Economic Analysis Paper

Instruction:
Economic Analysis Paper

The economic analysis paper requires you to select an article from the popular media (newspaper, news magazine, media web site, and/or trade publication), and then both summarize the economic issue presented in the article and critique the economic analysis contained in the article. The article summary should be brief (1 ? 1.5 pages) and should provide a synopsis of the issue presented in the article. This synopsis should be in your own words rather than citing and or copying the author?s words directly. The most important part of the economic analysis paper is the critique, in which you evaluate the author?s understanding of economic theory relevant to this particular issue: Is the author?s analysis supported by economic theory or inconsistent with the predictions of theory? Is the author?s analysis superficial, ignoring important economic dimensions of the question. You are not required to use external sources and ?research? the issue; the economic analysis paper is meant to demonstrate your ability to apply economic theory to a real-world issue. I am most interested in how you present and structure your analysis, and I want to read your critique rather than the analysis of others (e.g. from external sources).

A useful format for the paper is the following

Introduction (1/2 page in length) The introduction should clearly state the economic issue(s) addressed in the article and why they are of interest.

Synopsis (1 pages in length) In your own words, characterize the economic analysis contained in the article. Ideally, the synopsis should provide me with an overview of the article sufficient to understand your subsequent critique.

Critique ( 3 pages in length) The critique is the most important part of the paper, in which you present your own analysis of the economic issue(s) presented in the article, noting points of agreement and/or disagreement with the author?s analysis? If you support the author?s analysis, cite what economic theory and/or theories buttress the author?s arguments. If you disagree with the author?s analysis, indicate what economic theory predicts, and how these predictions are at various with the analysis provided by the author.

Conclusion (1/2 page in length) Provide a brief summary of the issue you analyzed, and conclude with a brief observation on what your critique of this article implies more largely for the quality of economic analyses in the popular media.


Paper Format

The paper must be typed, 5pages in length, using a typeface no larger than 12 point Times New Roman. All margins should be set at 1.25 inches. The paper should include a title page, indicating your paper?s title, your name and the course number and title. All pages of the paper should be paginated, and the last page should include the citation of the paper (Author, article title, publication title, date, page number(s).) Within the body of the text, indirect and direct citations can be handled using the inline citation method. For example:

Varian characterized Amazon?s 2001 pricing experiment as ?clear evidence that Amazon believes pricing strategies ?too low? to be consistent with static models of pricing under market power might suggest dynamic strategies to build market share.? (Varian, p. D1) If this is accurate, we would expect Amazon to implement price increases over time.

Please be careful to attribute all ?borrowings,? either direct quotations or indirect paraphrasings of the author?s ideas. Please submit a photocopy of the article along with your paper.

You DO NOT need to reference other authors or seek out the writings of others on this topic. Again, I am not interested in what others have to say about the issue, but rather how you structure and present your economic analysis through the form of critiquing the author?s economic analysis. In simple terms, reading and citing outside works won?t improve your grade.

Guidelines


The article must discuss some facet of microeconomic theory. You cannot write a paper about the Fed?s decision to change interest rates, or discussions of other macroeconomic aggregates.






The article that the paper is based on.It's from the Economist.


SINK OR SCHWINN
> Nov 11th 2004
>
> Sourcing from low-cost countries works only in open and flexible
> labourmarkets. Europe's are neither
>
> WHEN Hal Sirkin was growing up in 1960s America, the bicycle that
> everyregular American child wanted was a Schwinn. In 1993, Schwinn
> filed for
> bankruptcy. The firm had been overtaken by imported Chinese bicycles.
> In 2001, a company called Pacific Cycle bought the Schwinn brand
> out of
> bankruptcy. Pacific Cycle, now owned by a Canadian consumer-goods firm
> called Dorel Industries, says the secret of its success is "combining
> its powerful brand portfolio with low-cost Far East sourcing." Schwinn
> bicycles now line the aisles at Wal-Mart.
>
> Mr Sirkin is a consultant with the Boston Consulting Group who helps
> his customers do what Pacific Cycle has done to Schwinn: move
> production to East Asia, especially to China. Wal-Mart buys $15
> billion-worth of Chinese-made goods every year. Obtaining goods and
> services from low-cost countries helps to build strong, growing
> companies, such as Dorel Industries, and healthy economies. But the
> Schwinn story also contains the opposite lesson: failing to buy in
> thisway can seriously damage a company's health.
>
>
> Sourcing from low-cost countries brings many economic benefits.
> Cheaper labour brings down production costs. This keeps companies
> competitive, raises profits and reduces prices as firms pass their
> lower costs on to their customers. Higher profits and lower prices
> liftdemand and keep inflation in check. Companies spend their
> profits on
> improving existing products or introducing new ones. Customers buy
> moreof the things they already consume, or spend the money on new
> goods and
> services. This stimulates innovation and creates new jobs to replace
> those that have gone abroad.
>
> Moving work abroad may also help to speed up innovation directly, as
> American, European and Japanese companies get some of their R&D
> done by
> Chinese, Russian or Indian engineers. Randy Battat, the boss of
> Airvana, a telecoms-equipment start-up, has spent the past 18 months
> setting up an R&D centre for his company in Bangalore. This will
> complement the work of Mr Battat's engineers in Chelmsford,
> Massachusetts. The ones working in America will develop the next
> generation of the company's technology. The Bangalore centre will
> elaborate Airvana's existing technology. "They are adding bells and
> whistles that could not be added otherwise because it would not be
> cost-effective," says Mr Battat.
>
> By making IT more affordable, sourcing from cheaper countries also
> spreads the productivity-enhancing effects of such technology more
> widely through the economy. Ms Mann of the Institute for International
> Economics calculates that globalised production and international
> tradehas made IT hardware 10-30% cheaper than it would otherwise
> have been.
> She reckons that this price reduction created a cumulative $230
> billion-worth of additional GDP in America between 1995 and 2002 as
> more widespread adoption of IT raised productivity growth.
> Sourcing IT
> services (which account for 70% of overall corporate spending on IT)
> from countries such as India will create a "second wave of
> productivitygrowth", predicts Ms Mann, as cheaper IT spreads to
> parts of the
> economy that have so far bought less of it, such as the health-care
> industry and smaller companies.
>
> McKinsey calculates that for every dollar American firms spend on
> service work from India, the American economy receives $1.14 in
> return.This calculation depends in large part on the ability of
> America'seconomy to create new jobs for displaced workers.
> America's labour
> market is a miracle of flexibility: it creates and destroys nearly 30m
> jobs a year.
>
> However, in countries such as Germany, France and Japan a combination
> of social legislation, stronger trade unions, regulations and
> corporate-governance arrangements make employment practices more rigid
> and sometimes keep wages higher than they would otherwise be. This
> reduces demand for labour and pushes unemployment higher.
> According to
> McKinsey, in Germany, the re-employment rate for IT and service
> workersdisplaced by sourcing from low-cost countries may be only
> 40%. As
> unemployment at home rises, that process could actually make Germans
> poorer (see chart 7).
>
> RELUCTANT EUROPEANS
> Udo Jung of the Boston Consulting Group says that, by and large,
> Germans accept that manufacturing companies such as Hella, Bosch and
> Siemens must get supplies from China. Degussa, a chemicals
> manufacturer, recently invited its workers' council on a trip to
> China.The idea was to take emotion out of the debate, says Mr
> Jung. Nor do
> continental Europeans seem bothered about white-collar work being done
> in low-cost countries. But that may be because they are doing so
> littleof it.
>
> At present, perhaps 80-90% of the service work being done remotely in
> India comes from either America or Britain, with which the country has
> linguistic and cultural links. Such links are absent from its
> relationship with Germany or France. Germany, like America, introduced
> a special visa programme for Indian IT workers in the 1990s as its
> domestic supply of engineers ran dry. But most Indians that went to
> work in Germany failed to learn the language and came back again, says
> Infosys's Mr Murthy. The opposite is true of Indians in America. Those
> who have gone there to work or study are often reluctant to return
> hometo their families.
>
> Cultural ties appear to be important in forming business
> relationshipsin remote-service work, says Rajendra Bandri of the
> Indian Institute of
> Management in Bangalore. Mr Bandri has studied five examples of
> European firms outsourcing white-collar work to Sri Lanka. In each
> case, they chose that country because a well-placed Sri Lankan worked
> for the European firm, says Mr Bandri.
>
> Eastern Europe and Russia, which brim over with skilled,
> underemployedengineers, present fewer cultural barriers for
> European companies.
> French is spoken in Russia, German in Hungary and elsewhere. Yet
> neither German nor French firms have yet shown much appetite for
> buyingservices work from their neighbours, either. Arkadiy Dobkin,
> the boss
> of Epam, which claims to be the largest supplier of IT services from
> eastern Europe and Russia, is based in Princeton, New Jersey, rather
> than in Paris or Berlin.
>
> BEYOND ECONOMICS
> A survey of 500 European firms last summer by IDC, a research firm,
> found that only 11% of its sample were sourcing IT work from low-cost
> countries, and that nearly 80% would not even consider doing so.
> Attitudes were hardest in Italy, where 90% of firms were against the
> idea, followed by France and Germany. An American study released
> at the
> same time by Edward Perlin Associates, a consulting firm, found that
> around 60% of the companies it surveyed had some of their IT work done
> in low-cost countries.
>
> In continental Europe, companies may outsource for reasons that have
> little to do with favourable economics, says Francis Delacourt, the
> head of outsourcing at Atos Origin. In what he describes as "social
> outsourcing", firms such as Atos Origin may take on surplus IT
> employees from companies that no longer need them. Europe-wide social
> legislation requires the new employer to provide the same wages and
> benefits as the old one. The alternative is costly redundancy. Mr
> Delacourt says this works for his company, up to a point, because
> demand for IT workers in Europe is growing, and Atos Origin has found
> ways to re-employ such people profitably. But he concedes that his
> company needs to be careful not to take on too many.
>
> How well this system stands up to competition from India is anybody's
> guess. A manager at one firm in Europe privately muses that Germany,
> France and other countries might introduce barriers to IT imports to
> counter the threat to their domestic employment. If McKinsey is right
> and sourcing from abroad does make unemployment in Germany and
> elsewhere worse, protectionist sentiment will grow.
>
> In the end, Europe's big service firms are likely to get round to
> sourcing production from abroad, as its manufacturing companies have
> already done. But by that time, says Andrew Parker of Forrester,
> British and American companies will already have developed much
> stronger ties with India and other cheap countries, and costs will
> haverisen. This will especially hurt Europe's big financial firms: the
> biggest banks spend billions of dollars a year on IT. Mr Parker
> speculates that some European financial firms could be so badly
> damagedby this loss of competitiveness that they may fall into the
> arms of
> fitter American and British rivals. Schwinn could tell them all about
> it.
>






One of my drafts:

In the article ? Sink or Schwinn? of the Economist, the author makes several interesting points as to why outsourcing is not popular in certain Continental European countries.

As a preliminary matter, it is not self-evident, at least from an economic perspective, why outsourcing has not been enthusiastically adopted by countries like Germany, France and Japan. Basic economic theory assumes that economic actors are motivated by the pursuit of profit. Under this maxim, one would assume every country would be flocking to outource. Cheaper labor brings down production costs, maximizes profits and stimulates economic growth. Prices go down, resulting in inflation keeping in check. New jobs are created to fill the gap for the jobs that are outsourced. In addition, innovation is encouraged because of the cost of the overhead is lowered so that new products can be developed. In turn, information Technology is more affordable because lower production costs have speeded up innovation and kept prices low.

Further, according to Ms. Mann of the Institute of International Economics, ??.globalised production and international trade has made IT hardware 10-30% cheaper than it would otherwise have been.?(p.18) We can see that technological changes like the IT revolution create new possibilities for productivity growth. These new technologies allow labor to be used more efficiently so it can produce better quality goods. Higher profits from growth in labor productivity create capital that is used in better and more machinery and thus makes productivity even greater. With this, I agree.
All firms in industry have goals to maximize profits. In perfectly competitive markets the firms produce until prices are equal to marginal cost. We know that the amount of labor and capital depends on the prices of inputs.
Industries are so large in scale that workers can specialize at work and be more productive. A big industry like Wal-Mart can negotiate better prices because it is buying in big quantities so some production inputs have lower cost.
Small changes in price create big changes in output. When quantity goes up the purchasing price goes down.

However, the author notes at least one possible economic reason for the lack of outsourcing?s popularity in these countries ? government and union intervention in the local labor pool. For example, the author notes that in countries like France, Germany and Japan, because of government intervention through social legislation and strong labor unions, the cost of labor is greater and more stable thus discouraging the hiring and firing of new people. Because the labor costs of companies in these countries is essentially ?fixed,? such companies would not achieve any significant labor cost savings by outsourcing to foreign countries. In other words, outsourcing would not be profit maximizing as companies in these companies would still need to pay for their otherwise fixed local labor costs.

In addition, the author also describes how cultural phenomenon can amplify or entrench conduct that can otherwise be explained in purely economic terms. For example, the author also gives a number of other ?cultural? reasons for why outsourcing is unpopular in countries like France and Germany. First, business relationships between these European countries and countries such as India are more complicated because of cultural barriers. India shares many similarities with England and the US, especially in language, resulting from years of English rule. Most people in the world learn English as a second language as opposed to French, Italian, German or Japanese. People are more likely to stay in a country where they can already speak the language than staying in a country where they must learn another.


The importance of such cultural, non-economic, factors is illustrated by the fact that government intervention in the labor pool does not encourage profits. This is illustrated in the western European countries by the high unemployment rate. Even if the consumer surplus and the producer surplus are in equilibrium there will be a net loss from government policies that shift surplus from one group to another. Labor costs erode a higher profit margin and result in higher prices for the products. If Europe doesn?t change labor and social legislation it may no longer be able to compete with the countries involved in outsourcing. it may not always be bad, especially in countries whose primary goal is not economic efficiency.

Project Objective: Joining interests and expertise, the ECLAC and the World Bank have designated their "best economists" to work on a tas force initiative with the objective of analyzing each of the Latin American Countries under the perspective of the emerging global financial and economic order. The task force is required to present an "economic report" which will provide details on the actual economic situation of each country, and will identify the conflicts, coincidences, strengths and weaknesses of these economies in facing future current global economics and financial challenges. The report should provide economic policy guidelines or suggestions to each nation.

Project Final Report: This report should be a document that is useful to economic professionals in the selected nation (i.e. to those developing, implementing or evaluating economic policy). The final report does not need to provide "the" solution to identified problems, rather it should point out the implications of any proposed alternative actions. Basic aspects to be included in the report are the following:

1. Abstract (1 paragraph).

2. Executive Summary (1 page).

3. Country Background: Describe political and social characteristics of the country. Identify and be specific about significant issues regarding these aspects. Include any historical events of relevance.

4. Describe the economic characteristics of the country including: output, unemployment, inflation, exchange rate, and trade. Provide the country risk level and discuss its relationship to foreign investment(you will need to indicate level of foreign investment in the country). You need to include data to support your description. The website of each countries central bank usually has meaningful data. Given the previously described economic situation, identify conflicts, coincidences, strengths and weaknesses of the country's economy. What makes this country different from an economic perspective comparing to other within or outside of Latin America?

5(a) A:Describe the current economic issues of relevance in the country from the list below
Natural Resources: Is the country resource abundant?
Who owns the resources?

Land: How is land distributed?
Who decides who owns the land?

Labor: How abundant is labor?
What is the skill level of workers?

Financial Capital: Do domestic investors find better
returns at home or abroad?

Technology: What is the technological base of
the nation?
Who controls access to technology?

Policy Environment: Is the driving force behind growth
the market or the state?
Is the policy inwardly oriented or
open to international?

5(b): Describe how the current global economic-financial situation may impact the economy(depending no the country is may or may not have an effect so this is why you will consider parts 5a and/or 5b.

(I understand section 5 has a lot of questions. These were just some general guidelines given as this is one of the most comprehensive projects I've ever had to do. I would say what I outlined in 3 and 4 is most important which is more of a broad economic overview of Peru as opposed to where 5 goes into more detail. I'll let you guys use your discretion but to me 3 and 4 seem to be the most relevant)

6. Concluding observations: Describe alternative actions, solutions, suggestions.

7. Include Bibliography(all websits and sources of information)

If you have any questions feel free to e-mail me. Some possible sources I was given to use are below. I'll let you guys decide what is best though as there are no specific sources required. Thanks for the help.

www.worldbank.org
The CIA world fact book
Peru's central bank website
www.iadb.org

Interim Report:

1.0 Working title:
Foreign Aid versus Economic Growth: A critical evaluation of the success/failure of foreign aid in Africa (Ethiopia)

2.0 Background Information:
I chose to research on the region of economic development. I find it interesting that despite massive donation of foreign aid to Africa, economies still tend not to perform up to standard and the countries are still developing or are still in the 3rd world generation. It is of my interest to investigate factors that affect growth, the scopes behind foreign aid and reasons for failure.

3.0 Nature of submission of work.
Report

4.0 Aims and objectives

Aim: - To explore and survey the impact of foreign aid on economic growth and the country as a whole.

Objectives: - To investigate:
if there is a relationship between foreign aid and economic growth
The economic impact of foreign aid on consumption and investment
If recipient government misuse aid as a result of corruption and inefficiency of the governance
The contribution/failure of aid conditionality in Africa (lack of good domestic policies and institutional capabilities.
If African countries need aids to survive and grow?

5.0 Initial literature review:
Text books.
Leistner G.M.E, (1966) Aid to Africa, Africa Institute, Pretoria.
This book gives a review of western aid to Africa, motives for giving aid and brief history of aid to Africa.

Lindauer. D L, Radelet S, Perkins. D H, (2006), Economics of Development, Sixth Edition, Norton And company limited, New York, USA.
This book gives an overview of what foreign aid is, and what it is designed to meet towards economic and development objectives, aids impact on consumption and investment, conditionality relationship.

Gordenker. L, (1976), International Aid and National Decisions: Development programs in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia, Princeton University Press, United Kingdom.
This book gives an insight of efforts made by international organisations to solve the problem of uneven economic development, and to meet pressing demand from the government of least developed countries of the world for swift change.

Clayton. A, (1994), Governance, Democracy and conditionality: what role for NGOs? Intrac, Oxford, UK.
This book gives an insight on Governance, Democracy and conditionality. It explains the role of economy, government responsibility to manage, and the importance of private rights and civil society, including debates on the issues of the title.

Ghatak. S, (1995), Introduction to Development Economics, Third edition, Routledge, London, UK.
This book gives a detailed analysis of economic issues challenging less-developed countries. It contains theory of economic growth and development and takes account of the impact of foreign aid, human development index etc.

Journals.
Alesina. A and Dollar. D, (2000) who gives Aid to whom and Why? journal of Economic Growth Vol.5 pp.33-6. Available at [online] http://www.springerlink.com/content/r230138p22974562/, [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This journal gives insight on allocation of foreign aid from various Donors to Recipient. It looks at distribution of aids and policies in certain countries.

Alesina. A and Weder. B, (2002), Do corrupt Government receive less foreign Aid? The American journal review, Vol.92 (4) PP. 1126-1137. Available at http://www.jstor.org/pss/3083301 [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This journal tackles the question if corrupt government receive more or less aid, using Ethiopia and Mali as a case study

Dollar. D and Burnside C, (2000) Aid, Policies and Growth, The American Economic Review, Vol.40 pp. 847-868 Available at http://www.jstor.org/pss/117311 [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This journal comments and explores other writers view on the relationship between foreign aid, growth and the effects of policy.

Easterly. W, (2003) Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth? journal of Economic Perspective vol.17(3) pp. 23-48. Available at http://www.jstor.org/pss/3216821 [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This journal gives an insight on the relationship between aid and economic growth using database developed by World Bank.

Prasad. E, Arvind. S, Raghuram. R, (2007) Foreign Capital and Economic Growth, Brookings Papers on Economic Growth, Vol.1 pp. 153-230. Available [online] at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-45DHVDW-BV&_user=9107805&_coverDate=01/31/1975&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000047400&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=9107805&md5=ec1c35e38773f6374e9ff885d3561696&searchtype=a [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
The journal explores how foreign aid flows from donor to recipient countries, and perspectives made by other economist.
.

Websites.
BBc.co.uk, Erixon. F (2005) Why aid doesnt work.
Available [online] at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4209956.stm [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This websites contains news and views of writers on foreign aid.

World Bank, Aid effectiveness. Available [online] at http://data.worldbank.org/topic/aid-effectiveness [Accessed on 29th November 2010]
This website contains information secondary data on country of choice

World Bank: Burnside C and Dollar. D (1997) Aid, policies and growth The world bank research Department macroeconomic and Growth Definition. , Available [online] at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/02/24/000009265_3971023104021/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf
Contains a research paper examining panel growth on regression for 56 developing countries and six four years period.


6.0 Research Methodology
Secondary Research
Journals
Text books
Case studies
Datas from government website(world bank)
Internet sources (BBC website etc.)


6.1 Data analysis
Datas will be collected from government website, other relevant sites and the World Bank, this will be inform of time series Graphs (this is limited to availability of certain period of time of the chosen country (Ethiopia), estimated percentage etc.



7.0 Chapter Headings
Chapter 1: - An introduction to topic (this includes, history, current issues, the scopes behind foreign aid, economic growth and policy)
Chapter 2: - Aims and Objectives
Chapter 3: - literature review
Chapter 4: - Research Methodology
Chapter 4.1: - secondary research on chosen country and case study
Chapter 4.2: - data analysis
Chapter 5:- Time Schedule
Chapter 6: - Conclusion
Chapter 7: - Evaluation and limitation
Chapter 8: - References


I will appreciate it if the writer use this sequence i outlined, because this is a copy of my proposal which was accepted and will like him to follow it, i have supplied few references and articles to be included(journals,websites and text books) the writer should include relevant references that he thinks will be very relevant to this work.
thank you
There are faxes for this order.

Make sure the paper fills an entire 3 pages.

Choose an article from a scholarly journal of economics dealing with one of the following topics.

?1 Introductory terms and concepts
?2 Monetary policies
?3 Production possibility curves
?4 Bond market
?5 Demand and supply basics
?6 Investment spending
?7 Elasticity
?8 Crowding out
?9 Excise taxes
?10 Keynesians and Monetarists
?11 Nominal and real values
?12 Aggregate demand and supply
?13 Unemployment
?14 Supply side economics
?15 Consumption function
?16 International trade basics
?17 Multipliers
?18 International organizations
?19 Deflationary and inflationary gaps
?20 Phillips Curve analysis
?21 Fiscal policies
?22 Exchange rate basics
?23 The monetary sector
Summarize the article. You can quote when necessary, but try to put it in your own words. Any math you may encounter in the article, you can ignore.
The article you choose to summarize must be at least 10 pages long.
NOTE: magazines (U.S. News & World Report, Business Week, and even The Economist) are not considered scholarly journals!!!!

If you have access to one of the following scholarly journals, Please use it. Otherwise you may choose one. Make sure you cite it on the works cited page. There should only be one source used and one source cited.
American Economic Review
Contemporary Economic Policy
Economic Development Review
Economic Geography
Economic History Review
Economic Journal
Economic Policy
Growth and Change
Journal of Economic Growth
Journal of Economic Perspectives
Journal of Economic Research
Journal of Monetary Economics
Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking
Journal of Regional Analysis and Poverty
New England Economic Review
Review of Economic Studies
Review of Regional Studies
Southern Economic Journal

Please answer the following questions in their ENTIRETY thorougly answering each question in one to two paragraphs, APA format. Thank you.

1. How do you assess the current condition of the economy? What are the strength and weaknesses? What policies do you regard as appropriate in directing economic performance going forward over the next four years? Please give a detailed answer.

2. From an economic perspective, what do you believe are the two most urgent issues for the country (or economy) today? How would you address these issues in the short and long term?

3. Over the last 4 years, several tax cuts have been implemented. Please discuss the potential benefits and costs of such fiscal policies, especially in a case in which spending is exclusively financed by government borrowing.

4. The Federal Reserve Board applies monetary policy by affecting short-term interest rates. But changes in the Federal Funds Rate Target may not have an impact on long-term interest rates (for example mortgage rates) right away. Please explain why this may be the case.

5. Finally, the AIDS epidemic has a drastic impact on countries in Africa. For a number of countries, the infection rate of the population has increased dramatically. What effect will this tragedy have on the economies of these countries? How should governments react and what economic policies should they implement?

I need an extended proposal of an essay according exactly to the guideline uploaded. The subject of the essay is growth and institutions. You should discuss the economic development with regards to institutionalism. The sources are provided below, you can add a few more if needed. The proposal should reflect on these sources.

1. Olson, Mancur (1996) ?Big Bills Left on the Side Walk: Why Some Nations are Rich and Others are Poor??, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 3-24.
2. Shirley, Mary M. (2008) Institutions and Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, Ch. 2 & 3
3. Kuran, Timur (2004) ?Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation?, Journal of Economic Perspectives 18 (3): 71-90
4. Nelson, R. R. & Sampat, B. N. (2001) ?Making Sense of Institutions as a Factor Shaping Economic Performance?, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 44: 31-54
5. Rodrik, Dani (2007) ?Institutions for High-Quality Growth? in One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions and Economic Growth, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6. Aron, Janine (2000) "Growth and Institutions: A Review of the Evidence", The World Bank Research Observer, 15 (1). 99-135.
7. World Economic Outlook: Growth and Institutions (April 2003) Chapter 3: Growth and Institutions.

On the global stage, economies develop at different rates. For example, countries tend to be labeled as more or less developed from an economic perspective. The development of countries has a great deal to do with their ability to promote, distribute, and properly identify the value of a product.

Discuss the different levels of economic development and how this may influence your proposed marketing strategy. Your response should address the following:
Evaluate the special considerations for distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies in international, multinational, and global environments.
Discuss and identify the differing levels of economic development.
Explain what the differences mean to the company and how the differences would affect distribution, promotion, and pricing strategies in the 2 potential expansion markets.
Explain how these economic levels may affect demand for the company products and services and for potential adaptations of the marketing strategy in the 2 potential expansion markets.

* Please only use resources with weblinks

This is a Toulmin style Essay or argument. The topic of discussion and argument is on The economic burden of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

The research should be an arguable issue that will yield a 1000-1200 words. All work should be local (USA) and global. The writing should include up to six citations. Also, it should be organized in the following order:

1. Introduction.

2. Background.

3. Body

4. Conclusion.

The most important of this writing is to support the claim, have opposing or alternate views, and offer any rebuttals.

The following is some sources I discovered that would be good to use:

A review of the economic burden of ADHD-http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/3/1/5

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15946385

PDF attached for following:

Daley, D., and J. Birchwood. "ADHD And Academic Performance: Why Does ADHD Impact On Academic Performance And What Can Be Done To Support ADHD Children In The Classroom?." Child: Care, Health & Development 36.4 (2010): 455-464. Education Research Complete. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.
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Amelia M. Arria, et al. "Self-Reported Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Among College Students." Journal Of American College Health 59.2 (2010): 133-136. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.
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M. Land?n, et al. "A History Of Childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Impacts Clinical Outcome In Adult Bipolar Patients Regardless Of Current ADHD." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 120.3 (2009): 239-246. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.
===================================
Bernfort, Lars, Sam Nordfeldt, and Jan Persson. "ADHD From A Socio-Economic Perspective." Acta Paediatrica 97.2 (2008): 239-245. Academic Search Premier. Web. 25 Mar. 2012

This is a term/research paper on the topic of microfinance, specifically as it relates to economic inequality (the gap between the rich and the poor) and how it can be used to decrease that gap. The paper has to include what four different economic perspectives would thing about the topic. Theses perspectives are the Conservative perspective, the Classical liberal perspective, the Modern liberal perspective, and the Radical perspective (All based from our 'textbook', "Political Economy: A Comparative Approach" by Barry Clark). The paper should have in-text citations, quotes from the sources (some of which I will provide and would like you to use, but feel free to add some), and may also include graphs and charts in the body of the paper. I have to focus both on the world as a whole, but also specifically at the United States, and if this method could possibly work here. I've attached a rough outline of the paper, as well as the sources that I would prefer you to use. Thank you and Good luck.


There are faxes for this order.

Please use the sources below. The articles can be found for free on www.repad.org. I have uploaded 5 of them.

My topic is on financial stability through bank diversification (notably through non-interest income), and do off-balance sheet activities help the diversification process or do they present a danger? Is shadow banking a threat to overall market stability?


Brunnermeier, M.K., 2009. ?Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit
Crunch 2007-2008.? Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, 77-100

Shin, H.S., 2009. ?Securitization and Financial Stability.? Economic
Journal 119, 309-332.

Adrian, T, Shin, H.S., 2009. The shadow banking system: Implications for financial regulation. Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Ratnovski, L., Huang, R., 2009. ?Why are Canadian Banks More
Resilient?? Working paper, IMF.

De Jonghe, O.G., 2010. Back to the basics in banking? A micor-analysis of banking stability. Journal of Financial Intermediation 19, 387-417.

Stiroh, K.J., 2004. Diversification in banking: is noninterest income the answer? Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 36(5), 853-882.

the paper must be 4-5 pages and relating to the fiscal policy. the questions that have to be answered are: Are large deficits or government debt a problem? Entitlement programs(social security and medicare) will cost trillions of dollars;how should they be reformed? there are to be two articles used and there must be a abstract written for each and hopefully the articles have divergent opinions realating to the fiscal policy
here are two articles that can be used:(1)deficits,Eisner,R.(1989)."Budget Deficits:Rhetoric and Reality." The Jornal of Economic Perspectives,3(2):73-93.Blanchard,O.Macroeconomics,4th edition,chapter 26.Wray,L.R.,"teaching the Fallacy of Composition:The Federal Budget Deficit." http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/teaching-fallacy-of-composition-federal.html
(2)Social Security Reform. Feldstein,M."Structural Reform of Social Security."The Journal of Economic Perspectives,Spring 2005,Vol.19,No.2.Hines Jr.,J.and T.Taylor,"Shortfalls in the long Run:Predictions about the Social Security Trust Fund."The Journal of Economics Perspectives,Spring 2005,Vol.19,No.2.Wray,L.R.,"Social Security:Truthor Useful Fictions?" http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/08/social-security-truth-or-useful.html

this is my introduction following, so however the essay should correspond to the introduction.

Looking into macroeconomics you learn various things regarding the government and its role in the economy. The government deals which such things as transfer payments, unemployment benefits, Medicaid and social security. The government also plays a role in the fiscal policy. The fiscal policy is relating to taxation and government spending. So by changing tax laws, the government can effectively modify the amount of disposable income available to its tax payers. For example, if taxes were to increase, consumers would have less disposable income, and in turn would have less money to spend on goods and services. The difference in disposable income would go to the government instead of going to consumers, who would pass the money onto companies. Or, the government could choose to increase government spending by directly purchasing goods and services from private companies. Therefore, if the government spending is greater than what it collects in taxes, then that will result in a deficit. However, I will emphasis if large deficits or government debt is a problem, and also how should entitlement programs such as Medicare, and social security be reform knowing that they will cost trillions of dollars. I will use two articles that will give support in helping me obtain reasonable answers to the questions above, and incorporate more on the fiscal policy in regards to the government and taxes.

You have been hired as an economic consultant by the government of a developing
country. You have been asked to provide an interpretation of this evidence and to suggest policies the government should introduce to achieve its objectives in fostering economic growth. (the article 'Endogenous innovation in the Theory of Growth' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1994, vol 8 by Grossman G. and Helpman E.

This module is assessed on the basis of a single piece of coursework. For this assessment you are required to write a 3000 word policy paper to a stakeholder of your choice (e.g. European Commissioner, Head of Member State) which provides a critical discussion of one of the following key issues:

Should succession countries join the European Monetary Union?
Should the CAP be reformed, and if so why and how?
What are the economic arguments for further enlargement of the EU?
Is the further emergence of global competitors (e.g. India or China) going to threaten the economic competitiveness of the EU?
Should any country leave the EU or the euro zone

The assessment should be written in report style, and make appropriate use of relevant material, data, charts and diagrams.

Your policy paper will be assessed on the basis of the extent to which the policy paper:

Provides a clear outline of the aim and focus of the policy paper;
Provides an in-depth consideration of the relevant themes and ideas that are pertinent to the issue under consideration;
Makes good use of relevant data, charts and diagrams to support the central narrative contained with the policy paper;
Provides a critical and analytical discussion of the relevant issues;
Appropriately references the arguments contained within the policy paper using a wide range of sources;
Provides a clear, structured and coherent review and analysis of the relevant issues.

Submission Deadline: Your policy paper should be submitted by 5 pm on 10th May 2012.

In order to pass this module, students are required to achieve an overall mark of 40%.

Guidance for assessment

How to approach the assignment:

The best way to approach this assignment is to imagine that you are a policy advisor who has expertise in the area of economics and the European Union. You have been commissioned by a stakeholder organisation to write a policy paper on their behalf that explores one of the policy questions outlined above. Your policy paper will form the briefing that representatives of that organisation will use to inform their discussions the next time they are participating in a key European Union summit or meeting.

A policy paper is designed to provide the policy stakeholder organisation with some advice about what view they should take on a specific policy issue. A policy paper primarily concerns the development of a policy argument which is based upon three components:

A policy position (i.e. what you think the policy stance of the organisation should be in relation to the policy issue under consideration);
Reasons for this position (i.e. what are the arguments for and against the organisation adopting this viewpoint?);
Next steps (i.e. what should the organisation recommend should happen next in relation to this issue?).

Let us assume that the policy issue under consideration is as follows:

Should there be restrictions on the movement of labour within the EU on economic grounds?

Let us now suppose that you have been asked by the finance minister of France to prepare a policy paper on this issue for the forthcoming Council of Ministers meeting. You need to obviously start off preparing for this task by undertaking some research. Firstly you need to find out the official legal position in relation to the EU Constitution and legislation regarding the freedom of movement of labour. Secondly you need to find out whether any Member State can impose restrictions on either the volume of labour movement, the skills profile of the migrant labour, or where the migrant labour is coming from. Finally you need to read the relevant economic literature on labour movement in relation to economic productivity and the operation of economic markets ??" and discover if there are any economic barriers to the free movement of labour.

Having examined all of these issues, you can now construct your policy argument and write your policy paper. You decide that the finance minister of France should oppose the restriction of movement of labour within the EU on economic grounds (policy position) because it will increase economic productivity, reduce costs, and solve the imbalances in employment within certain regions or sectors of the economy (reasons for policy position) ??" and that France should take direct steps to (a) prevent Member States from restricting the flow of migrant labour from Eastern Europe; and (b) provide specialist programmes of support to help migrant workers settle in France (next steps)

You now have your policy argument in a concise format. Now you need to simply develop each component of your policy argument. The reasons for policy position element of the policy argument is going to form the largest component of your policy paper. Although you are trying to set out reasons and arguments for adopting the chosen policy position, you must remember that you will also need to consider and set out the arguments against your adopted policy position and why you have rejected these arguments.

It really doesnt matter which stakeholder organisation you write your policy paper for ??" but obviously they should be an organisation which has an interest in the policy issue under consideration (i.e. it would look a bit odd if you wrote a policy paper on reforming the CAP which was addressed to the Defence Minister of a Member State!).

What should my policy paper look like?

The policy paper should be written in a report format, and make appropriate use of sections, headings and sub-headings to set out different components of the policy argument. Your policy paper should be addressed to your chosen policy stakeholder organisation and should start off be setting out the purpose of the policy paper e.g.

This policy paper is for the attention of the Finance Minister of France, and is designed to explore whether France should support the restriction of the movement of labour within the EU.

You should make appropriate use of relevant sources and data, and you should use tables, charts, diagrams when these are the most effective way of communicating this information.

How do I know whether my policy paper has achieved its objectives?

Although it is very hard to remove yourself from a piece of assessed work that you have spent a lot of time researching and writing, the best way of testing whether your policy paper has achieved its objectives is to forget that you have written the paper and pretend you are the stakeholder organisation that the paper is written for. If you were the finance minister for France, would you have a clear understanding of (a) what was being recommended; (b) why was it being recommended; and (c) what should be done next on the basis of reading your policy paper? If the answer is yes, then your policy paper has met its objectives. If the answer is no, then you need to go back and look at the clarity of what you have written and see whether any of the sections need revising.

Finally check the assessment criteria set out for this assignment in your module handout to make sure that you have not missed anything out!

Important: All coursework assignments and other forms of assessment must be submitted by the published deadline which is detailed above. It is your responsibility to know when work is due to be submitted ??" ignorance of the deadline date will not be accepted as a reason for late or non-submission.

All student work which contributes to the eventual outcome of the module (ie: if it determines whether you will pass or fail the module and counts towards the mark you get for the module) is submitted via the iCentre using the formal submission sheet Academic staff CANNOT accept work directly from you.
If you decide to submit your work to the iCentre by post, it must arrive by midday on the due date. If you elect to post your work, you do so at your own risk and you must ensure that sufficient time is provided for your work to arrive at the iCentre. Posting your work the day before a deadline, albeit by first class post, is extremely risky and not advised.

Any late work (submitted in person or by post) will NOT be accepted and a mark of zero will be awarded for the assessment task in question. You are requested to keep a copy of your work.

General EU Economics textbooks (the first five are particularly good):
Pelkmans, J. (2006) European Integration: Methods and Economic Analysis, 3rd ed. Pearson. (At the time of writing, the exact publication date of this 3rd edition had not been confirmed).
Baldwin, R. and C. Wyplosz (2004) The Economics of European Integration. McGraw Hill.
El-Agraa, A. (2004) The European Union: Economics and Policies, 7th edition. Prentice Hall.
Hitiris, T. (2003) European Union Economics, 5th edition. FT Prentice Hall.
McDonald, F. and S. Dearden (2005) European Economic Integration, 4th edition. FT Prentice Hall. (This is especially useful for part of the EMU lectures).
Barnes, I. and P. Barnes (1995) The Enlarged European Union. Longman. (This is a good lower level text).
Artis, M. and F. Nixson (2001) The Economics of the European Union, 3rd ed. Oxford.
Neal, L. and D. Barbezat ( 1998) The Economics of the European Union and the Economies of Europe. Oxford.
Hansen, J. D. (ed) (2001) European Integration: An Economic Perspective. Oxford. (This is an excellent book but is more advanced and technical than the others and only covers some topics).

EU Trade policies:
Aggarwal, V. K. and E. A. Fogarty (2004) EU Trade Strategies: Between Regionalism and Globalism. Palgrave.
Petersmann, E-U. and M. Pollack (2003) Transatlantic Trade Disputes: The EU, the US, and the WTO. Oxford University Press.
Sdersten, B. and G. Reed (1994) International Economics, 3rd edition. Macmillan.
EMU:
de Grauwe, P. (2005) Economics of Monetary Union, 6th edition. Oxford.
Gros, D. and N. Thygesen (1998) European Monetary Integration, 2nd ed. Longman.
Eijffinger, S. C. W. and J. de Haan (2000) European Monetary and Fiscal Policy. Oxford.
Eichengreen, B. and J. A. Frieden (2001) The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification, 2nd ed. Westview.
8.3 Recommended Internet Resources

Journals

There are a wide range of economics journals that carry articles relating to aspects of EU trade, monetary union, competition policy, regional policy, etc. which you can find hardcopy and online versions of within the University library. A couple of journals that relate directly to specific aspects of the material covered in the module are:

EC Competition Policy Newsletter (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/publications/cpn/)

Official Journal of the European Union (http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en)


Web Sites

This list can never be comprehensive ??" these are some of the main sites you may find useful. Be warned that there is so much information out there, you could spend your entire year surfing for material and never have the time to read any of it ??" so be selective. If you need guidance, just ask.

Institution: Link:
EU Homepage
http://europa.eu.int/index_en.htm (also, the Whats New? link, tucked away at the bottom of the page, is worth checking regularly)
EU Commission activities are grouped by theme in Directorates-General. http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs_en.htm

Eurostat is the Official EU statistics Agency http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int

European Central Bank
http://www.ecb.int


Institution: Link:
EU Trade Policy Review (by the WTO) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp_rep_e.htm#eu2002

UN Economic Commission for Europe http://www.unece.org

UNCTAD World Investment Reports http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Startpage.asp?intItemID=2068&lang=1


Centre for European Reform http://www.cer.org.uk/

Centre for European Policy Studies http://www.ceps.be/index.php

European Integration Online Portal http://eiop.or.at/

EU Business http://www.eubusiness.com/

European Institute (London South Bank University) http://www.sbu.ac.uk/euroinst/

European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies http://www.iue.it/RSCAS/




THANK YOU A LOT FOR YOUR HELP

There are faxes for this order.

7-10 pages + an appendix with bibliography, charts, tables, and graphs (nothing crazy maybe 3-5 visual references should suffice)

Topic:
Choose one Latin American country
pick an industry
pick a period in time
-write a paper about how this industry developed in that time period in that country. This is an economics paper but does not call for any gross elaboration on the industry development in relation to big economic theories as long as the paper is written from an economics perspective. The development of Latin America has been plagued with IMF policies from Latin America's dependency on foreign investment which has stangnated many industries from paying large debt and crippling those indsustries. (just some background bs)

In particular, the environmentalists are concerned that rapid global economic development will cause undo and accelerated harm to the environment.
1. From an economic perspective, explain why pollution takes place.
2. Under what circumstances would it make sense to eliminate all of a particular type of pollution?

I need this in a MS word document.

We will pay $175.00 for this order!!

im taking macroeconomics and we are using text book "Macroeconomics by mcconnell brue flynn 18th edition"
and these are the specification the proffessor gave us

Term Paper: This is to be a research paper, not an essay. It must take as it topic one subject from one chapter of the textbook. It must state a research question, present the findings of research conducted (including the citation of sources), and list the sources at end. It should be 5 to 10 pages, cite 5 to 10 sources. It must cite at least 3 sources from professional or academic journals retrieved from the online library resources. A sample can be viewed from the term paper announcement on our course website. Use the MLA style. Any term paper containing material without proper citation will receive a score of zero (0). All term papers must be typed.

heres chapters summary

chapter 1
Limits, Alternatives, and Choices




In this chapter you will learn:
The definition of economics and the features of the economic perspective.
The role of economic theory in economics.
The distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
The categories of scarce resources and the nature of the economizing problem.
About production possibilities analysis, increasing opportunity costs, and economic growth.

chapter 2
The Market System and the Circular Flow




In this chapter you will learn:
The difference between a command system and a market system.
The main characteristics of the market system.
How the market system decides what to produce, how to produce it, and who obtains it.
How the market system adjusts to change and promotes progress.
The mechanics of the circular flow model.


chapter 3
Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium




In this chapter you will learn:
What demand is and what affects it.
What supply is and what affects it.
How supply and demand together determine market equilibrium.
How changes in supply and demand affect equilibrium prices and quantities.
What government-set prices are and how they can cause product surpluses and shortages.

chapter 4
The U.S. Economy: Private and Public Sectors




In this chapter you will learn:
Important facts about U.S. households and U.S. businesses.
Why the corporate form of business organization dominates sales and profits.
The problem that arises when corporate owners (principals) and their managers (agents) have different interests.
About the economic role of government in the economy.
The categories of government spending and the sources of government revenues.

chapter 5
The United States in the Global Economy




In this chapter you will learn:
Some key facts about U.S. international trade.
About comparative advantage, specialization, and international trade.
How exchange rates are determined in currency markets.
How and why government sometimes interferes with free international trade.
The role played by free-trade zones and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in promoting international trade.

chapter 6
Measuring Domestic Output and National Income




In this chapter you will learn:
How gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and measured.
The relationships among GDP, net domestic product, national income, personal income, and disposable income.
The nature and function of a GDP price index.
The difference between nominal GDP and real GDP.
Some limitations of the GDP measure.




chapter 7
Introduction to Economic Growth and Instability




In this chapter you will learn:
How economic growth is measured and why it is important.
About the business cycle and its primary phases.
How unemployment and inflation are measured.
About the types of unemployment and inflation and their various economic impacts.

chapter 8
Basic Macroeconomic Relationships




In this chapter you will learn:
How changes in income affect consumption (and saving).
About factors other than income that can affect consumption.
How changes in real interest rates affect investment.
About factors other than the real interest rate that can affect investment.
Why changes in investment increase or decrease real GDP by a multiple amount.




chapter 9
The Aggregate Expenditures Model




In this chapter you will learn:
How economists combine consumption and investment to depict an aggregate expenditures schedule for a private closed economy.
The three characteristics of the equilibrium level of real GDP in a private closed economy: aggregate expenditures = output; saving = investment; and no unplanned changes in inventories.
How changes in equilibrium real GDP can occur and how those changes relate to the multiplier.
How economists integrate the international sector (exports and imports) and the public sector (government expenditures and taxes) into the aggregate expenditures model.
About the nature and causes of "recessionary expenditure gaps" and "inflationary expenditure gaps."




chapter 10
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply




In this chapter you will learn:
About aggregate demand (AD) and the factors that cause it to change.
About aggregate supply (AS) and the factors that cause it to change.
How AD and AS determine an economy's equilibrium price level and level of real GDP.
How the AD-AS model explains periods of demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and recession.

chapter 11
Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt




In this chapter you will learn:
The purposes, tools, and limitations of fiscal policy.
The role of built-in stabilizers in moderating business cycles.
How the standardized budget reveals the status of U.S. fiscal policy.
About the size, composition, and consequences of the U.S. public debt.
Why there is a long-run fiscal imbalance in the Social Security system.




chapter12
Money and Banking




In this chapter you will learn:
About the functions of money and the components of the U.S. money supply.
What "backs" the money supply, making us willing to accept it as payment.
The makeup of the Federal Reserve and the U.S. banking system.
The functions and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve.





chapter 13
Money Creation




In this chapter you will learn:
Why the U.S. banking system is called a "fractional reserve" system.
The distinction between a bank's actual reserves and its required reserves.
How a bank can create money through granting loans.
About the multiple expansion of loans and money by the entire banking system.
What the monetary multiplier is and how to calculate it.

chaper 14
Interest Rates and Monetary Policy




In this chapter you will learn:
How the equilibrium interest rate is determined in the market for money.
The goals and tools of monetary policy.
About the Federal funds rate and how the Fed controls it.
The mechanisms by which monetary policy affects GDP and the price level.
The effectiveness of monetary policy and its shortcomings.




chapter15
Extending the Analysis of Aggregate Supply




In this chapter you will learn:
About the relationship between short-run aggregate supply and long-run aggregate supply.
How to apply the "extended" (short-run/long-run) AD-AS model to inflation, recessions, and unemployment.
About the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (the Phillips Curve).
Why there is no long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
The relationship between tax rates, tax revenues, and aggregate supply.




chapter 16
Economic Growth




In this chapter you will learn:
About the general ingredients of economic growth and how they relate to production possibilities analysis and long-run aggregate supply.
About "growth accounting" and the specific sources of U.S. economic growth.
Why U.S. productivity growth has accelerated since the mid-1990s.
About differing perspectives on whether growth is desirable and sustainable.

chapter 17
Disputes over Macro Theory and Policy




In this chapter you will learn:
The differences between the historical Keynesian and classical macro perspectives.
About alternative perspectives on the causes of macroeconomic instability, including the views of mainstream economists, monetarist, real-business cycle advocates, and proponents of coordination failures.
What the equation of exchange is and how it relates to "monetarism."
Why new classical economists believe the economy will "self-correct" from aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks.
The variations of the debate over "rules" versus "discretion" in conducting stabilization policy.

chapter 18
Extensions of Demand and Supply Analysis




In this chapter you will learn:
About price elasticity of demand and how it can be applied.
The usefulness of the total revenue test for price elasticity of demand.
About price elasticity of supply and how it can be applied.
About cross elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand.
About consumer surplus, producer surplus, and efficiency losses.




chapter 19
Consumer Behavior and Utility Maximization




In this chapter you will learn:
About total utility, marginal utility, and the law of diminishing marginal utility.
How rational consumers compare marginal utility-to-price ratios for products in purchasing combinations of products that maximize their utility.
How a demand curve can be derived by observing the outcomes of price changes in the utility-maximization model.
How the utility-maximization model helps highlight the income and substitution effects of a price change.
About budget lines, indifference curves, utility maximization, and demand derivation in the indifference curve model of consumer behavior. (Appendix)





chapter 20
The Costs of Production




In this chapter you will learn:
Why economic costs include both explicit (revealed and expressed) costs and implicit (present but not obvious) costs.
How the law of diminishing returns relates to a firm's short-run production costs.
The distinctions between fixed and variable costs and among total, average, and marginal costs.
The link between a firm's size and its average costs in the long run.




chapter 21
Pure Competition




In this chapter you will learn:
The names and main characteristics of the four basic market models.
The conditions required for purely competitive markets.
How purely competitive firms maximize profits or minimize losses.
Why the marginal-cost curve and supply curve of competitive firms are identical.
How industry entry and exit produce economic efficiency.
The differences between constant-cost, increasing-cost, and decreasing-cost industries.
How long-run competitive equilibrium results in economic efficiency.

chapter 22
Pure Monopoly




In this chapter you will learn:
The characteristics of pure monopoly.
How a pure monopoly sets its profit-maximizing output and price.
About the economic effects of monopoly.
Why a monopolist might prefer to charge different prices in different markets.




chapter 23
Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly




In this chapter you will learn:
The characteristics of monopolistic competition.
Why monopolistic competitors earn only a normal profit in the long run.
The characteristics of oligopoly.
How game theory relates to oligopoly.
Why the demand curve of an oligopolist may be kinked.
The incentives and obstacles to collusion among oligopolists.
The potential positive and negative effects of advertising.

chapter 24
Technology, R&D, and Efficiency




In this chapter you will learn:
The differences between an invention, an innovation, and technological diffusion.
How entrepreneurs and other innovators further technological advance.
How a firm determines its optimal amount of research and development (R&D).
Why firms can benefit from their innovation even though rivals have an incentive to imitate it.
About the role of market structure in promoting technological advance.
How technological advance enhances productive and allocative efficiency.





chapter 25
The Demand for Resources




In this chapter you will learn:
The significance of resource pricing.
How the marginal revenue productivity of a resource relates to a firm's demand for that resource.
The factors that increase or decrease resource demand.
The determinants of elasticity of resource demand.
How a competitive firm selects its optimal combination of resources.




chapter 26
Wage Determination




In this chapter you will learn:
Why labor productivity and real hourly compensation track so closely over time.
How wage rates and employment levels are determined in competitive labor markets.
How monopsony (a market with a single employer) can reduce wages below competitive levels.
How unions can increase wage rates.
The major causes of wage differentials.
The types, benefits, and costs of "pay-for-performance" plans.




chapter 27
Rent, Interest, and Profit




In this chapter you will learn:
The nature of economic rent and how it is determined.
About the loanable funds theory of interest rates.
How interest rates vary based on risk, maturity, loan size, and taxability.
Why economic profits occur, and how profits, along with losses, allocate resources among alternative uses.
The share of U.S. earnings received by each of the factors of production.




chapter 28
Government and Market Failure




In this chapter you will learn:
How public goods are distinguished from private goods.
The method for determining the optimal quantity of a public good.
The basics of cost-benefit analysis.
About externalities (spillover costs and benefits) and the methods to remedy them.
How information failures can justify government interventions in some markets.




chapter 29
Public Choice Theory and the Economics of Taxation




In this chapter you will learn:
The difficulties of conveying economic preferences through majority voting.
About "government failure" and why it occurs.
The different tax philosophies and ways to distribute a nation's tax burden.
The principles relating to tax shifting, tax incidence, and efficiency losses from taxes.

chapter 30
Antitrust Policy and Regulation




In this chapter you will learn:
The core elements of the major antitrust (antimonopoly) laws in the United States.
Some of the key issues relating to the interpretation and application of antitrust laws.
The economic principles and difficulties relating to the setting of prices (rates) charged by so-called natural monopolies.
The nature of "social regulation," its benefits and costs, and its optimal level.




chapter 31
Agriculture: Economics and Policy




In this chapter you will learn:
Why agricultural prices and farm income are unstable.
Why huge numbers of labor resources have exited U.S. agriculture during the past several decades.
The rationale for farm subsidies and the economics and politics of price supports (price floors).
Major criticisms of the price-support system in agriculture.
The main elements of existing Federal farm policy.

chapter 32
Income Inequality and Poverty




In this chapter you will learn:
How income inequality in the United States is measured and described.
The extent and sources of income inequality.
How income inequality has changed since 1970.
The economic arguments for and against income inequality.
How poverty is measured and its incidence by age, gender, ethnicity, and other characteristics.
The major components of the income-maintenance program in the United States.

chapter 33
The Economics of Health Care




In this chapter you will learn:
Important facts about rising health care costs in the United States.
The economic implications of rising health care costs.
The problem of limited access to health care for those without insurance.
The demand and supply factors explaining rising health care costs.
The types of potential reforms of the U.S. health care system.
How recent legislation has altered the U.S. health care system.




chapter 34
Labor Market Institutions & Issues: Unionism, Discrimination, Immigration




In this chapter you will learn:
Who belongs to U.S. unions; the basics of collective bargaining; why unions are in decline; and the effects of unions on wages, efficiency, and productivity.
The types and costs of discrimination, economic theories of discrimination, and current antidiscrimination issues.
The extent and effects of U.S. immigration.






chapter 35
International Trade




In this chapter you will learn:
The graphical model of comparative advantage, specialization, and the gains from trade.
How differences between world prices and domestic prices prompt exports and imports.
How economists analyze the economic effects of tariffs and quotas.
The rebuttals to the most frequently presented arguments for protectionism.
About the assistance provided workers under the Trade Adjustment Act of 2002.
How the offshoring of U.S. jobs relates to the growing international trade in services.




chapter 36
Exchange Rates, the Balance of Payments, and Trade Deficits




In this chapter you will learn:
How currencies of different nations are exchanged when international transactions take place.
About the balance sheet the United States uses to account for the international payments it makes and receives.
How exchange rates are determined in currency markets.
The difference between flexible exchange rates and fixed exchange rates.
The causes and consequences of recent record-high U.S. trade deficits.

i will send you tests we have taken so far and the summary too by email











There are faxes for this order.

Bibliography format or citation style: Harvard with page number

The max word count should not exceed 2000

As for the sources at least 7, preferably 10 or more and more preferably to include Muslim Authors.


The assignment is part of international management subject. The assignment is:

corporate social responsibility is an organisation's obligation to act in ways that serves its own interest as well as the interest of society at large. critically discuss by reflecting and evaluating the practices of Islamic banks and financial institutions through Islamic economics perspective.

PS I Understand this is a specific assignment that relates to Islamic finance/economics and Islamic influence on management. I would therefore be grateful if you can inform me asap if you are unable to find writers (or sources) in this topic, so I can suggest another management topic.

Hello Writemyessay team,

I want some response papers to these articles that i wrote below. I should remind you what response paper is. Response paper is a kind of short essay that should be written after reading related article(s) (you can finds articles below). I think that 5 response papers will fit in 3 pages. I want them seperately (Every response should have seperate title.). I am sending to you my response paper 1 as an example for you. You can write them like mine but they should be little more professional.

Response 2
Sugden, Robert (1989) ?Spontaneous Order?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3 (4): 85?97.
Young, H. Peyton (1996) ?The Economics of Convention?,Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (2): 105?22.

Response 3
Veblen, Thorstein B. (1898) ?Why Is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science??, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12(3), July, pp. 373?97.
Chavance, Bernard. 2009. Institutional Economics. Francis Wells. London: Routledge. (p. 1-44)
Fine, Ben & Milonakis, D. (2009) From Political Economy to Economics: method, the social and the historical in the evolution of economic theory, London: Routledge. (Chapter 9 & 10)

Response 4
Chavance, Bernard.2009. Institutional Economics. Fransic Wells. London: Routledge. (Chp.4)
Coase, Ronald (1937) ?The Nature of the Firm?, Economica, 4:386-405

Response 5
Douglass C. North ?Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance? Part I

Response 6
?Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy? by Avner Greif (Chapters 1&2)

Heading: Benefits of Alternative Medicine Versus Conventional Medicine from an Economic Perspective.

...This paper is to be a head to head comparison of the above heading. A written debate.

You are to support both sides of the argument. Minimum of 3 points in suppport of each side of the argument. Each point requires a minimum of 1 reference.

APA format, double spaced with margins of no greater than 1.25" on any side.

If you need more information please email me @ [email protected]

Answer the following questions in essay form based on the article :
Smith, Vincent H. and Glauber, Joseph W. Agricultural Insurance in Developed Countries: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy (2012) volume 34, number 3, pp. 363??"390.

1.What are the rationales for public crop insurance subsidies presented in the article?

2. How does the private insurance sector address adverse selection?

3. How does the U.S. government address adverse selection?

4. Why is adverse selection less of a problem in the U.S. federal crop insurance program today than it was in the 1980s?

5. How can insurance markets be inefficient relative to other subsidy schemes?

6. Under what conditions will (rational) companies offer insurance policies to customers?

7. Why do the authors think that most crop insurance products would not exist in the absence of subsidies?

8. How might the provision of subsidized crop insurance influence farmers use of other risk management tools? What are the possible environmental impacts?

9. How could the U.S. provide an essential risk management tool for farmers who face unique and unmanageable risks without creating a distortion in the market (hint: this will need to be some sort of lump-sum transfer)?

10. Describe the interactions between agricultural insurance and other risk management and farm policies.

11. According to figure 2, what is the equilibrium price and quantity in the absence of government subsidies?

a. How do government subsidies impact the demand for insurance products?
b. What is the equilibrium price and quantity with the subsidy?
i. How does the government subsidy impact consumer surplus and producer surplus?
ii. What is the cost to tax payers?
iii. Is there a deadweight cost?

12. What is excluded from the deadweight cost shown in figure 2 that a more complete analysis would include?

13. In figure 3, what does S0 represent? What does S1 represent?

14. Using figure 3, if the per unit subsidy remained at Pi-Pfd, would the farmers insure more or less than A0? Why?

15. Is the deadweight cost in figure 3 larger or smaller than the deadweight cost in figure 2? Why?


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Journal article reviews relating to labor economics topics

The journal article reviews consist of formal reviews of journal articles relating to labor economics topics.

The following is the list of Approved Journals

Approved Journals
Brookings papers on economic activity
Business Economics
Economic inquiry
Economic journal (London, England)
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
International economic review
Journal of economic issues
Journal of economic literature
Journal of Economics and Business
Labor Law Journal
Review of Financial Economics
Southern economic journal
The American Economic Review
The American economic review
The Journal of economic perspectives
The Journal of Industrial Economics
The Journal of Law and Economics
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
The Quartile Review of Economics and Business
The Review of Economics and Statistics
Western Economic Journal

Please choose one article about labor economics topics in those Approved Journals and write an article reviews. The reviews must include 4 parts.

1. Objective, purpose about that Journals article. What does that article says.

2. What theory, principles are including in that Journals article. Explain the article with labor economics theory or principles in textbook (McConnell, Brue, and Macpherson, Contemporary Labor Economics, Seventh Edition, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2006 ISBN: 0072978600).

3. Analyzing the data in that Journals article. Find out the source of the data. Explain the data, how the author used that data and relative theory or principles
4. Conclusion. Your opinion about this article. What you can study from this article.

please give me the URL address or copy of the origin Journal article

THIS IS AN ECONOMIC HISTORY ESSAY

TOPIC What do the experiences of postwar emerging economies say about free markets, industrial policy, and
trade?


RELATED MATERIALS


*K&L, chapters 20-21
Bruton, Henry (1998), A reconsideration of import substitution, Journal of Economic Literature 36(2):
903-936.


Cumings, Bruce (1984), The origins and development of the northeast Asian political economy:
industrial sectors, product cycles, and political consequences, International Organization 38(1): 1-
40.


*Frye, Timothy and Andrei Shleifer (1997), The invisible hand and the grabbing hand, American
Economic Review 87(2): 354-358.


Krueger, Anne (1998), Why trade liberalization is good for growth, Economic Journal 108(450): 1513-
1522.


*Krugman, Paul (1994), The myth of Asias miracle, Foreign Affairs 73(6): 62-78.

Perkins, Dwight (1994), There are at least three models of East Asian development, World
Development 22(4): 655-661.

Qian, Yingyi (2002), How reform worked in China, William Davidson Institute Working Paper 473. Ann
Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Rodrik, Dani (1995), Getting interventions right: how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich, NBER
Working Paper Series 4964. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
-- (1992), Limits to trade policy reform in developing countries, Journal of Economic Perspectives 6(1):
87-105.

Sachs, Jeffrey and Wing Thye Woo (1994), Structural factors in the economic reforms


all above can be used as reference, except K&L(Kenwood, AG and AL Lougheed (1999), The Growth of the International Economy 1820-2000, 4th)

THank You!

We live in a world where geographic boundaries cease to exist when it comes to goods, services, and even food. We think nothing of having freshly squeezed orange juice or kiwis for breakfast, even if we live in New York City with 10-inches of snow on the ground in the middle of January. We live in an age where everything and anything is available for consumption year-round at your local grocery store. However, this global market also comes with potentially major ecological and economic impacts (both positive and negative). For example, the coffee you drink may come from beans imported from Columbia, the sugar you use may come from India, or the steaks you sear on the grill may have come from Argentina. How much fuel was spent transporting these products across the ocean? Were any pesticides used? If so, was it done in a sustainable fashion? Were forests cleared to make room for grazing herds or larger agricultural fields? These are just a few of the many questions we should be asking ourselves.

For this assignment, think about the impact that two (2) of your meals have on our world from an ecological and economic perspective. You can pick breakfast, lunch or dinner, and then answer the following questions. in 1,000-words, using APA style formatting, including all appropriate citations:

1.List all of the components of two of your meals. Then,
A.Where did each component of your meal originate? List the country that each part of your meal came from. (i.e., Did that glass of red wine come from Australia? Is the cheese from France?)
B.List where you purchased the products from.
C.Consider the chain of events that took the product to get from the farm/laboratory to your table.
2.What are some of the benefits of a global market and why? List at least 2 benefits, weighing any short-term and long-term impacts.
3.What are some of the impacts of this global market and why? Considering both short-term and long-term impacts, provide at least 2 negative impacts.
4.Consider the phrase Think Globally, Act Locally. What does it mean to you?
5.Has your research on the global market changed the way you will choose goods in the future? Why or why not?
This project should be a minimum of 1,000-words in APA style format. As always, be sure to provide appropriate citations, references, and links to any information you use in this paper. Be sure to also avoid copying and pasting large sections of text from any given source. For help with citations, refer to the APA Quick Reference.

This is my final term paper for the semester. In this paper I have to discuss how South Africa's Black Economic Empowerment program is unethical in light of the nation's Apartheid sufferings especially from a business/economic perspective.
The professor asked us to base the paper on arguing that this program is unethical using 2-3 ethical theories (all the ethical theories are in the PowerPoint that I will provide you with). Further he requires 5-7 sources, being academic publications or articles from a trusted source (of your choice). He also requires a bibliography.
Some of the arguments can be:
-you cannot fight fire with fire (you cannot discriminate white and colored people in SA today because black people were discriminated during the apartheid);
-this new sort of discrimination could lead to another sort of apartheid.
There are faxes for this order.

Topic: The impact of HIV/AIDS on women in the United States

discuss the following three aspects:

1. The political perspective of the issue: the political reasons for the development or impact of the issue

2. The economic perspective of the issue: the economic reasons for the development or impact of the issue

3. An integrated analysis of the issue using both the political and economic perspectives

Please note that it is required that you obtain at least four scholarly journal articles or books to address your selected issue. Databases in the library that might help include: Academic Search Premier, Social Science Abstracts, Berkeley Electronic Press, CIAO (Columbia International Affairs Online), Contemporary Women's Issues, GenderWatch, Lexis Nexis, and PAIS International.

Required Format:

For this paper use Microsoft Word and APA Formatting, including a Title Page. Use double spacing, 12-point font, one-inch margins (left, right, top, and bottom), page numbering, and a logical flow from topic to topic. Papers should be 6 pages in length plus a 7th page for References. The paper should also include a Title Page formatted in APA format. Please divide your paper into four sections plus References, i.e.,


Section I: Introduction and Statement of Purpose
Section II: The Political Perspective on the Issue
Section III: The Economic Perspective on the Issue
Section IV: An Integrated Perspective on the Issue

References