objective goals for our impact on Kava society first, and only then to crunch the numbers. For example, it might be that, given our anticipated profits, a reasonable minimum goal capable of justifying our corporate presence in Kava for one year is the establishment of a centralized national system of health clinics to provide basic healthcare services to the Kava population. Whatever profits remain after that goal is achieved represents our fair share, whether that comes out to 70% or 10%. Furthermore, a 50% cap on our benefit might be appropriate as well, with any excess directed toward further justifying our corporate presence in Kava.
-Using the information from the case,describe your rationale and plan for implementation for the proposed solution(s) for your organization to establish a greater presence on Kava by:
1) Determine factors affecting decision implementation in an organization and your proposed solution(s)
2) Evaluate resources and actions required for decision implementation of your proposed solution(s)
3) Evaluate the ethical implications from stakeholders perspectives of your proposed solution(s)

I would like researchpro for this order.
However, if this is not possible DO NOT use bolavens!
Few jobs require the kind of cultural sensitivity as the job of the international trainer. Large numbers of American business people travel the world training business people in everything from management techniques and computers, to human resource management and ethics. But what works in the domestic training session may or may not work in the global training world. Indeed, what may be wonderful in one context may be downright offensive in another. Sensitivity to cultural differences is very important.
CASE Assignment
Refer to these materials in your 3 page essay.
? Wade, Jared (2004),"The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business", Risk Management, March 2004, v 51, Pages: 38-43.
? Gibson, R. (2006), Small Business (A Special Report); Foreign Flavors: When going abroad, you should think of franchising as a cookie-cutter business; Unless, of course, you want to succeed. Wall Street Journal September 25, 2006, Page R. 8.
As an example, read about Ace Hardware "international" experiences:
? Carlo, Andrew M. (2006). " Overseas Adjustment", Home Channel News. New York: October 2006, Volume 32, Issue 13, Pages 26-28.
Things to include in your report:
? First, please identify some "cultural mistakes" from the first article listed above ("The pitfalls of cross-cultural business").
? Second, please select a company from the second article ("Small Business- A special report") and then analyze that company's "cultural" approaches.
? Discuss how the company you selected (e.g. focus on an international company of your choice from the second article) approaches foreign markets from the perspective of culture, and comment on how they should manage "cultural mistakes" that involve "cultural differences".
? Reminder- only use the Carlo article on Ace as an example; you should select another firm as a basis for completing the assignment specified above.
Case 4 Assignment Expectations
? Write a 3 page report that includes the following.
? Using the mod 4 materials, discuss the problem of cultural mistakes and cultural challenges faced by MNE's in various countries.
? Use one of the MNE's discussed in the Mod4 materials to illustrate how a firm faces cultural challenge(s).
? Draw conclusions and list supporting references and cite sources.
? Use appropriate writing style (Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion, grammar, & spelling).
? http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/articles/results-of-poor-cross-cultural-awareness.html
? http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm
An important aspect of international business which adds a great deal of diversity and complexity involves the need for international managers to understand their people and the values they hold. These values and assumptions are shaped, primarily, by the culture these people live in. Culture represents the system of values, beliefs, norms, and actions that characterize a distinct group of people. Although there can be similarities between cultures, there are also distinct and important differences. As business "goes international", the need for sensitivity to these cultural difference and deeply held values increases.
Everything from the desire to help, respect for authority, expectations of management and control, and differing definitions of truth telling and honesty change from culture to culture. Commitment to gender equality is likely one of the most dramatically different values held in various cultures. Understanding these differences, and accounting for them, is rapidly becoming of the utmost importance.
Geert Hofstede, a scholar and researcher of culture, identified five cultural dimensions. He conducted research of over 100,000 employees of IBM in 53 countries. Hofstede identified the following dimensions:
http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm

? Power Distance addresses the equality or inequality characterizing a culture as it is reflected in approaches to management. More "power distance" implies a more autocratic system, such as in China, Indonesia, Russia. By contrast, in the US, the power distance is small, reflecting equality and "participative management".
? Individualism refers to whether individuals prefer to function as individuals (United States) or as groups (Asia).
? Masculinity versus Femininity denotes the degree to which a culture is more aggressive and competitive (masculinity) or more nurturing (femininity). This also depends on the percentage of women in management.
? Uncertainty Avoidance focuses on people's preference for structured environments versus ability to manage uncertainty. The former have a harder time dealing with change (Japan, France, Russia). The latter are more open to change and more entrepreneurial (Hong Kong, United States).
? Long-Term Orientation refers to people's emphasis on shorter-term orientations (United States, France) or longer-time frame orientation (China and Hong Kong).
Edgar Schein is a major scholar of culture. He is a professor at MIT and a consultant.
One of Dr. Schein's seminal works is entitled "Organizational Culture and Leadership".
Required Readings
Wade, Jared (2004),"The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business", Risk Management, March 2004, v 51, Pages: 38-43.
Gibson, R. (2006), Small Business (A Special Report); Foreign Flavors: When going abroad, you should think of franchising as a cookie-cutter business; Unless, of course, you want to succeed. Wall Street Journal September 25, 2006, Page R. 8.
Carlo, Andrew M. (2006). " Overseas Adjustment", Home Channel News. New York: October 2006, Volume 32, Issue 13, Pages 26-28.
Russ, G. S. (1993). Book reviews (Organizational culture and leadership by Edgar H. Schein). Personnel Psychology, 46, 919-922.
Lieh-Ching, C. (2003). An examination of cross-cultural negotiation: Using Hofstede's framework. Journal of American Academy of Business, 2, 567-571.
Holden, R. (2001) "Managing people's values and perceptions in multi-cultural organisations: The experience of an HR director", Richard Holden. Employee Relations. Bradford: 2001. Vol. 23, Issue 6; pg. 614, 13 pgs.
n.a. (2010) Results of poor cross cultural awareness, UK: Kwintessential

Here are the exact requirements for the paper:

"Watch the movie ''Wall Street''. Discuss the ethical principles, as related to business, that are being violated. Specifically, discuss the way greed is presented in the movie. Talk about it as part of American Business and look at Gordon Gecko''s view of it related to American business. However, focus primarily on how Buddy reacts to it and deals with it. Look at how Buddy handles the issues of ethics. Look at how Buddy''s view of greed and ethics evolves and changes through out the film. What is/are the ethical dilemma(s) he faces in the film? How does he handle these dilemma(s)? You can touch on the ethical dilemmas of the other characters and how they each handle them if you have room, but the paper need only be 4-5 pages. You can also refer to Kohlberg''s 6 levels of moral develepment if you feel it applies. Remember, this is a BUSINESS and PROFESSIONAL ethics course. The paper needs to discuss ethical issues as they relate to business."

The paper needs to be 4-5 pages. No works cited page is necessary. Quotes from the movie should simply be put in quotations. This is a 400 level undergraduate business class. Kohlberg''s 6 levels of moral development are taken from the book "Business Ethics - Concepts and Cases" Fifth Edition by Manuel G. Velazquez, published by Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002. They are:

Level One: Preconventional Stages
Stage one: Punishment and obedience orientation
Stage two: Instrument and relativity orientation

level two: Conventional stages
stage three: interpersonal concordance orientation
stage four: law and order orientation

level three: postconventional, autonomous, or principled stages
stage five: social contract orientation
stage six: universal ethical orientation

They don''t have to be included.

Thank you very much for your help.

The Portfolio Project requires you to write a memorandum to a decision-maker, such as the president of the United States, a member of Congress, a chairperson of the SEC, or a state Governor, on how to reform corporate ethics in American business today. As we have seen, legislation such as Sarbanes-Oxley has received considerable media attention, but has not prevented significant catastrophes such as the global economic meltdown of 2008. You should be prepared to propose policies that might help to ameliorate or to prevent corporate ethics lapses that might occur in the future. You have the freedom to select any policy avenues that you think might help to strengthen and fortify corporate ethics. Your memo should do the following: Set forth why your chosen policy pathway is important Compare it to and contrast it with the policy it replaces Articulate your ideas on how to remedy the issue of corporate malfeasance Proffer some recommendations to the decision-maker about how to improve overall corporate governance Please note that your prescription for change is not nearly as important as your ability to forecast potential challenges to the corporate boardroom and to predict possible ways the government could intervene to assist not only solid corporate governance, but also the interests of individual shareholders. It is recommended that you suggest at least two methods and/or policy proposals that critically address the public policy concern. Bring in facts and other data to support the policy issue addressed and make sure each fact is cited to the relevant authority. Demonstrate critical thinking by analyzing, evaluating and interpreting appropriate policy to provide original perspectives to enhance corporate legal and ethical environs. You are expected to convey complex ideas in a clear, concise and organized fashion, using the required and recommended readings from the course for analytical support. You are required to cite a minimum of six scholarly sources beyond the textbook to support your statements. Your well-written paper should be 6-10 pages in length, not including the title or references pages. Review the Portfolio grading rubric, which can be accessed from the Course Information page, and make sure to follow APA guidelines. Please be sure to reach out to your instructor at any point in the course if you have any questions about the assignment.

Access to the Lexis-Nexis legal database might be beneficial for this work.


Ethics

Special Directions for Cases 1?5: The following cases have been carefully chosen to represent several of the most pressing ethical dilemmas facing American business today. When answering the questions at the end of each case, consider the ethical character trait or traits that would guide your decision making. Avoid the theory of subjective ethics. Be less concerned with the ?right? answer and more concerned with applying the ethical decision-making process properly.

1. Howard Wieder, an attorney, asked the members of the law firm for which he was employed, to assign one of their number to act as his representative in negotiating the purchase of an apartment in a condominium. An attorney in the firm, L.L., was designated to handle Wieder?s negotiations. Unfortunately, L.L. did everything but handle Wieder?s condominium negotiations. In fact, he not only neglected the negotiations, but also made many ?false and misleading representations,? carefully calculated to cover up that neglect. As soon as Wieder figured out that L.L. was lying to him, he reported the misconduct to two senior attorneys in the law firm. Each of these senior attorneys admitted that L.L.?s misconduct did not surprise them. Moreover, they revealed that they knew ?(t)hat [L.L.] was a pathological liar and that [L.L.] had previously lied to [members of the firm] regarding the status of other pending legal matters.? What ethical character traits have the senior attorneys violated? Explain. Wieder v. Skala, 609 N.E.2d 105 (NY).

2. In 1994, a total of 125 midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis were suspected of being involved in a cheating scandal that affected the results of an electrical engineering examination. A civilian panel was convened to investigate the allegations of cheating. The honor code of the Naval Academy is based on the premise that officers in the United States Navy should not lie, cheat, or steal. Clearly, if the 125 midshipmen accused of cheating really did so, they violated the ethical character traits of honesty, integrity, and fairness. However, what about those midshipmen who knew about the cheating but did nothing to stop it or report it later? Were they obligated to step forward and inform their superiors of the activities of their fellow students? Would protecting fellow students violate or support the ethical character traits? Explain.

3. Mares worked as a benefit clerk for Longmont Foods. Longmont decided to institute a drug testing program for its employees in 1989. The company asked all employees to fill out a form indicating what medication they were on at the time. The form also asked the employees to identify the physician who had prescribed the medication. Mares refused to disclose the information. As a result she was discharged. Was such a discharge ethical? What character traits did the company violate by firing Mares? Did Mares follow or violate any of the ethical character traits in her refusal to provide what she saw as essentially private information? Explain. Mares v. Conagra Poultry Co., Inc., 773 F.2d 248 (CO).

4. In 1986, a postdoctoral fellow named Margot O?Toole was working in a lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). O?Toole was troubled by some inconsistencies in the data that appeared in an article published by the journal Cell. The article had been written by O?Toole?s superior, Thereza Imanishi-Kari. Later, O?Toole discovered seventeen pages of research notes filed in the wrong place. The hidden notes that she had uncovered indicated to her that the research data she had in hand did not support the results that her superior had said she reached in the published paper in Cell. To make matters more difficult for O?Toole, one of the principal coauthors of the paper was David Baltimore, a Nobel laureate and the director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. What should O?Toole have done with her suspicions? Explain.

5. Adding fraudulent information on resumes and job applications has become commonplace in this country today. One survey indicated that almost 75 percent of all resumes include at least some data that is not true. Some people argue that it is permissible to include exaggerations and falsehoods in resumes and job applications because ?nobody is hurt? by this practice. Moreover, others believe that the end justifies the means. In other words, if the false information secures a job, then the use of that information is ethically correct. Still others point to the 75 percent figure and say that it?s justifiable to include false information on resumes and applications because ?everyone does it.? Explain how the practice of adding false information to resumes violates the ethical character traits.

Using the guidelines in Exercise 5.8, p. 143, part a. only:

Write a memo to your instructor reporting the information you found.

Write a memo as directed. The completed paper should include a cover page, the memo, and a reference page. References may include the textbook and must include at least one additional reference

Additional information:

CONTENT RUBRIC: The assignment is to write an informative memo providing the information listed in the six bullet points in Exercise 5.8 (p. 143). All six of the bullet points should be covered.

Assume that you?re going to the capital city of another country on business two months from now. (You pick the country.) Use a search engine to find out
? What holidays will be celebrated in that month.
? What the climate will be.
? What current events are in the news there.
? What key features of business etiquette you might consider.
? What kinds of gifts you should bring to your hosts.
? What sight-seeing you might include.


CRITICAL THINKING RUBRIC: Demonstrate understanding of adjustments that will be required of an American business person doing business in the country you have chosen for your memo.

Example: The XYZ holiday will occur on our date of arrival so our business meetings will commence the following day.
Example: Expensive gifts are not acceptable in XYZ country as they can be viewed as bribes. Therefore, we will give modest pen and pencil sets as gifts to our hosts

Paper must include:

Cover Page

Reference Page

1. Start the paper asking this or a similar question. "How can American Business Ethically end racism?"

2. Introduce the subject by defining the issue(s), stating the importance of resolving this dilemma to the busisness community and its importance to the population at large.

3. Research the issue looking for various points of view. Conflictng views are acceptable.

4. Come to a conclusion about the issue, once again weighing different sources opinions. State your ETHICAL reasoning behind your conclusion.

It is a research paper, based on comparision Russian and American business cultures, customs. You will adress a key social issue affecting business: cross-cultural business communication. This paper, must include Intro and conlusion.

Details on the faxed paper, just follow the outline. Two sources from the book and one from the internet (.edu .gov).
There are faxes for this order.

Few jobs require the kind of cultural sensitivity as the job of the international trainer. Large numbers of American business people travel the world training business people in everything from management techniques and computers, to human resource management and ethics. But what works in the domestic training session may or may not work in the global training world. Indeed, what may be wonderful in one context may be downright offensive in another. Sensitivity to cultural differences is very important.

CASE Assignment

Please go to the College virtual library and find the following 3 articles. Refer to these materials in your 2 page essay.

Wade, Jared (2004),"The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business", Risk Management, March 2004, v 51, Pages: 38-43

Gibson, R. (2006), Small Business (A Special Report); Foreign Flavors: When going abroad, you should think of franchising as a cookie-cutter business; Unless, of course, you want to succeed. Wall Street Journal September 25, 2006, Page R. 8

As an example, you could also read about Ace Hardware "international" experiences:

Carlo, Andrew M. (2006). " Overseas Adjustment", Home Channel News. New York: October 2006, Volume 32, Issue 13, Pages 26-28

Please write a 2 page paper:

Please identify some "cultural mistakes" from the first two article listed above ("The pitfalls of cross-cultural business").

Please select a company from the second article and then analyze its "cultural" approaches:

Discuss how the company you selected (e.g. focus on an international company of your choice or from the second article) approach foreign markets from the perspective of culture and comment on how they should manage "cultural mistakes" that involve "cultural differences"!


thanks !!!!!


There are faxes for this order.

PART 1
Watch the China business video at the following link.

http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/chinese-business-culture.html

Discuss what cultural adjustments Americans and Chinese business persons would need to make for conducting successful business with each other

PART 2
Then comment of the following 2 questions. Please respond separately

1. The first thing that American and Chinese business persons need is cultural awareness of the country they are dealing with. Also, it is so important to understand that not everyone acts or reacts the same way we personally do. There are several adjustments that need to be made based on the cultural differences talked about in the clip. The Chinese are a collectivist nation and are in general more dependent on their organization, while the US is an individualist nation and business people are more independent, decision making takes much longer with the Chinese than they would normally be used to. US business people need to understand that doing business with the Chinese takes time and patience. Another reason that performing business with the Chinese takes a lot of time and effort because, the Chinese put a lot more emphasis on building relationships and trust rather than getting right down to business. Americans are more results driven and want business to get right down to business. This is evident in the fact that contracts are viewed differently, in the US they are binding but in China they really dont carry any obligation, instead they are seen as more of a relationship building step. One thing that American business people need to be very careful with is that they do not joke around or use any sort of horseplay. The Chinese find this very insulting and they may lose face among their co-workers.

2. Conducting business in China is a unique situation which must be accomplished in a manner that is sensitive to the Chinese way of doing business. Operating within the Chinese culture involves relationship building, networking, and not forcing negotiations immediately (Chinese Business Culture). This is often in stark contrast to the methods employed here in the Western world. In addition, there exists a hierarchal group mentality rather than an individualistic desire to do well for oneself first.
Companies must endure protracted negotiations often spanning several years (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 90).Trying to finish a deal early in the negotiation process is seen as having bad faith in the process and the person across from you at the negotiating table. Rather, a commitment to a long-term relationship is the appropriate method of doing business in China. In fact, if contract terms are heavily advanced early in the process, Chinese executives may in fact agree to the terms simply out of respect for their counterpart with no intention of ever fulfilling the initial terms of the deal. It is the personal relationships that define willingness to do business in China, not a mutually agreed upon set of contractual restraints or terms. As a result, it is crucial to expect and be committed to building a solid foundation of trust and mutual respect before advancing with serious negotiations.

I need some research about the following countries...England, France, and Spain. 3 Pages on England and 2 on each of France and Spain would work.


1. Cultural insights of the host country
2. The host country?s business practices, government, culture, and social structure.
3. The influence of the host country?s business practices/structure in a global
context.
4. Differences and commonalities in the business concerns and practices of
organizations in the host country and American businesses as it relates to the
student?s concentration.

TITLE: ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS COMMANDER CARRIER GROUP SEVEN; UNITED STATES NAVY
Organizational Analysis Paper.
1. Write a 5 page, APA FORMAT, 12/ARIAL, organizational analysis paper on your organization (COMMANDER CARRIER GROUP, UNITED STATES NAVY) covered from the documentation below.
2. This paper should express your sociological view introduced in this course have impacted your perceptions.
3. Ref: J. Post, A. Lawrence, & Weber J (Eds.), Contemporary Business Issues with Readings (9th ed., pp. 1-247). 1999. New York: McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing.
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Business Organizations in Society
? Recognize the roles and responsibilities that a business has within the community.
? Analyze the contemporary relationship between business and society.
? Describe how capitalism has influenced the role of business in society.
? Differentiate between the social realities of high- and low-income workers.
Organizations and the Ethical Environment
? Analyze how ethics play a part in business decisions.
? Examine the underlying issues of an organization?s mission statement.
Business Organizations and Government in a Global Society
? Examine the impact of globalization on business practices.
? Recognize the issues resulting from diverse groups entering American business organizations.
The Business Organization and the Individual
? Examine the relationship between employer and employee.
? Illustrate how entitlement impacts organizational culture.
? Recognize recent changes in philosophy regarding employee rights and responsibilities.
Social Issues
? Identify family issues that impact the work environment.
? Examine the impact of underlying social processes on business organizations.
Technology Issues
? Examine the impact of technology on contemporary organizations.
? Compare the past and present influence of technology on business organizations.
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THE COPORATION AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS
1. Why are business, government, and society an interactive system?
a. Business decisions impact society (general public)
b. Government decisions impact business
c. Both government and Business impact the general public
2. What kind of involvement does business have with other segments of society?
a. Business and society decisions have a social impact society can influence whether a business firm will prosper or fail. Businesses will fail if the people and government demand to much and the people will fail when the Business fails by losing jobs and products.
3. Who are corporation?s primary and secondary stakeholders?
a. PRIMARY (directly)
1. WHOLESALERS
2. EMPLOYEES
3. STOCKHOLDERS
4. CREDITORS
5. SUPPLIERS
6. CUSTOMERS
7. COMPETITORS
b. SECONDARY (indirectly)
1. LOCAL COMMUNITIES
2. FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL GOVERNEMENT
3. FOREIGN GOVERNEMENTS
4. SOCIAL ACTIVIST GROUPS
5. MEDIA
6. BUSINESS SUPPORT GROUPS
7. GENERAL PUBLIC
4. Why are stakeholders important to a corporation and how can they affect its success?
a. Stakeholders may damage or halt a company?s operation, but they can come to aid and support a company that is in trouble. Stakeholders can exercise their economic, political, and other powers in ways that benefit or challenge the organization.
5. What major forces of change are reshaping the business environment for companies?
a. FORCE 1: Strategic and Social Challenges, Strategic rethinking or reengineering business operations
b. FORCE 2: Ethical Expectations and Public Values, the public wants corporate manager to apply ethical principles in business decisions
c. FORCE 3: Global Economic Change,
d. FORCE 4: The Changing Role of Government and Public Policy, democratic reforms, eg glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reform, reconstruction and renewal) in the Soviet Union
e. FORCE 5: Ecological and Natural Resource Concerns, strike a balance between industrial production and nature?s limits
f. FORCE 6: Technology and New Knowledge,
6. How do globalization, ecological concerns, and ethical norms affect corporate stakeholders? Companies should have a strategy that combines business goals and broad social interests.
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BUSINESS AND PUBLIC ISSUES
1. Why do the expectations of stakeholders matter to organizations and managers?
a. If expectations are unmet, it can trigger an action that can put pressure on business and government
2. What is the life cycle through which public issues evolve?
a. PHASE 1 CHANGING STAKEHOLDER EXPECTIONS
b. PHASE 2 POLITICAL ACTION
c. PHASE 3 FORMAL GOVERNMENT ACTION
d. PHASE 4 LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION
3. What is the mission and purpose of a company?s public affairs function?
a. Collecting and analyzing the social and political environment
4. What strategies can an organization use to cope with specific public issues?
a. Develop a proactive strategy to address public issues
5. What activities make up an issues management system?
a. ISSUE IDENTIFICATION-scanning newspapers
b. ISSUES ANALYSIS-identify the facts and analysis
c. POLICY OPTIONS- develop course of actions
d. PROGRAM DESIGN- design and implement
6. What are the elements of effective crisis management?
a. Respond to short-term and immediate shocks; accidents, distress
7. What must a company do to strategically manage its stakeholder relations?
a. Be aware of company stakeholders
b. Proactive thinking and planning ahead
c. Company should manage issues carefully and consistently
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Corporate Social Responsibility
1. What is the basic meaning of corporate social responsibility?
a. Means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that effect people, their communities, and their environment.
2. Where and when did the idea of social responsibility originate?
a. Adopted by business leader early twentieth century, considering all corporate stakeholders when making business decisions
3. What must a company do to be considered socially responsible?
a. Philanthropic contributions (charity principle)
b. Business manager act a public trustee recognizing that business and society are intertwined and interdependent (stewardship principle)
c. Employee volunteerism
4. Is corporate social responsibility practiced by businesses around the world?
a. Yes, however they reflect cultural values and traditions of their particular country
5. What are the limits of corporate social responsibility?
a. Legitimacy
b. Costs
c. Efficiency
d. Scope and Complexity
6. How does business meet its economic and legal obligations while being socially responsible?
a. Following an enlightened self-interest approach, a firm may be economically rewarded while society benefits from the firm?s actions.
b. Abiding by legal requirements can also guide businesses in serving various groups in society.
c. Managers should consider all of the company?s stakeholders and their interests.
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Socially Responsive Management
1. What groups and social forces changed the way management responds to the social environment?
a. Consumer advocates
b. Environmentalists
c. Anti-War Activist
d. African-American groups
e. Women groups
f. Communities protested
2. What influences and forces should be monitored by managers when developing a socially responsive program?
a. The processes a firm establishes to address social demands initiated by corporate stakeholders within the macroenvironment of business segments
i. Economic Segment
ii. Political Segment
iii. Social Segment
iv. Technological Segment
3. What are the stages in the model of social responsiveness?
a. Policy Stage
i. Aware of the surrounding environment
b. Learning Stage
i. Identify the social problem
ii. Specialized learning
iii. Administrative learning
c. Organizational commitment Stage
i. Normal part of doing business
4. What elements are critical for a business to effectively manage the corporate social environment?
a. Top Management philosophy
b. Socially responsive Strategy
c. Socially responsive structure
d. Line manager involvement
5. Can a firm?s management of the social environment be assessed?
a. Corporate social audits
b. Performance audits
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MISSION STATEMENT

COMMANDER CARRIER GROUP MISSIONS are to plan and conduct operations/exercises in surface, subsurface, and air strike warfare as directed by the numbered Fleet Commander as well as participate in the development of tactical doctrine. In addition, provide assistance to the Type Commanders in the preparation of employment schedules and to supervise operational training and all elements of combat effectiveness. Further the staff will ensure that assigned ships are maintained at the highest possible standard of operational and material readiness.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Mission statement Activity Sheet
Question #1: Do you believe the mission of your organization truly reflects what the organization actually does? Why or why not?
Answer # 1: The mission statement truly reflects the organizational activities as it gives a guideline as well that what the staff is expected to do and the highest level of commitment that is needed for the job. Obviously the organization do a lot more than the activities mentioned, for e.g., strategically and security analysis but the main job is, whatever the work is do it effectively.
Question #2: What impact do the mission statements in your group have on the employees in the organization? For example, are employees specifically mentioned in any of the mission statements? How is the impact felt?
Answer # 2: The vision of a company can not completed by considering its employees. When we talk about the preparation of employment schedules, supervising operational training and combat effectiveness, we highlight the importance of human capital in our organization.
Question #3: What impact do the mission statements in your group have on society at large? (This includes local, state, national, and even international society.)
Answer # 3: The impact of the mission statement can be felt in the organization as different department work together to achieve the goals as stated in the mission statement. If we talk in a broader term this impact can be felt at the societal level, as it requires them to work efficiently and effectively. Internationally it acts as torchbearer for all naval forces who are working outside the country. The mission statement is essential for the organization, as the people know how and where to efficiently use their human resources.
Question #4: For each of the mission statements, is the organization?s emphasis on: 1) people, 2) productivity, 3) money, 4) principle, or 5) some other emphasis? Who is the target audience for the mission statement?
Answer # 4: The mission statement targets mainly the employees of the organization. It gives them motivation and a clear vision. In fact it emphasize on productivity by people who abide by the principle. If we take an overview of the statement, it is a comprehensive guideline that specify a general job description, requires discipline and high level of commitment and alertness from the staff.
Question #5: Pick out "key words" in each statement that are meant to define impacts on social processes and/or society in some way. Key words are action words or phrases that set the tone for the statement. (Some key words are: ethics, profit, respect, community, vision, etc.)
Answer # 5: Some key words mentioned in the mission statement are tactical doctrine, assistance, effectiveness and highest possible standard. One can clearly understand by these terms that sheer hard working and devotion could be the key to success in the organization.

I need you to write a 2pg university admission essay. the topic should be based on a personal hardship that one had to go through, reason of interest in majoring in business, please fill in the gaps for me. Or if you have an idea on a topic, please let me know.

Here are some info about myself for you to construct the essay.

- i am Chinese American
-Business major
-work for import/export company (great experience along with studies)
- active member of Big sisters program.
-mentor for young children in local community
-enjoy traveling for work (tradeshows)
-cultural cooking

I really don''t know what type of info I should provide, but I''d like you to write an essay based on your skills.. please let me know if you need more info. The essay should provide the reader a sense of who I am, to provide them info on my life...Please fill in the gaps for me (made-up) info....thank you very much! Please email me to provide me the date of finished and delivered essay. I will be waiting for your response regarding my essay topic and info....hear form you soon.

This is the begining work I have accomplished so far, which gives a general idea of what I'm attempting to do for my dissertations; although, the problem statement, research questions, hypothosis and etcetera need a lot of work!





The power of the crowd: A study of applying crowdsourcing techniques in developing co-value between call center customers, call center employees and the overall organization.

04/21/10)



Problem Statement



Call centers are critically important as they are a vibrant parts of the American business culture (Dawson, 20006). The importance stems from the fact that they are at the center of an organization’s relationship with its customers. Case and point, call centers are the front door to a business; further, according to Dawson (2006) the call center’s front line position is even more important in today’s global economy. However, the link between how well call center’s perform their mission and translating that into actionable plans for improving other business areas has not been fully capitalized on. This threatens an organization’s competitive advantage and decreases efficiencies in both the call centers and the businesses functional areas.

Purpose Statement

A very promising phenomenon that lends itself to call centers’ ability to improve their own and their other business units’ efficiency is the employment of crowdsourcing. However, there has been limited research on the most effective ways to apply crowdsourcing techniques to foster a collaborative environment between call center employees and customers. The main purpose of the study is to assess the effect that crowdsourcing techniques can have on the development of call center business strategies and functional area operational practices alignment that allows for the identification, socialization and alignment of customer-focused business strategies that create value for both the customer and the organization.

Significance of the study

Crowdsourcing provides a key framework for organizations to capitalize on the wisdom of the crowd, that is, the average of diverse, independent, and decentralized crowds (Surowiecki, 2004). The groundswell is a social development in which people use modern technologies to get the things they need from one another (Li & Bernoff, 2008). Specifically, the impact of the well-informed crowds on an organization’s attempt to develop business strategies and operational efficiencies that allow the organization and its customers to co-develop and co-create value is very promising in the business area of call centers. That said; it is not known to what extent crowdsourcing techniques can be effectively applied in call centers to increase call center performance as measured by established key performance indicators, ultimately resulting in operating efficiencies that fosters an environment where the organization and its customers co-develop value.

Research Questions

The intention of this study is to illuminate and explain the aspects that enable call centers to more effectively assist their organizations main business units in increasing operational efficiencies through the use of crowdsourcing techniques. With this goal in mind, the following research question will be addresseda.

What is the relationship between the application of crowdsourcing techniques and call center performance as measured by normal call center key performance indicators and an organization’s functional business areas operational efficiencies?

Hypothesis

1. The affective application of crowdsourcing techniques leads to increased call center performance.

a. Crowdsourcing techniques are related to an increase in first call resolution in call centers.

b. Crowdsourcing techniques are related to decreased average call handle time in call centers.

c. Crowdsourcing techniques are related to decreased cost per call in call centers.

d. Crowdsourcing techniques are related to decreased abandonment rates in call centers.

e. Crowdsourcing techniques help to optimize call center agent utilization.

2. The increased performance of call centers, which results from the application of crowdsourcing techniques, are associated with increased operational efficiencies in an organization’s major business functional areas.

3. Operational efficiencies, which are the results of increase call center performance due to the affective application crowdsourcing techniques, help foster a business environment where both the organization and its customer co-develop

Methodological Approach

Participants

The participants to be analyzed involves managers of call centers in specifying what they fill is important in effectively running their call centers. Additionally, customers’ value inputs will be analyzed.

Design

The study will employ survey research through the application of questionnaires to the population to analyze the participants with a between-participants approach; that is, the variation needed for the study comes from changes in the participants for a specific period of time. To accomplish this, the researcher will employ a quasi-experimental research design in an attempt to determine a correlation between the application of crowdsourcing techniques and increased efficiencies in call centers and their supported major business functional areas.

The variables, according to Swanson & Holton (2005), are the phenomena , which vary depending on the circumstances affecting them.

The dependent variables in this study are effective application of specific crowdsourcing techniques to the independent variables , which are call center key performance indicators and customer value inputs.

Procedures

Following development of the questionnaires, they will be pilot tested by a small sample of experienced call center managers to assess the validity and reliability of the survey questions as a whole. Additionally, the validity and reliability of the surveys will be accessed qualitatively through conducting interviews of a small number of the samples respondents to provide additional insight into the questionnaire answers.

I will send an introductory letter to the sample frame explaining the purpose of the survey. I will use a mail survey as the tool to employ my questionnaire to the managers and customers. Fowler (2009) suggests that anything that can be done to make a mail questionnaire appear more professional, personalized and/or attractive to the potential respondents usually has a positive effect on response rates. Therefore, work will be done to make the questionnaire as attractive to the participants as possible. For example: the survey’s layout will be clear, easy to read and to follow. Additionally, Fowler (2009) suggests the instrument be easy to complete. The questionnaire will use closed ended questions with check box or similar answers. My questionnaire will be self administeredâ€"mailed to the sample frame .

The returned survey questionnaires will be converted into data files so they can be analyzed on a computer. Each respondent will receive a serial identifier to allow for organization and tracking. Data will be coded in the order it is present in the questionnaire to allow for ease of coding, data entry and programming tasks (Fowler, 2009). The data will be coded with numeric codes by answer; additionally, I will provide a missing answer code to allow for questions that are not answered. I do not have in mind to provide any monetary or other tangible form of motivation to respondents; however, I will provide them the results of the survey if they desire to see them. Again, any results provided will be sanitized to ensure confidentiality of all respondent’s identifiable information.

The research will be theory testing and will be conducted as a quantitative methodology which will test hypothesis quantitatively and thoroughly investigated an assessed in accordance with traditional research practices and procedures. Examining this topic through an interpretative lens would add to the body of knowledge in this area in a productive manner by helping in understanding the meaning of the situations. Examining call centers through observation and communicating face-to-face would bring understanding of the meaning apparatus that individuals bring to and develop from, a dynamic stream of events (Swanson & Holton, 2005).

Analysis of Data

The statistical procedure that will be used for this study is a regression analysis. The response or dependent variable (organizations productivity) will be analyzed through regression testing to see the affect that the independent variables of (1) key performance indicators and (2) customer value input have on the dependent variables. The initial step in the procedure will be to develop a scatter plot of the variables to see if there is any easy to see relationship between them. According to Albright, Winston, & Zappe (2006), a scatterplot graph is an excellent way to determine if there is a relationship between variables. If a relationship is observed between manager’s productivity and both independent variables, a multiple regression analysis will need to be performed to determine if a correlation exist. If a relationship is seen between only one of the variables, a simple regression will be performed between manager’s productivity and the independent variable that shows a relationship.

Ethical Considerations

Research ethics are governed by the National Research Act of July 1974 (Swanson & Holton, 2005). The Act created a commission, which was chartered to protect the interest of humans and subjects in research. The commission produced The Belmont Report, which defined practices and research so the boundaries of the two could be established (Swanson & Holton, 2005). According to Swanson & Holton (2005), the commission defined practice as interventions intended to improve the well-being of a patient or client, and research as activity designed to evaluate hypothesis and add to generalized body of knowledge concerning a topic. In Swanson and Holton (2005), they also noted that The Belmont Report identified three principles that should guide research: (1) Respect for personsâ€"where persons is identified as autonomous individuals that are able to make independent decisions. (2) Beneficenceâ€"has to do with the researcher’s obligation to protect human subjects. (3) Justiceâ€"requires that parity be at hand in determining who will bear the burden of human subject research.

Creswell (2003) notes that the identification of the problem to be researched is one of the initial decisions that require ethical consideration; that is, the problem studied should benefit the individuals being studied. According to Creswell (2003), a pilot test is an excellent way to gain trust and respect from participants because the pilot test allows for the discovery of marginalization before the study is developed and conducted. Additionally, Creswell (2003) identifies ethical considerations in data collection during research. First, research plans for school projects must be reviewed by the schools institutional review board (IRB). The IRB is chartered with upholding the established research standards. Secondly, an informed consent form (ICF) must be signed by both the researcher and the participants. The ICF should contain the following elements per Creswell (2003):

1. The right of the participants to participate voluntarily and withdraw any time desired.

2. The purpose of the study should be clearly identified.

3. The procedures to be used in the study should be clearly identified.

4. The right of the participants to ask questions and to get a copy of the results of the study.

5. Signatures of both the researcher and participants; signifying that both agree to the terms of the research.

Creswell also wrote about ethical issue in data analysis and interpretations; specifically, they noted that researchers should consider how their study will protect the anonymity of the individuals in the study. Finally, Creswell explained that date should be kept for 5 to 10 years, who owns the data should be clearly outlined, and the proven accuracy of the information extracted from the data should be considered (2003).



Literature Review

Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies is a very well written book written by Charlene Li and Josh Bernhoff; in which, they expand on the Forrester Report (2006). They describe how the business environment has been changed by the emergence of powerful social media technologies. However, they note that the relationships that spring from the new technologies are more important than the actual technology. Li and Bernoff (2008) define these relationships as the Groundswell. The book very effectively defines and explains the implications of the groundswell technologies; that is, blogs, social networks, wikis, forums, really simple syndication (RSS), and widgets are characterized and details are provided on how to best employ them. Furthermore, the authors delve into how the technologies threaten institutional power and what organizations can do about the threat. Several strategies are discussed in the book on how to leverage the groundswell. These strategies are illuminated through the use of case studies. The final section of the book enumerates on how connecting with the groundswell transforms an organization.

This book is a must read for any organization wanting to learn how to position itself in a way to be able to exploit the new social technologies that are already or coming available.

Another book that is very insightful in detailing the phenomena of crowdsourcing is “The Wisdom of Crowds�. In the book, Surowiecki puts forth that informed group judgments can be more valuable in reaching business and investment decisions than even the most brilliant individuals conclusion. The key, according to Surowiecki (2004), is the group (crowd) must be diverse, have independence, and be decentralized. Surowiecki briefly describes the seminal research in group dynamics when he touches on Hazel Knight’s (Sociologist) initial group experiments conducted in the 1920; additionally, he mentions several other sociologists’ research on the crowd’s wisdom. However, he does caveat that the majority of the early research for the larger the group the better the decision dynamic remained relatively within the academic world.

Surowiecki uses multiple examples to illustrate his ideas. For instance, he writes about the popular TV show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. In the show, the contestant is given three life-lines to use if they are unable to answer a questions: (1) They can ask a single smart friend or family member, (2) They can use 50/50â€"elliminate two incorrect answers, and (3) They can ask the audience (crowd). According to Surowiecki, the audience picked the correct answer 91% of the time as opposed to the smart friend choosing the correct answer only 65% of the time. This, as noted by Surowiecki, is not scientific proof of the possibilities of group intelligence; however, is does provide a very powerful unproven illustration of the crowds potential.

The principal message of the book’s author is that the average of independent, well-informed decisions on a particular subject matter can be more useful than the determination of one individual, regardless of that one individual’s qualifications. This theory has wide applicability for market research, business and investment decisions.

Redesigning computer call center work: A longitudinal field experiment (Workman,& Bommer, 2004). The problem statement for this study outlines the issue of simultaneous demand for technical and customer service skills that places strain on call center employees and which frequently leads to employee poor job attitudes. This article is a quantitative experimental study that utilized a field study with a randomly assigned pretest-post-test and control group designed to compare three interventions’ effectiveness on employee job attitudes in a computer technology call center. The following hypothesis were clearly stated in the article:

1. Alignment job design will increase employee job satisfaction.

2. Alignment job design will increase employee commitment.

3. High involvement work process will increase employee job satisfaction.

4. High involvement work process will increase employee commitment.

5. Autonomous work team will increase employee job satisfaction.

6. Autonomous work team will increase employee commitment.

The purpose statement and hypothesis fit the experimental research design very nicely. The researcher used randomly assigned subjects for both the experimental and the control group and administered the pretest and posttest to each, while only administering the intervention to one of the groups. This design of study does align with the positivist tradition; that is, it is obvious the author viewed technology call centers as independent and measurable when developing the above listed hypothesis and author identified purpose statement.

The author identified that there may have been some cross group contamination, which was a threat to validity and that due to the short interval (six months) between pre and post test there may not have been enough time to fully group and novelty effects . In the area of external validity, the author raised the question for further research as to whether the study could be generalized to call centers other than computer technology centers .

Another article dealing with this topic, “The application of knowledge management (KM) in call centres� (Koh & Gunasekaran, 2005). The purpose of this article is to evaluate the need for knowledge management in a help desk, for improving the level of customer services through addressing the issues dealing with information KM. The following research questions were depicted from the article:

1. Is it useful to know whether a formal KM effort would improve the quality of customer service in a call centre, and at what price?

2. Can KM be achieved by effectively managing the five roles of knowledge; that is, knowledge acquisition, utilization, adaptation, distribution, and generation?

Evidenceâ€"based management is the practice of using research to acquired evidence (facts) concerning a business situation or problem for the purpose of making the best decision on how to resolve the concern or develop the soundest principles for the issue. Evidence-base research is almost always used to gather the facts surrounding the problem. That is exactly what Biggs and Swailes did in their study .

The role of knowledge repositories in technical support environments: Speed versus learning in user performance (Gray & Durcikova, 2006). This is an article that details a quantitative investigation concerning why technical support analyst prefer specific sources of information over others. Particularly, technical support analyst chose between their colleagues, official company document, and solutions available in technical support knowledge repositories. The authors of the article theorize that technical analyst with stronger learning orientation would engage in higher levels of knowledge sourcing by seeking knowledge directly from their colleagues, official company documents, and technical knowledge repositories. Additionally, the authors presume that technical analyst that face higher perceived intellectual demands, higher levels of work-related time pressure demands, and analyst that are risk adverse would all engage in more knowledge sourcing behavior; consequently, they too would source more knowledge from all three knowledge sources identified earlier. The authors developed a cross-sectional survey to measure how the subjects learning orientation, intellectual demands, risk aversion, and time pressure reaction would affect their preference for sourcing specific information. The results were mostly in line with what knowledge sourcing theory would predict when it came to sourcing knowledge from their colleagues. One notable exception for sourcing knowledge from colleagues occurred when time pressure was introduced into the equation. When analysts were under time pressure, they did not consult their colleagues for information. However, there were some noted exceptions when it came to sourcing knowledge from company documents and repositories. For example, neither time pressure nor risk aversion predicted sourcing from company manuals. On the other hand, risk aversion and intellectual demand (as theorized) both significantly predicted sourcing from repositories, one positively and one negatively.

These are the types of books and articles that provide the relative information that provides seminal information and broad views of the development of the crowdsourcing phenomenon, and its applicability to multiple business situations. In the study, these forms of literature will be thoroughly examined to provide strong foundation for further research on the subject.



References

Albright, S.C., Winston W.L., & Zappe, C. (2006). Data Analysis and Decision Making with Microsoft Excel, 3rd Ed. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.

Li, C., & Bernoff, J. (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a world transformed by social technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Press.

Biggs, D., & Swailes, S. (2006). Relations, commitment and satisfaction in agency workers and permanent workers. Employee Relations, 28, ½, 130-143.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Dawson, K. (2006). ACCE/Special preview: The State of the call center industry. Retrieved February 11, 2009 from http://www.callcentermagazine.com/shared/article/showArticle.jhtml?articleId=192202464.

Gray, P. H., & Durcikova, A. (2006). The role of knowledge repositories in technical support environment: Speed versus learning in user performance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 22, 3. 159-190.

Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Koh, S. C. L., Gunasekaran, A., Thomas, A., & Arunachalam, S. (2005). The application of knowledge management in call centres. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9, 4, 56-69

Swanson, R. A., & Holton, E. F., III. (Eds.). (2005). Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Workman, M., & Bommer, W. (2004). Redesigning computer call center work: A longitudinal field experiment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 3, 317- 337





There are faxes for this order.

writer: Tsiyasse
PLEASE make sure to give this work to Tsiyasse.
thank you.


hi, can you remember me?
I got 4 pages first draft research paper from you, its order ID was 45481.

this time, I want to ask 15 pages final draft.

same topic, and same thesis statement, same source.
I'll give you first draft very below.


*****************

I got first draft back, instuctor gave me some comments,
when support my statement, I need some "statistical number" from paper sources. not all statemet needed, but he recommended to put statistical number in it because this is economic class. so, please put some number to support statement. thank you.


I'll give you same insturction again as I gave you before.

==========================
I have 6 sources you can look at, you just can use the sources I?ll give you. If you want any other source, plz no more than 1, and please indicate in bibliography. First 2 sources from internet source, so you just can go to that address, and the other 4 sources from PDF file. Actually, I already sent it to you when last order, but I?ll send these PDF files via e-mail([email protected]).
my instructor said first internet source, Lamoreaux, Naomi , is very important source for me.


*****This is instuction for research paper.
It should have really clear intro, body, and conclusion. again, it should be clear.

A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Usually, it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis, but in this case it is a separate assignment. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
The Five Stages to Writing a Literature Review
1. Planning
a. Choose one topics
b. Narrow your focus
c. Find the relevant papers( I?ll give you in bibliography below)
2. Organizing
a. Analyze each paper
b. Explore how different papers fit together
c. Develop a thesis statement(below) about the literature as a
whole
3. Drafting
a. Write a first draft
b. It should have an introduction, body paragraphs, and
conclusion
c. As you write your first draft, don?t be surprised if your
thesis evolves.
4. Editing
a. Check to see if the paper is cohesive (i.e. sections and
paragraphs must hand together)
b. Make sure your bibliography is consistent with the
Chicago Manual of System format
5. Redrafting
a. Rewrite based on comments from your T.A. or others




<<<>> was
Examining the influences of the merger wave in the evolution of the industrial structure of the American economy and how those consequences eventually impacted in our communities; the allocation of private and social goods and services to individuals, and also discussing whether mergers were sources of economic efficiency or whether they jeopardized market competitiveness.


********( but my instuctor said this is too broad, so I need to narrow focus. my instructor comments was What is your view on how mergers affected efficiency, competiton, or social welfare. Focus on only 1 or 2 of these issues not all issues, then you modified like below.


********<<>> by you:
How merger affected working conditions/ worker's health and welfare. (this is the one you gave me at last order.)




**and this class is history of Economics, it?s not present economics. So, it?s study for mergers in the evolution of the industrial structure of the American economy not present merges. It?s focused on evolution not present mergers. Actually you can compare old with new, but plz don?t focus on present mergers. This class is History of Economics. Thank you very much.


Bibliography


(this is MAIN SOURCE related to my research paper) Lamoreaux, Naomi (1985). The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1905. pp. 1-13, 87-158.

Mark Glick and Dominique Levy (1996). The History of Competition Policy as
Economic History. Retrieved from http://www.econ.utah.edu/les/version_2.0/papers/HISTORYOFCOMP.htm



I?ll send these file via e-mail,

Cheffins,(2002). The Great Merger Wave of 1897 to 1903

Chandler, Alfred (1973). Decision Making and Modern Institutional Change.
Journal of Economic History 33: 1-15.

Atack, Jeremey (1986). Industrial Structure and the Emergence of the Modern
Industrial Corporation. Explorations in Economic History 22: 29-52.

O?Brien, Anthony Patrick (1988). Factory Size, Economies of Scale, and the Great Merger Wave of 1898-1902. Journal of Economic History 48: 639-649.



** again, for internet source, you just can go that adress, and for PDF sources, I'll send it via email([email protected])




and I'll give you FIRST DRAFT here, this is written by you.
order ID:45481.


title: Corporate Mergers and the Public Good (FIRST DRAFT)


The United States of America, during the last years of the Nineteenth Century, witnessed a rash of corporate mergers. The Industrial Revolution had taken firm hold, and the nation was changing rapidly. Millions of Americans who had once been independent farmers or tradesmen now found themselves in the position of what some termed ?wage slaves.? At the mercy of their corporate employers, they worked long hours at low pay, and often under appalling conditions. The reasons for the merger mania of this period are many and complex, as are its effects upon the population as a whole. In breaking down the traditional vocational environment, the gigantic new conglomerates also transformed the entire social landscape. Work was no longer a family business shared by all generations. Communities no longer clung together for mutual protection and aid. Suddenly, the citizen of this new world was out on his own. He did what he was told and hoped for the best, though what was deemed the best often fell far short of what was desirable. The corporate juggernaut spawned its own adversaries, corporate greed feeding the new union movement as exploited workers fought for basic rights. More than any other time, the late Nineteenth Century was a time in which the modern world and all its social safety nets was formed. The seemingly unstoppable growth of the trusts and the conglomerates caused many to rethink the basic responsibilities of employers and government.
To begin with, the new conglomerates acted in much the same way as traditional employers. Like the old masters and farmers, they did not attempt to provide any special welfare services for their workers. Employers expanded their enterprises as they were able to do so. In this sense, the corporate merger represented a natural process of growth. Successful companies bought up other companies in order to expand into new markets and eliminate competition. As with the old, traditional-style family business, the new corporations could be a source of pride and social prestige. Yet Americans demonstrated an extraordinary willingness to sell out when the price was right. Unlike their counterparts in certain other countries, Germany for example, the original owners of a business saw nothing wrong with selling out and depriving their heirs of the opportunity to control what had been a family-run enterprise.
Though Germany?s hospitable legal environment for collusive arrangements can be cited to account for the absence of a U.S.-style merger wave, it is imprudent to leave matters at this. Instead, other variables merit consideration. For instance, attitudes toward control perhaps had an impact. Allegedly, as compared with their counterparts in the U.S., industrialists in Germany were more reluctant to relinquish their independence and lose the identity of the firms they had founded. This was because they tended to have deeply -rooted historical ties to the firms providing their income and believed that having a family business provided the basis for their social status.

Given that the owners of the new corporations were increasingly inclined to view their enterprises, not as family business, but almost solely as money-making entities, it is no surprise that workers were increasingly perceived as parts of the manufacturing process rather than as human beings. Many industries relied increasingly on elaborate chemical processes and the employment of huge amounts of energy, usually steam:
The application of heat and involved chemical rather than mechanical methods, improved technology, a more intensified use of energy, and improved organization greatly expanded the speed of throughput and reduced the number of workers needed to produce a unit of output. Enlarged stills, superheated steam, and cracking techniques all brought high volume, large-batch, or continuous process production of products made from petroleum, sugar, animal and vegetable fats, and some chemicals, and in the distilling of alcohol and spirits and in the
brewing of malt liquors. In the furnace industries better furnaces, converters, and rolling and finishing equipment, all of which required a more intensive use of energy, did much the same thing.
The typical industrial worker became subordinated to the means of production. Inherently unhealthy processes and conditions led to increased hardship. The factory worker in this period was exposed to hazard after hazard, and risked life and limb almost every day he went to work. The larger the corporation, the more likely it was, as well, that the factory owner would have little knowledge of the actual conditions under which his employees labored. To these owners, they would quickly become little more than figures on a balance sheet. Indeed this situation was exacerbated by the various economic criteria that created the ?merger mania.?
Low earnings, however, were also a function of the intense competition that occurred during the 1890s in industries that experienced consolidations?profit rates on capital were on the average lower in consolidating industries than in the rest of the manufacturing sector in 1899?.
Nevertheless, employers were fully capable of developing new skills when it came to managing these new industrial enterprises. Corporations grew to a size hitherto unimagined, their vastness and complexity requiring the development of a whole new managerial apparatus. Hundreds, or even thousands, of highly trained personnel would be needed to oversee the highly technical means of production, and to superintend armies of unskilled, or semi-skilled laborers:
The operation of the? [new] systems required the creation of a complex managerial structure to assure steady and continuing flows of information and orders?. By careful coordination of flow within and between the large? enterprises, the time involved decreased even more. As the rate of? flow increased, so did output per worker and unit of capital and equipment used?.
Thus, as profits declined because of the intense competition, money that might otherwise have been available for higher wages or the improvement of the work environment was simply not forthcoming. Business owners were too busy maximizing their resources. Corporations concentrated on intra-industry competition rather than any goal of benevolence toward their workers.
Given the complexity of these tasks, and the willingness and ingenuity with which they were met, it is not to be imagined that the greater and more humane task of caring for the new breed of worker was beyond the capabilities of the new factory-owning class. It was simply a matter of applying the techniques of large-scale industrial management to the workforce as opposed to the physical operation. Unfortunately for the average worker, the ?bosses? frequently considered such concerns to be a waste of money and time. It was to be left to the fledgling unions to being to organize workers on a grand scale, and to fight for workers? rights and humane conditions.




Works Cited



Atack, Jeremy. (1985). ?Industrial Structure and the Emergence of the Modern Industrial Corporation? Explorations in Economic History 22, 48.
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. (March 1973). ?Decision Making and Modern Institutional Change.? The Journal of Economic History, 33, 1, 6.
Cheffins, Brian R. (December 2002). Investor Sentiment and Antitrust Law as Determinants of Corporate Ownership Structure: The Great Merger Wave of 1897 to 1903. Harvard :aw School.
Lamoreaux, Naomi. (1985). The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1905.



again, for internet source, you just can go that adress, and for PDF sources, I'll send it via email([email protected])

The prompt: The purpose of this paper is to give you experience in writing a public policy analysis for a public policy that impacts a business corporation. Draw from your knowledge of Institutions and Porters Diamond. As the Senior Vice President of Administration Corporation you might be asked to provide input concerning an existing policy or a new public policy to the CEO and Board of Directors. You would research the issue, making sure to get inputs from various key organizational actors who deal closely with the policy. For example, you might analyze The Sarbanes Oxley Act, 2002, or the Family and Medical Leave Act, 1993, HIPPA, 1996, or some other law, from both conceptual and implementation perspectives. The page limit is 8-10 pages, excluding the Title Page and Bibliography. Your paper would include the following elements:

Title Page
1. Executive Summary
a. Summary of the policy
b. Key Opportunities, Issues, and/or Obstacles
c. Key Findings& Recommendations
2. Introduction
3.Describe your Data Collection Methodology
4.Data Analysis Methodology you used for analyzing the data ??" content analysis of
library sources, or interviews, or survey research, etc.
5. Findings & Impacts on the Organization
6. Recommendations
7. Bibliography & Appendices

My proposal/subject to write on:The Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) was passed in 2009 and has been rolling out over the past few years, with the final reforms to be enacted in 2014. THis legislation has many implications for businesses. Most notably, beginning in 2014, businesses with 50 or more full time employees will be required to offer health insurance to their employees or else they will be penalized by the government. WIth the rising health care costs in a still recovering economy, businesses will have to reevaluate their current status, policies, and employees.

This paper will explore the different implications and effects the ACA may have on a mid-sized corporation with about 50-1000 employees. Some questions to be answered may include: What options would the corporation have when the Act is fully implemented and what position should it take? How should the policies of the ACA be implemented within the corporation? How would the ACA affect the corporation and its stakeholders?

Quantitative and qualitative will be collected from publications by businesses, the government, and independent research studies.

Some ideas I think should be addressed: A business/corporation could split up into smaller corporations so that they would be exempt from paying for the employee healthcare. Or the business can fire enough employees so that they are under the 50 employee limit. But what are the Corporate Social Responsibility implications if they adopt either of these options?

links that may help:

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:O98BGNKJOgYJ:www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412675-Implications-of-the-Affordable-Care-Act-for-American-Business.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShvEK089RtQJVAB9kyTwub9KtdNkg9OzjEYifYfMlvxPbddnklUeu5MzToD-lPFKicq01mG-eje5vP9OuDKSGJ7jD-yAQjJ_bFZpIlv32Qb63MQT4n8-Z0YUo5GX8ISc434L1OM&sig=AHIEtbQYi32BU36QnS-ZOvCtMnMraCg_hw

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/06/24/11-facts-about-the-affordable-care-act/

http://oversight.house.gov/hearing/examining-the-impact-of-obamacare-on-job-creators-and-the-economy/

http://www.heritage.org/research/projects/impact-of-obamacare (tabs on the left)

http://www.healthcare.gov/law/timeline/full.html

Final Individual Memo: 20%
Your final memo will be based on one of the companies listed below. You may choose which ever company you find most interesting. I have listed a current issue/problem for each of these firms. You will research this company. Similarly to the mid-term paper, you need to have an executive summary in the front that presents what you see as its problem(s)/issue(s), analysis of the environment and firm, potential options for the firm, your recommendation, and implementation issues associated with this recommendation.

In 2006, Office Depot (ODP) marked their 20th year in business. They have steadily grown to a $15B global office products and services firm. They have three divisions: North American Retail ($6.8B), North American Business Solutions ($4.6B), and International ($3.6B). Although ODP has been performing well over the last few years, they have less than 5% of the US office products market of $300B. Please advise Steve Odland, Chairman and CEO, how his firm can continue to grow and gain market share in the US.


Evaluation of Writing Assignments

Name:

Executive Summary / Issue/Problem Identification (10pts)
Summary of key issues/solutions
Identification of the firm's strategic problems or issues.
oExplain why you believe these are the issues.

External Analysis (20pts)
Have the applicable external issues been analyzed?
What is the state of the industry?

Internal Analysis (30 pts)
Has there been an assessment of the firms current condition? (15 pts)
Has there been an assessment of their financial health? (15 pts)
oRatios from each of Liq/Lev/Prof/Activity/Other
oComparison/Interpretation of the ratios

Recommendations/Options (25 pts)
Evaluation of alternatives, defense of recommendation (15pts)
oRelated to problem/issue/opportunity previously identified
oPresentation & comparison of alternatives
oSelection & explanation of best choice
Implementation Issues analysis (10 pts)
oHow it will be implemented, cost, timing?
oImpact on the organization going forward?
oAnticipation of and solutions for implementation challenges,
measures of success

Style (15 pts)
Perspective (5 pts)
Does it introduce analysis/information that was not part of the case?
Is the perspective that of an advisor/consultant to the firms management?
Is there creativity?
Organization of materials (5 pts)
Does report build by employing material from prior sections?
Transition from one point/section to another
Charts/graphs/tables are appropriate, well defined/labeled
References are included
Professional Appearance (5 pts)
Format is easy to follow, includes headings, pg. numbers
Writing is crisp, clear
Spelling and Grammar are accurate


Total Points (out of 100)

Few jobs require the kind of cultural sensitivity as the job of the international trainer. Large numbers of American business people travel the world training business people in everything from management techniques and computers, to human resource management and ethics. But what works in the domestic training session may or may not work in the global training world. Indeed, what may be wonderful in one context may be downright offensive in another. Sensitivity is key. Understanding local customs and the dominant local ethos is very important.


There are many well-known "cultural mistakes" that cost companies loss of market share.
Please identify some in this article.
How shall international companies approach foreign markets from the perspective of culture?
How shall they manage cultural differences?

? Find the following 2 articles and refer to them in your essay.
1. The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business, in Risk Management, March 2004, Volume 51, Pages: 38-43, by Jared Wade

2. Business: A hyper market, The Economist, London, April7, 2001.

Please complete the following essay questions. Essay questions are worth a possible 10 points each.
Book is Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases by O. C. Ferrell (Author), John Fraedrich (Author), Linda Ferrell (Author)
1. How does ethics contribute to employee commitment?
2. Why is reputation so important and what can companies such as Wal-Mart do to improve their reputation?
3. List three business problems, situations, or opportunities that you believe are ethical issues. Explain why.
4. If anyone is hurt by unfair competition among businesses, it would seem to be primarily other businesses. What ethical issues affecting consumers and society as a whole are created by unfair competition?

5. The ethical decision-making framework includes the concepts of ethical issue intensity, corporate culture, and individual factors. Discuss how these concepts influence the ethical decision-making process.
6. How does a person's individual moral philosophy influence his or her business decisions?

7. How can a person's status within an organization create an opportunity for unethical behavior?

8. How can organizations develop an effective ethics program?

9. How can companies secure stakeholder input during an ethics audit? Why is it important to do so?
10. Some American businesses argue that the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits U.S. corporations from employing bribes to secure business, places U.S. businesses at a disadvantage when the

Consider the growing trend among American businesses of switching to the fair market value of accounting for employee stock options. Discuss the importance of ethical considerations in eBay?s financial reporting. (Thoroughly discusses ethics of footnote disclosure of stock options and gives supporting examples from the case)

Discuss the importance of financial considerations in eBay?s financial reporting. Discussion should address (but is not limited to) eBay?s financial statements. (Discusses disclosure?s effect on profit/loss and includes examples from the case.)

Assume Meg Whitman joins the growing trend of other companies in switching to the fair market value method of accounting for employee stock options. What impact does this have on eBay?s financial statement? (Explains the impact on the financial statements and lists 3 or more changes to the financial statement.)

What impact does this have on eBay stakeholders? (Explains the impact on the eBay stakeholders and includes 3 or more examples.)

Should Meg Whitman change eBay?s accounting for stock options? Defend your recommendation. (Decision is made with support from the case study and another outside resource.)

(the case referred to is 5 pages long with 5 pages of financial statements attached below)

What techniques did American businesses adopt to expand war production?

Please use footnotes and the following books:

Keegan, John. The Battle for History: Re-Fighting World War II. New York: Vintage Books,
1995.

Overy, Richard. Why the Allies Won. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1995.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World At Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1994.

1 Page will be fine, I selected 2 pages because that is the minimum. Sorry for the short suspense

Thank You
Customer is requesting that (Maynardgkrebs) completes this order.

The paper should address the following questions:

My I-Search paper will be on the issue of unequal pay for equal work. The preliminary thesis for my paper is:

As American business enters the 21st century the issue of unequal pay for equal work continues.

1. Pay equity issues between men and women
2. Pay equity organizations and websites
3. Efforts of women?s organizations on wage discrimination
4. World War II and influx of women in workforce
5. Unions ? do they help or hinder equal pay


This is more a individual search vs. a typical research paper.

The case study can be referenced at the following link:

http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/badnews.html

Visit the website from the resouces menu to the right and read the 'Case of Bad News." In a 2 to 3 page paper, answer the questions that follow:

Was George's decision to be open about the impending layoff the ethical thing to do? Are there situations in which it is best to try to keep a lid on such information?
The particular jobs cut at ACI were chosen on the basis of the long-range interests of the business and not on the nationality of the work force. As the reporter's questions implied, shouldn't American businesses favor American employees over foreign employees? What do you think George said to the TV reporters?
Define which view of ethics you are using to answer the questions, and make sure to outline the moral philosophies impact on the situation.

Criteria
1. You address each of the case study questions.
2. Your answers illustrate your understanding of ethics in business.
3. You define a view of ethics from which you answer the questions.
4. You outline moral philosophies which impact the situation.
5. You provide specific points taken from the text and/or other sources to defend your statements, you clearly state your proposed solution and you support your proposed solution with relevant examples.

There are faxes for this order.

PLEASE ADD FOUR PAGES TO THE REST OF THIS PAPER. You can follow the outline or change/add anything that you feel necessary to change/add. Feel free to add more references, citations must be included.

Outline
I. Introduction:
a. Information Technology Today
b. What is Information Technology?
II. IT & Businesses come hand in hand to raise production.
a. IT has changed the way America does business by making the system more cost effective and time efficient
b. Any business will benefit from information technology be it manufacturing, agriculture, service, sales and others.
III. Strengths
a. IT has become the catalyst for many organizations to completely re-align their processes.
b. IT plays a vital role, integral to the enabling of business strategies, from strategic to tactical.
IV. Weaknesses
a. The impact of cloud computing, according to Swoyer (2008), is comparable to the disruptive technology behind e-business.
V. Opportunities
a. SOA infrastructures are going to influence the organizations? competitive climate, supply chain, potential to consolidate legacy and ERP systems, and become more customer-driven.
b. Collaborative technologies could be combined to give an organization more efficiency and speed as a competitive advantage.
VI. Threats
a. Unemployment ? created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing
b. Privacy ? bought along privacy issues from cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking.
VII. Trends
a.
VIII. Cloud Computing
a. What is ?Cloud Computing??
b. Cloud computing has been considered as ?disruptive technology?
IX. Conclusion
a. The Introduction of what Information Technology is and how it has taken effect in today?s economy.
b. IT has become very beneficial to small businesses and firms around the world in many different ways.
c. Discussing the SWOTT analysis in detail
d. ?Cloud Computing? and what experts have to say; is it a benefit or what they call ?disruptive technology??
?
THE ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Today?s generation, whether young or old, once they hear the term IT or information technology already know that it means computerization or automation. The 36-inch LCD TV they watch their favorite shows, the mobile telephone they use and even the cars driven have in part been made possible through information technology. The United States has been a country known for its innovations and inventions, and it is no wonder that it is one of the cradles of the evolution of information technology. As a result thereof, the American economy and industry have been two of the beneficiaries of the developments in information technology since its infant days in the 1940s.
Information technology today has grown exponentially and wherever one goes or whatever one does, the results of information technology development, implementation and operations are apparent. Businesses and industries are especially reaping the bounties. Banks and financial institutions transact digitally and send information across the globe in matter of seconds. Factories and other manufacturing facilities are automated and others even have robotic infrastructures that facilitate the production of goods. Indeed, all aspects of modern day living have been touched by IT and chances are many more everyday conveniences will be developed with IT in the years and decades to come.
WHAT IS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY?
Thus, information is processed data that has significance and information technology ?evolved from the basic usage of computers and processing of information in any industry to the formal definition of the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as ?the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.? (Srivastava, 2009)? In layman?s term though, IT is basically using computers, related and complementary technologies to automate processes. As an example, an accounting spreadsheet is used to be done mostly using columned paper ledgers, pencils and calculators. The paper ledger, pencil and calculator have been automated by information technology and came out with a spreadsheet software. The application not only combined the three but provided faster output. Whereas the columned paper ledgers, pencils and calculators will have produced results in hours or days, the spreadsheet application can do it in minutes. From beginning to end, IT goes through a defined process from ?storage and protection of content, processing and transmitting of dedicated information and the secured retrieval of information, when and as required. IT promotes computing technology, covering everything from installing applications to developing databases. (Srivastava, 2009)?
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CHANGED THE WAY AMERICA DOES BUSINESS
Quite obviously, information technology streamlined business operations and business processes making the whole system cost effective and time efficient. Many businesses have likewise turned ?to the Internet for increased productivity, greater profitability, clutter free working conditions and global clientele. It is mainly due to the IT industry that people from diverse cultures are able to personally communicate and exchange valuable ideas. This has greatly reduced prejudice and increased sensitivity. Businesses are able to operate 24x7, even from remote locations. (Srivastava, 2009)? Although these are generic statements on how information technology changed businesses, these are the same things that happened to American businesses.
Aside from the automation and streamlining of business operations, American businesses became more competitive globally because of the various innovations they have created using information technology. With the ?$7.2 billion for broadband Internet technology in the stimulus package of the U.S. Congress, part of which is to expand access into rural parts of our country (Harris, 2009),? smaller American businesses can compete globally because of the greater access to the World Wide Web.
WHAT KIND OF BUSINESS WILL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BE VERY USEFUL?
The beauty of information technology is that it crosses boundaries and can be effective in any endeavor. The extent of information technology is possible depending on how far the imagination can go. Thus, almost any business will benefit from information technology be it manufacturing, agriculture, service, sales and others. The important thing to remember when implementing information technology in business is to ensure that a thorough study and mapping of business processes be done to ensure that the technology to be used is aligned with the strategic, tactical and operational objectives of the business.
?
References
Harris, Leslie. ?Stimulating the Information Technology Economy and Expanding Democracy.? The Huffington Post. 01 May 2009. 10 May 2009. .
Small Business Bible. Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Technology. 2008. 10 May 2009. .
Srivastava, Swapnil. What is Information Technology? 09 May 2009. Buzzle.com. 10 May 2009. .
Swoyer, S. ?Is cloud computing the next disruptive technology?? Enterprise Systems. September 2008
Anne L?mmer, Sandy Eggert, Norbert Gronau. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, 4(2), 1-4,6-12. December 16, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1439058451).

BUS401 - International Business

Impact of Culture on International Business

Few jobs require the kind of cultural sensitivity as the job of the international trainer. Large numbers of American business people travel the world training business people in everything from management techniques and computers, to human resource management and ethics. But what works in the domestic training session may or may not work in the global training world. Indeed, what may be wonderful in one context may be downright offensive in another. Sensitivity to cultural differences is very important.

Please attempt to find and refer to the below materials for the 2 page paper.

? Wade, Jared (2004),"The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business", Risk Management, March 2004, v 51, Pages: 38-43.

? Gibson, R. (2006), Small Business (A Special Report); Foreign Flavors: When going abroad, you should think of franchising as a cookie-cutter business; Unless, of course, you want to succeed. Wall Street Journal September 25, 2006, Page R. 8.

? First, please identify some "cultural mistakes" from the first article listed above ("The pitfalls of cross-cultural business").

? Second, please select a company from the second article ("Small Business- A special report") and then analyze that company's "cultural" approaches.

? Discuss how the company you selected (e.g. focus on an international company of your choice from the second article) approaches foreign markets from the perspective of culture, and comment on how they should manage "cultural mistakes" that involve "cultural differences".