Uniting and Strengthening America the USA PATRIOT Act.

Following the events of 9-11, the US Congress scrambled to pass legislation that would resolve the perceived weaknesses in anti-terrorism intelligence gathering and facilitate the capture and prosecution of the suspected terrorists. In particular H.B. 3162 called for enhanced surveillance procedures, in violation of the US Constitutions 4th Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure, and allows for the indefinite detention without trial of foreigners suspected of terrorism, in violation of the 6th Amendment and Habeas Corpus. Although some aspects of the law have been struck down, the Patriot Act has been reauthorized each time it came up for renewal. Listen to the linked speeches and debates regarding the initial legislation in 2001, and consider how the rhetoric of nationhood and patriotism is used to garner support for the bill.

How do you think Americans were persuaded to abdicate some of their rights for this bill? What unique features of American national identity, and the way that democracy is conceived and practiced in this country, do you think led to the Patriot act?

Media Cues:

George W. Bushs Address to Congress September 20th, 2001: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm

House of Representatives debates H.B. 3162 on October 23rd, 2001: http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/166853-3(Start video at timestamp 1:16:48, debate continues for about 45 minutes)

Additional Resources

House of Representatives vote on H.B. 3162 on October 24th, 2001: http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/166878-1(Start video at timestamp at 38: 35, vote continues until 1:05:00, while a reporter explains the bill).

Patriot act text: http://epic.org/privacy/terrorism/hr3162.html

More on the Patriot act: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act

Must include in your answer:

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist 23

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America


Must include 2 additional texts (remember to explain the connections you are making!)

Choose from:

Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Hackett)

Rousseau, The Basic Political Writings (Hackett)

Smith, Wealth of Nations (Modern Library)

Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge)

Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Oxford)

Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Dover)

1805 Haitian Constitution

US Constitution and Bill of rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Preface to the Constitution of 1793

Robespierre On Moral and Political Principles;

Federalist Papers 2, 9, 10, or 84

Anti-Federalist Writings




This prompt includes a media cue, an essay question, and a short list of texts. Your assignment is to answer in essay form, referring to both the listed texts and to the given cue, AND to incorporate two additional class texts to which your essay is connected.

Directions

Your answer should be thesis driven

Use 4 class texts (the two given, plus two you add) to support your thesis.

Do not summarize! I CAN"T STRESS THIS ENOUGH!!!!!

Cite texts and page numbers using a standard form of citation (MLA or APA)

Respond to the media cue in your paper (additional links and resources are given, but you are not required to use them)

Edit and spell check!

Direct from the teacher

Student will undertake an independent historical study of the US Congress with a particular focus on both the ongoing internal relationships between the House of Representatives and the Senate and between the institution as awhole and the US Presidency. The major research question to be addressed will to what extent and why these relationships have changed over the past 200 years. A carefully footnoted research paper of at least 20 pages will be submitted. Overall evaluation of the work will be based upon the extent to which the paper reflects both thorough and convincing historical analysis of the research question and sound compositional and scholarly standards...

I have 3 books that I am currently using for sources

Party Process and Political Change in Congress- 2002

Americas Congress- Actions in the public sphere- Madison through Gingrich- 2002

On the Hill, a history of the American Congress- 1979

My topic/prompt is specifically this:

"ESSAY TOPIC: On page 417 of Matthew Dickinson's article, "The President and
Congress," occurs this passage:
". . .by the 1990s it was no longer true that, in the words of former House Speaker Thomas 'Tip'
O'Neill Jr., 'all politics is local.' Congress had entered a new, more partisan era of increasingly
nationalized politics."
Evaluate Dickinson's thesis, in the light of the evidence he provides in his article, and the evidence I
provided in lectures. Is Congress now a nationalized legislature? Or is it still a collection of
representatives of local and special interests?
In order to help you think about these questions, you may want to consider some or all of the
following topics:
1. The power of campaign contributors
2. Party voting cohesion within Congress
3. The power of committees and subcommittees
4. Policy-making
5. The power of institutional leaders
6. Differences between the House and Senate
7. The coalitional bases of the parties.
Note: You will get no points, in your essays, for agreeing with me. Your grade will be based on
the competence with which you evaluate evidence, and construct an argument of your own"

Write as much as possible!

Thanks.

My class is called US Congress and the Presidency...just FYI

Thanks again.

Alex

Course: English Composition II

Topic: Create a research proposal (Childhood Obesity in America)

Requirements: Topic: My thesis statement: We need to pass legislation to fight solving the problem of childhood obesity in America. I believe we need to do something now about the problem of child obesity before it?s too late.

Here is where I need help writing:
A research paper that is at least 500-600 words in length in an APA format.

Possible Academic topic:
? We need to fight the causes of childhood obesity in America; our children are dying too soon.
? The FDA needs to speed up the approval process for pharmaceutical products.
? In order to fight the epidemic of obesity in our children there needs to be a mandatory requirement for 60 minutes of a physical fitness exercise program in every school.
? There should be federal legislation mandating required classes at every educational level K-12 teaching children on habits to keeping our children healthy and within their ideal weight
There must be in-text citation in the research proposal.

1. Cover page and APA formatting:

2. Purpose:
? What is your rationale for this project? Passing congressional legislation to support a program to educated everyone about the issue in America facing childhood obesity.
? What do you hope to learn from the project, or what to do you want to see happen as a result of it? A funded program to fight childhood obesity
? Who is your audience for this project? United States Congress of state level
? What role will you play in this project? Advocate

3. Statement of qualification:
Address the following questions as they are applicable to your project.
? What is your investment in the topic? Health Care and educational program for overweight children
? What personal experience do you bring to the topic? Very little, but I have seen many overweight children who suffer so much in life because they are so overweight. Parents need government assistance in the fight to help their children to lose weight.
? What special qualities do you bring to the project? None
? How might your investment, experience, and special qualities make you particularly apt at developing this project? My investment is to educate and bring this issue to the fore front of America

4. Tentative argument:
Your final Research Paper for this course will be an argumentative, research-based, academic paper. While it is unlikely that you will have a concrete idea of what your entire argument will be at this point in the writing process, it is necessary for you to articulate your argument as you understand it to be right now. Address the following questions.
? What is the context surrounding your topic? In other words, is there some event that was a catalyst for bringing your topic into the public eye? (Optional)
? What is your explanation or definition of the topic?
? What is your analysis of the specific issue surrounding your topic?
? What is your tentative thesis statement or hypothesis?

5. References: Include a references list as the last page of your Research Proposal. Five resources are required for this project. No textbooks.


This is my short proposal from unit I:

This research paper is aimed at discussing the idea of child obesity in the U.S. and potential strategies, the authorities could use towards the purpose of controlling this concept. By addressing the matter directly and by developing educational institutes designed for both children and educators, the government would have more chances to reduce the prevalence of the condition. If one wants to be able to actually understand the degree to which obesity in children affects the United Sates, we would have to look at serious maladies triggered by the condition. (1) High blood pressure and type II diabetes are just two of the many diseases that are likely to appear in children who suffer from obesity. Also, (2) obesity can also have a significantly negative effect on a child?s thinking, as it affects him or her on a psychological level as a consequence of the attitudes society as a whole takes on with regard to the child. In order for the authorities to be able to address the problem directly, they would have to design programs meant to inform parents of children about the attitudes they need to take with the purpose of combating the condition. (3) By promoting healthy eating habits and by making it possible for these groups to comprehend the importance of physical exercise, the government can effectively fight the condition.

References:

?Childhood Obesity Facts?, Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm

?Overweight in Children?, Retrieved from:
https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/HealthierKids/ChildhoodObesity/Overweight-in-Children_UCM_304054_Article.jsp

This paper is to persuade the United State pilot as to the benefits of the privatization of Air Traffic Control (ATC) system within the United States. By allowing the private sector to
participate in the privatization of the United States air traffic control system, this would allow
more companies to move toward providing better services while at the same time reducing overhead expenses. During these economic hardship having the privatized ATC and regulatory government agencies operating as one company leads to the air transportation system to be not as efficient as it could be. There has been research to support privatization of ATC which argues that Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) which manages the largest, busiest and possibly, the most complex aviation system in the world. The FAAs staff over 49,000 controllers, who operates and maintains the nation's air traffic system, coordinates take-offs, landings as well as the routing of at least 93,000 aircraft a daily (NATCA www.natca.org/legislationcenter/privatization.msp, 2002). The FAA may be over extending their business practice with the ever changing aviation regulations, safety and security measures, as well as the ATC system itself. For many years, the FAA has provided an excellent safety record in air travel.
According to the FAA, flight delays have increased by more than 58 percent since 1995, cancellations by 68 percent, contributing to widespread passenger frustration and anger. These delays will continue to increase, because of additional population growth and the modernization of aircrafts. The FAA predicts at least a 60 percent increase in the number of passengers along with doubling of cargo, which leads to an increase in aircraft operations ( NATCA Homepage, 2002). The FAA is federal funded with a limited budget which has decreased their effort to modernize air traffic system technology. With the FAA operating a year-round, all hours schedule which the entire aviation nation depends on, as lack the ability to keep up with technology.
Due to its importance to the safety and security of American travelers, the ATC are an inherently governmental function. The ATC characteristics, which involves delivering a service, make it best managed as a separate unit distinct from the rest of FAA activities. However, the ATC management must be regulated to ensure safety. Many experts agree air traffic services is a distinct activity, which separates it from regulation or oversight of air traffic safety and security. The users of the air traffic system are identifiable, and most of the benefits and costs of air traffic services accrue to those who are already paying the costs via taxes. In contrast, most government agencies provide for public goods for which there may be little correlation between taxes paid and the services received by any individual (NATCA, 2002). According to a National Performance Review by Al Gore, air traffic operations needs be reorganized into an independent government corporation. This would allow the use of many private sector companies to provide air traffic services more efficiently and safely.
In 2000, The United States Congress established a Chief Operating Officer position for air traffic operations and a subcommittee of five member to function as a corporate board of directors to manage and budget of air traffic operations creating the begin for a private air traffic service.
In a 2002 initial proposal, the European Union (EU) insisted it was not privatizing the air traffic control system. A number of EU nations are questioning the possible introduction of an authorization procedure for navigation services operators. They regard this plan as an open door toward further liberalization, whereby several operators would compete for the contract to provide the services.
According to an article in Aviation Week, 2002, ?Privatization of air traffic control has become a worldwide trend gaining popularity over the years. Supporters of Privatization argues that competition in the private sector will allow companies to provide services more efficiently as well as reducing the company's overall costs. However, a change in ownership will improve safety, increase capacity and reduce costs, as evidenced by what is occurring in Canada and England. Nevertheless, public perception, budget constraints and pressure for improved government operations will keep privatization on the agenda." During the Bush administration, President Bush did released a proposed budget supporting the concept of air traffic control privatization.
In Robert Obert's article, ?How to Commercialize Air Traffic Control?, a strategy for achieving privatization of ATC was creating documenting a step by step plan. They argued that ?the air traffic control (ATC) system stretched beyond its limits. And not only are delays at record levels; so, too are runway incursions and operational errors by controllers. ?Over the past decade a growing consensus has emerged that air traffic control is essentially a commercial service, a 24 hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week, high-tech service business. A number of federal task forces and commissions have, recommended that ATC be separated from the Federal Aviation Administration and set up as some kind of corporate entity, funded directly by payments from users. Over the past 15 years, nearly two dozen other countries have taken this route, creating either self-supporting government corporations or private nonprofit corporations . CEO?s of America have taken up the cause purposing for a shift in the current ATC functions out of the FAA and into a self-supporting, nonprofit corporation governed by a stakeholder board and regulated at arms-length for safety by a slimmed-down FAA. Since ATC is, and will likely remain, a monopoly, it must be operated in a way that protects its users from possible monopoly
exploitation. Resulting in two possible corporate forms of a government corporation, a nonprofit corporation, or a regulated for- profit corporation. A number of countries have opted for the first, the U.S. experience with government corporations has not been highly successful.
On the other hand, a for-profit ATC corporation raises the perception of ?safety versus profits,? a fierce controversy in the United Kingdom. They strongly recommend the nonprofit corporation approach, as implemented successfully in Canada in 1996. Since it took over ATC operations, Nav Canada has speeded up modernization, dramatically increased efficiency and productivity, and cut user fees. A feature we have considered from Nav Canada is the concept of a stakeholder board. Having diverse aviation interest groups in the United States, such an approach is even more critical in the U.S. to ensure that the different interests of, commercial and general aviation are taken into account by a corporation?s board, effectively segregating group think.
Important is a workable system of ATC fees and charges. They suggest a workable fee structure where the current airline shares of cost responsibility not change significantly at the
outset; future shares would obviously depend on changing market structures in the dynamic
airline industry. Drawing on international practice, as well as guidelines from the International
Civil Aviation Organization, they recommend replacing most current aviation excise taxes with a simple weight-distance fee structure similar to current practice in Canada and Europe. Airlines under the ATC Corporation would be just 72 percent of what the airlines currently pay in aviation user taxes. They noted that the controllers union is on record supporting a government-
corporation approach to ATC, such as the 1995 Clinton administration?s U.S. Air Traffic
Services (USATS) proposal. Their plan offers the employees ?USATS plus a board seat.? While
the union is opposed to ?privatization? of ATC, what they mean by that term is shifting ATC
responsibilities to a for-profit company, creating a perceived conflict between profits and
safety. Our nonprofit, stakeholder-controlled corporation avoids any such conflict. While it
is essential to bring in a new top management team for the ATC Corporation, it is important to retain the current controllers and technicians at the outset.
Drawing on two decades of global experience with corporatization and privatization, and
U.S. experience with reinventing government, we suggest a number of policies for easing the employee transition: initial no-layoff guarantees, lateral transitions, outplacement assistance, early retirement buyouts, and pension protection. We suggest a number of reasons why corporatization would benefit employees: an improved performance-oriented
corporate culture, state-of-the-art technology, market based compensation, possible gain-
sharing (sharing in savings from productivity increases), and the seat on the corporation?s
board (RPPI, 2002).
The airline industry, manufacturers, and governments are all working toward a goal of reducing cost and gaining the most value. A non-profit ATC corporation will ensure continued safety concerns while allowing the FAA to remove itself from the day to day running of the air traffic control system, thus reducing government spending. Privatization is the future in air traffic control, it is there and will be pushed on us by economics.





References:
National Air Traffic Controllers Association (2002, November). White House Report Accompanying EO 13180. NATCA Homepage [on-line]. Available: http://www.natca.org/legislationcenter/privatization.msp
Aviation Week.Com (2002, October). ATC: U.K. Report on NATS Boots Anti-Privatization Case--AOPA/Aviation Week & Space Technology; 22-Aug-2002 Aviation Now.com Homepage [on-line]. Available: http://www.aviationnow.com/
Aviation Week.Com (2002, November). Aviation Daily: European Union Insists ATC Will Not Be Privatized; By Martial Tardy; 20-Jun-2002 Aviation Now.com Homepage [on-line]. Available: http://www.aviationnow.com/

Reason Public Policy Institute (2002, November). How to Commercialize Air Traffic Control; February 2001; By Robert Obert W. P Poole and Viggo Butler; RPPI Homepage [on-line]. Available: http://www.rppi.org/ps278central.html

The chairman of the US Federal Reserve System, Ben Bernanke, testifies before the US Congress twice each year. Review his latest testimony given in July, 2008. Based upon your review write a 600 to 1000 word paper responding to the following:



a) How does Chairman Bernanke characterize the state of the US economy?



b) Is the Federal Reserve more concerned about inflation or recession or other issues?



c) What policy actions have the Federal Reserve taken to address these issues?



d) The testimony and report can be found at www.federalreserve.gov.



Your response should incorporate economic concepts from the reading assignments and discussions.

This is a Health Research Article:
Research Topic:

"Second medical opinion- a patient?s right and a health system money saving resource"

The number one cause of medical malpractice in the U.S. is medical misdiagnose. Asking another doctor can help catch misdiagnoses or prevent unnecessary treatments, but they can also be a waste of time and resources. At this time, not all health plans cover a medical second opinion, which becomes a self-pay service, making almost impossible for vulnerable people to receive one. Also the more fortunate patients might find themselves with too many options and too little guidance in choosing their second medical opinion. The US health care system is run like a business, increasingly focused on generating income for insurers and providers rather than providing care for patients.

Helpful bibliography that might help complement the article:
? ?WHO GETS SECOND OPINIONS?? By Drs. Wagner, Sept 99, Health affairs http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/18/5/137.full.pdf+html
? ?Firms seek medical second opinion? By Joanne Wojcik- http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20111204/NEWS05/312049987?tags=%7C74%7C305%7C339%7C342
? ?MARKET BASED FAILURE- A SECOND OPINON ON US HEALTH CARE COST?- http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0800265

LEGISLATION & LAWS
? H.R. 2457 (111th): Right to a Second Medical Opinion Act of 2009 - http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr2457
? The Family Leave Act (FLA): http://www.dol.gov./whd/regs/compliance/1421.htm
? The Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA)- http://www.dol.gov/compliance/laws/comp-feca.htm

Include the answers to these questions in the article:

1. Explain and compare the 2 active legislation (State (FLA) & Federal (FECA)) and the H.R 2457 that was proposed in 2009. How can we mix those (3 legislations) and create a better second medical opinion regulation.
2. Why Second Medical Opinion should be a patient?s right?
3. How Second Medical Opinion will help save money to the Health Care Industry? (Health Insurance Companies, Physicians and Patients)

Kindly provide a review of the assigned case study. Also, address the following questions: 1. How legitimate are the concerns voiced by the industry's critics? 2. To what extent is the industry a threat to individual's privacy? 3. As a privacy advocate, what legislative changes would you favor? 4. In Derek Smith's position, what would you recommend to the US Congress regarding regulation of the personal data industry?
There are faxes for this order.

ADA: Research and determine whether specific types of mental or physical conditions (such as alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, obesity, left-handedness, stuttering, etc.) are covered by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA.) (To conduct this internet research, use the question ?Is __________ covered by the ADA?? as your search query.) Prepare a written description of two (2) specific types of mental or physical conditions that are covered by the ADA, and two (2) specific types of conditions that are not covered. Based on your research, provide a written opinion as to whether the ADA has been too broadly interpreted and applied since it was enacted by the United States Congress in 1990, or whether it has not been interpreted and applied broadly enough.

Paper Topics
ag paper topic hunter.doc (26 Kb)

Term Paper Topic - Intro to American Government

An outline for the paper will be faxed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Congress is working on a plan to privatize social security. An opinion poll asks a question to the American public: As you may know, the United States congress is voting soon on a bill that would privatize social security. Do you support this idea or not? Here are the poll results:




Yes, privatize social security: 65%

No, keep social security a government-run program: 25%

No Opinion: 10%




Senior citizens (people over 65 years old) are a small minority in the population of the United States (13%). They voice an overwhelming opinion that social security should not be privatized. Meanwhile, an overwhelming majority of people under 65 said that it should be privatized. Thus, we have here a minority opinion which is probably more interested in this subject and stronger in their opinions because most of them are currently receiving social security. You also have a majority opinion that is probably less interested because they will not be receiving social security until later in life.




Now lets say that the bill to privatize social security has been passed by congress. You are a second-term president of the United States in the final year of your presidency (so you dont have to face reelection, giving you complete freedom to make independent decisions). As president, you have the legal power to sign this bill into law as well as the power to veto the bill. What will you do?




For your paper, you should do the following:

Analyze the content of the poll results based on what weve discussed about public opinion and the modern technique of public opinion polling. How meaningful are these results?
As an analyst of democracy, decide whether you would base your decision largely on the poll, whether you would largely ignore the poll, or whether you would fall somewhere in the middle, and why.
For your answer on the second question, discuss what type of representation you are providing for your constituents on this issue as president. Are you a trustee representative, a delegate representative, or even something else? Based on your views on democracy, do you make a pluralist, republican, or elitist decision?
Discuss whether there any types of issues for which you would make the opposite decision. Why or why not?



On this policy issue, there are some very specific details that any president would have to take into consideration if she or he were to make a wise, independent decision for the long-term good of the country. But you should not focus on the specific real world consequences of privatization of social security. The issue here is democracy and public opinion. So focus your analysis on questions of majority rule vs. minority rule. Focus on the degree to which the people should have a say in policy-making (i.e. how democratic we should be based how competent the people are). Generally, who, if anyone, should have the most influence in the governing process?




key words and concepts you should consider: elitism, low-information rationality, democratic values, problems with public opinion polls, trustee, delegate, power, legitimacy, tyranny of the majority, tyranny of the minority, and others

There are faxes for this order.

Recovery Plan


Develop a comprehensive Recovery Plan for the scenario listed below.

Please note ALL of the Recovery Plan Scenarios listed below are hypothetical. No additional knowledge of the places named is required to complete the Recovery Plan. All of the information you need to create the Recovery Plan is contained within the hypothetical.

Biological Scenario: Biological attack in the US Congress
The US Congress consists of three Senate Office Buildings and three House Office Buildings, in addition to the Capital building. The Rayburn House Office Building has a large cafeteria, which primarily consists of a generous salad bar and a few food stations that offer hot items. This cafeteria is open to Members of Congress, Congressional staffers, and visitors, including lobbyists and constituents.

After the cafeteria has closed for the afternoon Capital Police receive a phone call informing them all food in the Rayburn cafeteria was tainted with clostridia, which is a major source of botulinum toxin.

Create a recovery plan based on this scenario, which is specific to a biological attack. Address all of the necessary criteria for the Recovery Plan as it relates to this biological scenario.

The Recovery Plan should contain the following criteria:

Explain the specific agent used in the attack and the effects of the agent on victims, and surrounding areas, if appropriate.

Explain symptoms victims will experience and display
Identify which government agencies (local, state, and federal) will need to be involved in the response to the terrorist attack.

Explain the appropriate role and responsibility for all agencies involved.

List communication methods between first responders and involved agencies; and identify necessary information that will need to be communicated to the public.

Explain the unique challenges first responders will face when responding to the attack.
Identify the proper Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) that will be needed when responding to the attack.

Explain how first responders should establish a perimeter and how large the containment effort should be.

Explain what sort of decontamination procedures and equipment will be necessary to treat victims.
Identify the appropriate decontamination stage for the attack, and explain initial decontamination considerations.

Explain the type of evidence first responders should be looking for, and how first responders can preserve any evidence.

Discuss the effect the attack will have on the area.

This paper must be a minimum of 12 pages (exclusive of APA title and reference pages).

Writing the Final Paper

The Final Paper:

Must be a minimum of 12 pages (exclusive of APA title and reference pages).
Must include a cover page that includes:
Title of paper
Student?s name
Course name and number
Instructor?s name
Date submitted
Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph.
Must use at least five professional resources, including a minimum of two from the Ashford Online Library.
Must use APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide to document all sources.
Must include, on the final page, a Reference Page that is completed according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide

Imagine you work for a particular health or health care-related interest group. You want to attract the attention of specific policymakers (legislators or regulatory bodies), or other health care leaders, that are key to changing some policy that will better your cause. Knowing that their time is valuable, and their attention spans are short, try to formulate a memo to catalyze action. You will find examples of concise policy memos within the websites of scores of interest groups. You must choose the format, which you feel is the most effective.

Students are to write a 3 page letter/statement (single-spaced) that could be used to influence a legislator/regulatory body or health system leader on a specific issue that would be of particular interest for your group.

The letter should:

Present a clear discussion of the scope of the issue/problem

Offer a concise history of the issue

Inform the legislator/regulator/health care leader why the issue/legislation/regulation is important to your particular interest group, or individuals/groups like yours

Clearly present the pros/cons of a policy swinging in a particular direction

Explain why a legislator/regulatory body/health care leader should respond in a specific manner. Specifically state why this issue should be important to them



SAMPLE PAPER

Ethical and Financial Issues Surrounding Medical Bankruptcies

Introduction

On October 20, 2009, the Senate Judiciary Administrative Oversight and the Courts Subcommittee held a hearing on medical bankruptcies, which illustrated two, different views on this issue. On the one hand, the Democrats and their supporters contended that the government needed to alter the bankruptcy regulations to make it easier for individuals with significant medical debt to file for Chapter 7 protection; this group also supported a bill that would allow these debtors to keep their homes. The conservatives countered by stating that any changes in these laws would increase consumer malfeasance and harm the economy. Both parties arguments were mediated by larger economic and social justice issues. My paper will explore this topic further by looking at recent literature and legislative initiatives surrounding this issue as well as by assaying the Judiciary Subcommittee hearing.

Literature Review

Most of the men and women, who participated in the Judiciary Subcommittee hearing, conflated issues confronting medical debtors in general with problems specific to the portion of that group which filed for bankruptcy protection. As a result, I will provide a brief analysis of some of the recent scholarly literature on these subjects in order to help readers better understand a few of the important themes which permeated the hearing.
Over the past few years, researchers have produced numerous, scholarly articles which deal with the issue of medical debt. Some of the most popular of these essays share several, key hypotheses. First, they argue that a large number of Americans, perhaps as many as 72 million people[have] problems with payment of medical bills, accrued debt, or both. Many of these individuals owe thousands of dollars in medical expenses. The writers go on to assert that the men and women who accrue these debts are, by and large, productive, responsible citizens rather than malcontents or slackers; these individuals run into financial difficulties as a result of economic or health issues that are beyond their control. Perhaps most importantly, the authors attempt to demonstrate that many of these people have trouble getting access to medical equipment or forgo seeking treatment for ailments due to their medical debts.
Researchers utilize the same arguments when discussing the portion of this debtor group that decides to file for bankruptcy. For instance, they contend that these people are, by and large, productive, responsible citizens. David Himmelstein, whose most recent essays were mentioned by several of the witnesses at the Judicial Committee hearing, adds to this discussion by asserting that medical debt accounted for 62.1% of all bankruptcies in 2007. Perhaps most importantly, he also contends that a large number of these people have difficulties finding jobs and paying their bills even after declaring bankruptcy. This fact might indicate that these people still have unresolved issues arising from their medical debt (or perhaps from chronic illnesses).
I was not able to find any recent, scholarly articles that adhere to opposite viewpoints with regards to individuals who have medical debt but are still solvent. However, I did locate essays that assert that most people do not declare bankruptcy to eliminate their unpaid medical bills. Rather, according to these authors, the vast majority of these men and women file for bankruptcy because they have amassed unrelated credit card debt or other non-medical expenses. While these researchers might have valid arguments, I do not delve into this topic in any depth in this paper.

Government Legislation

In 2005, the Republicans were still in control of the White House and the Congress; in April of that year, they managed to push through a key piece of bankruptcy legislation, the Bankruptcy Abuse, Prevention, and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. It represented a compromise between the various stakeholders; therefore, it did include some important sections on consumer protection and other issues important to liberals. At the same time, the legislation made it more difficult for people, including those individuals with medical debts, to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. The bill also forced these petitioners to receive debt management counseling before they could officially declare bankruptcy.
Perhaps in response to the 2005 act, the Democrats proposed three separate bills between 2008 and 2009, which aimed to, among other things, make it easier for medical debtors to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. The first of these legislative documents, proposed by a Democratic House member in early 2008, failed to make it out of committee. The liberals might be more successful with the next two bills they sponsored, as these documents are still being debated in their respective committees. The Senate bill, the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act of 2009, is the one discussed by the Judiciary Subcommittee. It mandates waiving the counseling requirement implemented by the 2005 act, and it also allows people to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy but still retain their home if it is valued at $250,000 or less. Additionally, the legislation makes it easier for these men and women to liquidate all of their debts via bankruptcy.

The Judicial Subcommittee Hearing

On October 20, 2009, [t]he Senate Judiciary Administrative Oversight and the Courts Subcommittee held a hearing on proposed legislation to change current U.S. bankruptcy laws to reduce the number of people filing for bankruptcy because of medical debt. Sheldon Whitehouse, a Democratic Senator from Rhode Island, chaired the conference. He was joined at this meeting by fellow Democratic Senators, Russell Feingold of Wisconsin and Al Franken of Minnesota. Jeff Sessions, a Senator from Alabama, was the only Republican congressman to attend the hearing. These individuals listened to testimony from two proponents of the bill, Elizabeth Edwards, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, and John Pottow, a law professor at the University of Michigan. The senators also heard from two people opposed to the legislation, Aparna Mathur, a research fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and Diana Furchtgott-Roth, a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a prior chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor. The senators also listened to testimony from Kerry Burns, who, along with her husband, had to file for medical bankruptcy due to her sons illness.

The chair started the conference with some opening statements; he then let each of the witnesses speak. After tht part was over, the senators took turns querying their guests. These individuals particular statements are not as important as the general themes that were espoused by the proponents and opponents of the legislation.
The Democrats and their supporters assert that a large percentage of people who file for bankruptcy do so in order to eliminate medical debts. They also contend that these individuals are, by and large, hardworking citizens who can no longer afford to pay for the hospital and doctor bills that they or their loved ones have incurred. Following on this hypothesis, the liberals advocate for waiving the counseling requirements for individuals who declare medical bankruptcy, as they claim it is both an unnecessary and humiliating process. The senators and their supporters use some of the same logic to support their calls for a waiver of the means test.
The Democratic senators and the other proponents of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act argue that the federal government should waive the means testing requirements for people filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy as a result of medical debts. The proponents of the bill also suggest allowing these individuals to keep up to $250,000 of equity in a house. They suggest these things in part because they believe that these Americans are generally hard working, responsible people who should not be punished for getting sick. They also point to figures linking medical debt and limited healthcare access and outcomes. In other words, they proclaim that sick individuals, who are filing for bankruptcy, will not be able to obtain quality healthcare if they have no equity or if they have to pay back a part of the debt via Chapter 13 adjudication.
The supporters of bankruptcy legislation utilized Kerry Burns testimony to help them provide listeners with an experiential example to support their hypotheses. She represented the hardworking, model citizen who had to file for bankruptcy because of the costs associated with her childs 13 month hospitalization. Her story succeeded in its goal of providing an emotional base for the otherwise dry, fact based testimony from Edwards, Pottow, and the Democratic senators.
The opponents of this legislation argued against changing the current laws for several reasons. First, they asserted that at least 80% of people who file for medical bankruptcy can enter a Chapter 7 plea. Second, they argued that some Americans will try to cheat the system if the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act passes. Finally, the opponents of the bill contended that healthcare costs will go up if everyone who files for medical bankruptcy is allowed to liquidate all of their debts instead of entering into Chapter 13.
The opponents of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act are not as successful in supporting their hypotheses for two, key reasons. First, their analysis of the situation is dichotomous; if most people with medical debt can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, why would it harm the economy to allow a few more people to do it. Second, one of their witnesses, Diana Furchgott-Roth, came to the meeting unprepared to discuss the issue of medical bankruptcies; rather, she focused all of her ire on the general issue of healthcare reform.

Reflections

The issues revolving around medical bankruptcies are complex. For one thing, it is difficult if not impossible at this time to assay how severe the problem is and what impacts the solutions, posited in the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act of 2009, will have on debtors as well as on the overall market. The opponents of this legislation might be correct when they state that the economy will suffer if the bill is enacted into law. On the other hand, it might increase productivity by improving the health outcomes for some of these individuals. At this time, I do not feel that researchers have enough data to make this decision. Nonetheless, I feel that the government should strongly consider implementing this legislation.
While it might be difficult to posit a solid utilitarian argument in support of the Medical Bankruptcy Fairness Act given the dearth of available information on outcomes, I still think America should pass the legislation. In the United States, we espouse notions of fairness and justice, which are based on meritocratic ideals. Inspired by this philosophical model, we often criticize individuals who do not earn a living. As an example, many Americans oppose steroid use by athletes because they believe that it gives them an unfair advantage on the playing field. However, if we want to remain true to these tenets, we should allow people to eliminate debts which they do not incur through any fault of their own.

Doty, Michelle M., Collins, Sara R., Rustgi, Sheila D., and Kriss L. Jennifer. Seeing Red: The Growing Burden of Medical Bills and Debt Faced by U.S. Families, Commonwealth Fund 1164, vol. 42 (August 2008): 1, Retrieved from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2008/Aug/Seeing%20Red%20%20The%20Growing%20Burden%20of%20Medical%20Bills%20and%20Debt%20Faced%20by%20U%20S%20%20Families/Doty_seeingred_1164_ib%20pdf.pdf
Also see Doty et al. 2, 3.
Also see Jha, Shweta, Study: More than 57 Million Americans Had Medical Debt in 2007. Commonwealth Fund, September 24, 2008. Retrieved from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Content/Newsletters/Washington-Health-Policy-in-Review/2008/Sep/Washington-Health-Policy-Week-in-Review---September-29--2008/Study--More-than-57-Million-Americans-Had-Medical-Debt-in-2007.aspx?view=print.
Also see Seifert, Robert W. and Rukavina, Mark, Bankruptcy is the Tip of a Medical-Debt Iceberg, Health Affairs 25(2): 89-90. Retrieved from: http://healthaff.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/w89.
Jha (2008).
Doty, 2,4; Seifert, 91.
Doty 3-4; Seifert, 91
Seifert, 89-90; Himmelstein, David U., Thorne, Deborah, and Warren, Elizabeth, Woolhandler, Steffie, Medical Bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: Results of a National Study, The American Journal of Medicine xx, x (2009): 3-5, Retrieved from: http://www.pnhp.org/new_bankruptcy_study/Bankruptcy-2009.pdf.
Himmelstein et. al, 1. Also see Himmelstein, David U., Warren, Elizabeth, Thorne, Deborah, and Woolhandler, Steffie, Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy, Health Affairs (web exclusive article): 63-64, Retrieved from: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff.w5.63v1.
Himmelstein et al., Illness and Injury, 68-69.
Bankruptcy and Medical Debt; Senate Committee Judiciary|Administrative Oversight and the Courts C-Span (October 2009) http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289547-1. Elizabeth Edwards and others espouse this argument.
Scott III, Robert H., Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005: How Credit Card Industrys Perseverance Paid Off, Journal of Economic Issues, XLI, No. 4 (December 2007): 951, Retrieved from:
http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~rscott/articles/Scott-JEI%20Bankruptcy.pdf.
Also See Dranova, David and Millenson, Michael L., Medical Bankruptcy: Myth Versus Fact, Health Affairs 25, vol. 2: 75. Retrieved from: http://healthaff.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/w74.
Govtrack.us website, Retrieved from: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billsearch.xpd. The information not taken from the Govtrack site is common knowledge.
C-span
Ibid; Scott III, 951; Himmelstein et al. 1.
C-span.


SAMPLE 2

On October 20, 2009 the Kaiser Family Foundation held a briefing and panel discussion on the Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Act. The CLASS Act, introduced for the first time in 2004 by Senator Edward Kennedy and included in the House and Senate Health Education Labor and Pensions (HELP) Committee health reform bills (S.1679 / H.R.3962), would create a national voluntary insurance program for individuals who are functionally impaired (Kaiser, 2009).

According to supporters of the provision, the daily cash benefit providd by the CLASS Act would allow individuals with functional impairments to remain in their homes and gain access to the long-term supports and services that would enable many of them to remain working members of their communities. And, because the CLASS Act is not a poverty-based model, it would allow individuals to retain their assets and stay off of Medicaid (Kaiser, 2009).

In 2005, approximately 10 million people in the United States needed long-term supports and services to help with activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing and toileting (Houser, 2007). Unfortunately, even though approximately two-thirds of Americans will need long-term care at some point in their lives, many hold misconceptions about disabled populations (Georgetown, 2003). For example, most Americans believe that only older individuals require long-term care when in fact about 40 percent are less than 65 years of age (Kaiser Health Poll, 2005).

Americans are also misinformed about the means by which most long-term services and supports are funded. Approximately 30 percent believe that private insurance will be a primary funding source for their long-term care needs and 13 percent believe Medicare or Medicaid will be a primary funding source (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007). Today, the Medicaid program is the primary funding source for long-term care expenditures (40 percent), followed by Medicare (23 percent), out-of-pocket expenditures (22 percent), and private insurance (9 percent) (Houser, 2007). Medicare??"which approximately 30 percent of individuals believe is the primary government source of funding for low-income individuals??"will only pay for long-term services and supports immediately following a stay in an acute care hospital (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007).

Many researchers and advocates for the elderly and the disabled argue that there are numerous problems with relying on Medicaid as the primary financing mechanism for long-term care. Because Medicaid has strict income eligibility requirements it requires individuals to spend down their assets to near poverty before they qualify for benefits (OBrien, 2004). And, because the Medicaid program is financed through a partnership between the federal and state governments, state Medicaid expenditures for the elderly and disabled are taking up increasingly large proportions of the state Medicaid budget, forcing states to limit provider payments and restrict benefits for the larger Medicaid population, to include low-income women and children. In response to budget pressures, many states have opted to limit Medicaid payments to long-term care providers (OBrien, 2004). Recent studies have shown that these low provider payments create access problems for beneficiaries and quality problems in nursing homes (OBrien, 2004). Finally, and importantly, federal and state Medicaid laws are structured such that individuals are often forced to receive care in an institutional setting, such as a nursing home, even when they would rather remain in their homes (OBrien, 2004).

The issue of major long-term care reform, much like the issue of larger health care reform, was last on the national stage in the early 1990s. In September of 1990, the US Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care??"the Pepper Commission??"issued a call for action that included reform of the long-term care system (Rockefeller, 1991). Unfortunately, like health reform, long-term care reform did not materialize. As noted above, however, the House and HELP Committee health reform bills currently include the CLASS Act (Thomas, S.1679 / H.R.3962). The Senate Finance Committee bill, which is expected to be merged with the HELP bill early next week, does not. The Senate Finance Committee bill does, however, include some important Medicaid reform provisions that will help reduce the institutional bias in Medicaid long-term care funding and will allow more people to receive long-term supports and services in their homes. The question remains as to whether or not the CLASS Act and the Medicaid provisions will be included in the final merged Senate health reform bill.

The Kaiser Family Foundation CLASS Act briefing appears to have been organized in an effort to elevate public awareness of the provision in the health reform bills and to mobilize public support for the provision in the merged Senate bill. The panel members included:

Judy Feder, Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress
Connie Garner, Policy Director for Disability and Special Populations for the late Senator Edward M. Kennedy
Paul N. Van de Water, Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Richard G. Frank, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation and Director the HHS office on Disability Aging and Long-Term Care Policy
Nora Super, Director of Federal Government Relations for Health and Long-Term Care at AARP
Larry Minnix, President and CEO of the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging
Marty Ford, Director of Legal Advocacy for The Arc and UCP Disability Policy Collaboration
Unfortunately, the panel did not include representatives in opposition to the CLASS Act, so in an effort to provide a balanced report, this memo will include some discussion of the opposing views reported in the press. The primary opposition to the CLASS Act is the private long-term care insurance industry. Although the CLASS Act is intended to work in conjunction with wrap around private insurance coverage, insurers are concerned that the program will produce the perception that long-term care insurance coverage is no longer needed. The private long-term care insurance industry has a continuing problem with market penetration; currently, only about 20 percent of Americans hold a long-term care insurance policy (Kaiser Health Poll, 2007).

Congressional opponents of the CLASS Act argue that the provision is not fiscally and actuarially sound; that it produces an unfunded mandate on employers who must administrate the payroll deductions; and that the benefit provided by the CLASS Act is not nearly enough to warrant the risk of establishing an entirely new federal entitlement program. Unfortunately, several of the Members of Congress who are opposed to the CLASS Act are powerful members of the Senate Finance Committee, making the chances of the provision in the final merged Senate bill far less likely. For example, Senator Kent Conrad was recently quoted in an Inside Health Policy article calling the CLASS Act a Ponzi scheme. In addition, seven fiscally conservative Senators, including Senators Blanche Lincoln and Ben Nelson, recently sent a letter to Senator Reid asking that the CLASS Act not be included in the final version of the Senate bill.

At the Kaiser briefing, each of the individuals on the panel offered his or her perspective on the need for the CLASS Act, as well as a rebuttal to the various reasons for opposition to the program. Most noted that the Congressional Budget Office estimates the CLASS Act will reduce the budget deficit by $74 billion over a ten-year period. Connie Garner also commented on an amendment to the CLASS Act made by Senator Gregg that would require the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to adjust premiums as necessary in order to ensure the program remains actuarially sound over a 75 year period. Richard Frank announced that his office has modeled the CLASS Act extensively and is entirely persuaded that reasonable premiums, solid participation rates, and financial solvency over the 75-year period can be maintained. Finally, the AARP and the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging ??" an association for small, non-profit nursing homes ??" announced their support for the program and asked that the audience call their Members of Congress to ask that the provision be included in the final Senate health reform bill (Kaiser, 2009).

In my professional life, Im working on a team of consultants hired by the National Councilon Aging to coordinate several disability and aging advocacy organizations with the common goal of making long-term care reform a part of overall health care reform. Weve been working on the project for several months and, although we were initially advocating for several long-term care bills, weve slowly whittled our request down to including the CLASS Act and the Senate Finance Committee Medicaid reform provisions in the final health reform bill. Personally, I believe the CLASS Act is a great first step toward helping individuals with disabilities finance long-term services and supports. I agree that the daily benefit of approximately $75 per day is small, but I believe the disability population needs a legislative foothold from which it can work to gain greater access to the supports and service for which it has been asking for some time. However, I am becoming increasingly skeptical about the chances of the CLASS Act in the final health reform bill given the opposition of key Senators on the Senate Finance Committee.








































References

Feder, J., Komisar, H.L. Niefeld,M. (2000). Long-Term Care in the United States: An
Overview. Health Affairs (May/June 2000): 42.

Georgetown University Long-Term Care Financing Project. (2003) Fact Sheet: Who needs
long-term care? Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: www.ltc.georgetown.edu.

Houser, A. (2007). Long-Term Care Fact Sheet. AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved
from the web on November 2, 2009 at: http://www.aarp.org/ppi.

Kaiser Family Foundation (2009). The Sleeper in Health Reform: Long-Term Care and the
CLASS Act briefing materials. Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: http://www.kff.org/healthreform/kcmu102009pkg.cfm.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005). Kaiser Health Poll Report: The Publics Views on Long-
Term Care. Retrieved from the web on November 2, 2009 at: www.kff.org/healthpollreport.

OBrien, E. Elias, R. (2004). Medicaid and Long-Term Care. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid
and the Uninsured.

Rockefeller, J. (1991). Call for Action: The Pepper Commissions Blueprint for Health Care
Reform. Journal of the American Medical Association. 265: 2507 ??" 2510.






There are faxes for this order.

Enron

[1] After viewing the "Corporate Crackdown: Enron" video, please discuss your reactions.

Link to the video:
http://onlinemba.uww.edu/media/fnbslw341toboyek/modules/mod14b/index.htm

Was there anything that shocked or surprised you? How might you, if you were a lawmaker, address what should have happened from a regulatory standpoint?

Since Enron was some time ago, do you have an opinion on the success or failure of the implementation of the laws in response to Enron? Will there ever be an environment when business can be efficiently regulated and the public protected?

[2]After discussing your reactions, please RESPONSE to other FOUR classmates' post (at least 3 sentences).

-----classmates' post-------
<1> Ji Woo Choi Jul 26, 2011 11:17 PM
Enron scandal
Since I am an accounting major, I have heard and learned about the Enron scandal. This scandal was so significant that the United States Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act a year after the Enron scandal shocked the world and created doubt about public company accounting. When I first heard about this, I was very shocked that such a huge company would involve in accounting fraud, which would create doubt on the stock market and other forms of investments as a whole. If I were a lawmaker, I would have suggested to enact regulatory laws on public accounting before this massive disaster occurred. However, the United States Congresss action in response to the Enron scandal was both responsive and appropriate.

I have learned in Accounting Systems course that the Sarbanes-Oxley was very successful and created the good and intricate accounting standard which the public companies must follow. In a near future, if not at this point, that there will be an environment when the business can be efficiently regulated and the investors protected. For example, in response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) was created. XBRL enables financial reporting both more timely and accurate. After Sarbanes-Oxley Act, I believe, the public accounting is already very transparent, which we can infer that it was successful.

<2> Diana Rakadzhieva Jul 27, 2011 8:32 PM
Reaction and SOX
It was interesting watching the video on the Enron scandal, and I enjoyed studying up on it some more. I had also learned about it in passing in various classes like accounting, but there always seems to be more to learn about it. My reaction was slightly shocked at all the people that were involved in so many different areas of the company. I was also surprised the founder died of a heart attack shortly, like two weeks I believe they said, after his sentence. It makes sense people feel justice was not served, but at the same time there is nothing you can do to change those circumstances. The other part of the video that caught my off guard was Jeffrey Skilling's speech. I could not believe when he said that he was sorry, but that he still did not think he did anything wrong! He onlyaided in several loopholes which hid massive debt and eventually led to the loss and bankruptcy of Enron.. crazy.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was put in place due to the Enron scandal and several other corporate and accounting mis-haps, has definitely been beneficial to the public. It provided a way for the public to trust companies again after losing so much money, and feeling misled with the Enron scandal especially. This act set in place rules and regulations that work to not mislead the public, keep accurate financial records, be more transparent with important financial information, and reduce fraud. It also created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board for greater government oversight. Personally, I think this was a very important and beneficial act to establish for America. It lays down fundamental guidelines and rules that are fair and not overbearing. These are rules that companies SHOULD follow to begin with, but it works to ensure them so the public can have confidence and trust back after the scandals that broke out in the 2000s with businesses. It also provides a means of just punishment for those who do not comply and follow the regulations put in place.It has shown to be successful simply with the reduction of the amount of corporate business scandals SOX was established.

I feel this was a good way to combat the uneasiness and anger that ensued after the Enron scandal. However, I do no think there will ever be a way to stop these problems with businesses completely, especially with all the new technology and options available. I feel people constantly have new ways and ideas to try and come up with loopholes to the law and systems in place.

<3> Diana Rakadzhieva Jul 27, 2011 9:47 PM
John Skilling
I recently read that his son, John Skilling, was found dead in his dorm room. It was said that he commited suicide and I wonder if his dad being in jail had anything to do with it. When interviewed in jail in 2008, Jeffrey Skilling said that his son, John, had not come to see him in jail because he could not accept the fact that his dad was in jail. So, this makes me think that maybe the wrongdoings of his dad were one of the reasons for John's suicide. I am wondering whether Jeffrey Skilling is still thinking that what he did was not wrong?

<4> Derek Blackmore Jul 28, 2011 9:37 AM
Reaction
It wasn't shocking, but the inability for these people to personally admit their guilt, even after being found guilty in court, was disgusting. You would think that coming clean at that point would lesses the stress and pressure. I really have to thin that some of these people are sick, as in a medical condition of some sort. Pathological and psychological issues could explain a lot in terms of how they are able to place themselves above the law.

It seems like so long ago that this was in the news, but major legislation like SOX does not come about on a regular basis. If you use the decreased number of cases in the news since SOX was adopted, then it seems that it has been effective. I think that there will always be a certain number of executives that break the rules. They will, and probably already have, found other more sophisticated ways to work the system. CEO's are under a great deal of pressure already, and allocating resources to SOX compliance only makes their job more difficult. I actually think that scaling back CEO salaries would help to decrease the pressure on them. They obviously want to make the big bucks like anyone would, but with high salaries come high expectations that are sometimes unrealistic. They likely sometimes feel that cheating is the only way to perform at a level that justifies their existence and satisfies shareholders. Although the federal government has begun to discuss the issue of CEO compensation, I doubt that there is a way for them to completely solve the issue entirely.

Required to write a paper focusing on a significant piece of ligislation passed by the United States Congress. A legislative act paper must consist of three parts: 1)a brief background of the event that led to the legislation; 2)a brief overview of the legistlation; 3) a detailed analysis of the significance this legislation has had on American society. Assignment must conform with the standard format for a term paper to include 1)proper citation of quoted materials 2)end or footnotes noting the source of the cited materials 3)a bibliography of at least five sources. The title page, end-note page and bibliography do not count as part of the 4 page body.
There are faxes for this order.

this is to be completed by TIGGYO (A. ART)
THIS IS THE LAST PART OF THE PAPER FROM ORDERS 39612 AND 38431
THIS IS THE LAST PART OF THE ASSIGNMENT I JUST NEED YOU COMPLETE THE PAPER FOLLOWING THE OUTLINE YOU DID IN THE PREVIOUS ORDER.
THE COMPLETE PAPER SHOULD BE ABOUT 20 PAGES TOTAL I HAVE SOME ABOUT 10 COMPLETE THAT WILL BE EMAILED.
THE FORMAT SHOULD BE A GOOD INTRO WITH A THE THESIS A 4 OR SO PAGE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL SECTIONCAN BE LONGER ITS UP TO YOU NOT MORE THAN 8 OR 9 THEN THE BODY FILLING OUT THE OUTLINE AND THEN A CONCLUSION. YOU CAN USE ENDNOTES OR FOOTNOTES
LET ME KNOW IF YOU NEED ANYTHING

Here is the source:

Influences of German Immigrants in Texas

In Texas we have many diverse people and we can be proud to celebrate and enjoy the differences in our heritage. However, how did we come to be so diverse? What did each different immigrant bring to our state? To be more specific what did German immigrants bring and why did they come to this state. What did the Germans give us or enrich us in? What made their presence so powerful?

In the 1800?s Germany was crowded with overpopulation. Many of the officials in Germany were looking for ways to deal with this ever growing problem. The solution came in the idea of settlement elsewhere in the world. The only problem was deciding where to send their fellow Germans. A young, new land loomed in the distance, discovered by Columbus, it is being sought by countries all over the world. Should the Germans send their people to America to colonize there? The answer is yes, but where in America?

J. Valentine Hecke solved this problem with his book: Reise dutch die Vereinigten Staaten vo Nord Amerika in den Jahren 1818 und 1819. J. Valentine Hecke had traveled through what was and is known as Texas. He saw a land full of political, commercial and agricultural possibilities. He urged the Prussian government to buy Texas from the Spanish government. Whither or not this worked is undeterminable there was nothing else found on Hecke and his attempt to colonize Texas.

Although during the mid 1800?s there were Germans presently in other parts of America, Texas seemed barren to German settlers. However various expeditions aided in the movement of German settlers to Texas:

- Louisiana Purchase: This gave way to a filibustering expedition mounted against Texas. Germans were in that group. They moved into Spanish held Texas.

- Gutierrez-Magee Expedition: This liberated Texas from Spain in 1812-1813 and established the Republic of the Westuf. Its green flag flying over San Antonio the capitol. There were several German soldiers in that army.

- The Long Expedition: Lead by Doctor James Long in 1891 this ill-fated expedition declared Texas?s independence, and set up a short lived republic in Nachadoches and La Bahia before being captured by the Spanish.

- Stephen F. Austin Land Grant: Many Germans were lead to Texas by Austins promise of a ?better? place to live and raise children.

This German immigrants and some already here took a big hand in the Texas Revolution. Although many had no idea what their English speaking neighbors where so worried about. Many laws and political ideas being issued had no bearing on Germans. However the tax to the Church of England did affect some immigrants who came to Texas for Religious Freedom.

Three German-Texans born to German immigrant parents in Spanish Missouri all left a hugh imprint on the revolution. They were Joseph and John Durst and Jacob Darst { Darst is the only of the three sons to keep the Germans spelling of the name}.

The Durst Brothers as they were called held high esteem in political offices and took great lengths to make sure Texas won the Revolution.

Joseph, the oldest of the Durst Brothers, was mayor of Nacogdoches in 1826 and a member in good standing of the Local Committee of Safety and Correspondence. He stayed active in politics until his death in 1843.

John Durst, the middle child of the Durst family, also resided in Nacogdoches. He was a prot?g? and heir of a very wealthy Peter Davenport. When Mr. Davenport died he left all of his properties to John making him one of the Texas?s wealthiest citizens. Operating from Davenport?s headquarters an old stone fort at Nacogdoches. John became very active in public affairs and was elected to the Coahulia y Tejas Legis- lature in 1835. He also rode a amazing horseback ride to East Texas and warned of Santa Anna?s plans to invade Texas. He learned of these plans in Monclova, the capital, and reached his destination in 12 ? days. He stayed there to command troops during the revolution. During the Indian Wars he also led troops.

Jacob Darst, the youngest of the brothers, was the only one to keep the original spelling of the family name. Jacob was in Gonzales at the on slat of Texas revolution. Jacob and two other men dug up a cannon buried by settlers after Mexican troops demanded its return. Jacob and the other men used it against the Mexican army. He went to the relief of the Alamo on March 1, 1863. He was killed there on March 7, 1836, just six days later.

Political influence of course did not stop with the Durst/Darst brothers. George Washington Smyth also climbed the political ladder, almost to the top. He, like the Durst brothers, also settled in Nacogdoches. He was a school teacher and later a surveyed, born the son of a German Millwright he gained a lot of influence as a public figure. He signed the Texas Declaration of Independence in 1836. Smyth also surveyed the line between Texas and the United States in 1839. He then served in the Congress of the Republic of Texas, commissioner of the General Land Office. Smyth also served on the United States Congress. George Washington Smyth died while serving as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1866.

Geoarge B Erath also belonged to that group of German political climbers George was a German youth when he left his native Austria to come to Texas. He was avoiding military service. He was well educated and in 1833 began working as a surveyor?s helper. He soon began to survey on his own and helped to map out many towns such as Waco, Caldwell, and Stephenville. Erath also served as a private at The Battle of San Jacinto and aided the Somerville expedition against Mier. Erath left the military to join the Texas Congress and swerved two years. He left the congress and the beginning of The Civil War to rejoin the military. Erath county which he explored and to which he brought ist first settlers in named for him.

One of the most colorful, personal interpretations of the Texas Revolution was first published in Germany by Hermann Ehrenberg. Hermann was only seventeen when he arrived in Texas and in just enough time to join in the fight at Bexar in 1835. Early in 1836 he was with Fannin?s ill-fated army at Goliad. When Fannin?s entire command was taken and condemned to death he and three of his German friends were spared and eventually released. He fled to Germany and began to edit his journal of The Texas Revolution. His book Texas und seine Revolution has since been published in many editions in both English and German.

German contributed to our wonderful state in many other ways than just politics and war. One such contribution still stands in downtown San Antonio today.

William Menger was a prosperous brewery owner in very famous and very historic San Antonio and had been since the mid-1840?s his ?brew? was so popular that they found he needed a place to house his customers during the night. So, in 1859 he built the Menger Hotel and added on to it during his following years of success it soon became one of the citites ?Hot Spots?. Military officers stationed in San Antonio praised the food and the bar. It is even said that Theodore Roosevelt did some of his most efficient recruiting for the Rough Riders while sitting at The Menger Bar.

Germans also enriched our artistic life as well. Many of the Germans who fled were very well educated and brought with them a love of not only art, but music, and the theatre.

Hermann Lungkwitz and Richard Petri were two well educated professional Germans in Texas. These two men were accomplished painters and also brother-in-laws. They settled their families in the Hill Country in 1852.They worked around New Braunfels and Fredericksburg producing wonderful paintings of Indians they met a beautiful Texas scenes. Their artworks are prized collectors items today.

Elisabet Ney brought her artistic touch to Texas in 1872. She was already a famous sculptress in Europe having done Wilhelm I, Garbalbi and Ludwig II to her list of credits. She was summoned to do statues of Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston for the Texas exhibit at The Worlds Fair in 1893. Copies of the two statues now stand in both the National Capital and the Texas State Capital. Her studio ?Formosa? as she called it, has been preserved as a museum by the Fine Arts Association.

William Langheim almost lost his chance for fame because of the Texas Revolution. Lucky for us he did not. Langheim was responsible for the development of stereopticon slides, one of the standard forms of parlour entertainment in the 1890?s. after his service to the military ended Langenheim settled in Philadelphia and experimented with new processes being developed at that time. His research greatly improved the crude stereopticon process for showing scenes in three dimension. He became one of the main creators for dual slides which soon could be seen in practically every parlour in the land.

German music greatly influenced today?s Latino music in big ways. If you put Tejano groups all together and asked what the one thing is that they all share, being Mexican would not be their answer. Their answer the accordion. The accordion is used by almost very Tejano band that comes to mind although not required for the music it adds a more spicy, fun attitude that wakes up the energy in the audience. The accordion was used by the German chamber music groups and brass ?oomph? bands. One specifically known as ?the Boys? for Austin.

Henry Greenwall is one of our brilliant Theatrical influences. He came to Galveston and opened a theatre in 1869. He served as a leading force in the theatre for forty years, producing shows in Galveston, Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Waco. Bringing hits from the American and British stages as well as classic German repertoire.

German Scientists today are even more advanced than our American College Graduates. It appears that even in the early days of America and Texas Germans were more advanced than we were. Although many of their ideas did not take off they certainly were the ground research for many of our breakthroughs.

Ferdinand Lindheimer fled Germany for political reasons. Being a trained botanist, Lindheimer, traveled all over Texas finding and cataloging our states vast plants and wildflowers. He dried them and shipped them to museums all over the world. He covered an area unexplored by scientists and discovered over 20 species of plants and had one genus of wildflowers named for him. He traveled for 15 years over the Coastal Plans, the Hill Country and other parts of Texas with his dogs and his botanical cart. Collecting specimens and sending them to George Gentlemann of the Missouri Botanical Gardens and to Asa Gray of Harvard University.

The problems surrounding the ideas of man-powered flight may have been solved before William and Wilbur. The man with the answer Jacob Freidrch Brodbeck. His design had a rudder, wings, and propellers and was powered with coil spring. He boasted in the summer of 1865 that he planned to build a full-scale airship. There is a story that says that Jacob build a full-scale airship. There is a story that says that Jacob built his airship and actually flew it in a pasture in San Antonio. According to old accounts the plane took off and soared to tree top height before crashing. His spring power unfortunately could not be rewound during flight. The ship was demolished and Brodbeck slightly injured this scared off backers and caused a fear of his ideas. It was not until the Wright brothers that had the ideas that actually took a long loved flight.

German good, to some it is the best they heave ever eaten, however some say it is tasteless. Yet, there was one German in Texas who experimented with a little more than German food.

William Gebhardt can be found in any corner grocery store or at least his chili powder can. Gebhardt?s chili powder is still a home town favorite. Making chili in the late 1890?s was hard almost impossible during certain parts of the year, yet it was still a popular dish. Gebhardt owned a small caf? in back of a Millers Saloon and soon found that our. He wanted to be able to serve the dish year round but, the chilies were only available one time a year. So, Gebhardt soon found a way to store the wonderful flavor of the chili by drying it and grinding it up this allowed you to make chili whenever you chose. So in 1894 he developed the first commercial chili powder and in 1896 he opened his first factory for production in San Antonio. He could make five cases a week. Eventually, he invented and patented 37 machines for his factory. In 1911 he expanded and put out the first canned chili con carne and tamales.

You can go up to almost any Texan and ask what they name of the most famous ranch in Texas is and they will probably say the King Ranch. Yet, what they won?t say is that ranch was started by an immigrant from Germany. That immigrant was Robert Justus Kleberg.

Robert a well-to-do lawyer left his native Westphalia in 1834, with many other immigrants and a majority of his outer family, who were all wealthy in their own right. They underwent numerous hardships and were shipwrecked off Galveston Island. Finally, they settled on a league 14 miles out of San Felipe. Cat Springs soon came up around them. Soon, Revolution broke out and Kleberg and his kinsmen gave a good show of themselves at the Battle of San Jacinto. The women drove the cattle while the men were away at war. After the war ended Kleberg became a part of The board of Land Commissioners for Austin County. He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Chief Justice. In 1847 he moved to DeWitt county and served as their Chief Justice in 1853 and 1855. He was a leading rancher until his death in 1888. The Famous King Ranch is owned and operated by his decedents stretching over 1,250,000 acres in Nueces, Kennedy, Kleberg, and Willacy counties.

German immigrants have influenced our lives in many ways. They helped us gain the freedom we share. They gave us beautiful things so look at the share. They gave us a look at their way of seeing things and helping us find our wings. We can thank them for some of our rich goods and the wonderful music we enjoy. The help they gave in settling our wonderful state. However the most influence that the German immigrants have is to show us how lucky we were to have our wonderful state. The state of Texas.

Bibliography





1. McGuire, James P. et al The German Texans Institute of Texan cultures; Univ. of Texas, 1970. (pamphlet)

2. Geue, Ethel H. & Chester W. A New Land Beckoned: German Immigration to Texas 1844-1847 Genealogical Publishing; Baltimore, 1982.

3. Geue, Ethel H. New Homes In a New Land; German Immigration To Texas 1847-1861 Genealogical Publishing; Baltimore, 1982.

4. Jordan, Terry G. German Seed In Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers In Nineteenth- Century Texas University of Texas Press, Austin, 1966.

5. Lich, Glen E. The German Texans Institute of Texan Cultures; University of Texas, 1981.

6. Furer, Howard B. The Germans in America 1607-1970 Oceana Publications. Inc. Dobbs Ferry New York, 1978, Etic Chronology Series #8.

7. Hagner Lilly M. Touring Texas Through the Eyes of An Artist Texian Press, Texas, 1967.

8. Tyler, Ron ed.The New Handbook of Texas. Lab-O. Vol 4. The Texas State Historical Press, Texas, 1996.

9. Leland, John. ?Born on the Border? Newsweek 23 Oct. 1995. 80-84.

Following the the below essay plan I have created, as well as the annotated bibliography completed by Academon writer ProfDiggers previously completed for me, please write a 3000 word essay on 'What effect does Internet censorship have upon freedom of expression?' (And examine the pros and cons of Internet censorship on freedom of expression). Please use the exact same sources as cited in the annotated bibliography below, as well as additional sources (up to 20) for this major essay. Please also include a full reference/bibliography list at the end of the essay and cite all sources throughout using Harvard style referencing (including page numbers, author, date of publication etc).


Section 1: Research Question

Essay Question: Examine the pros and cons of Internet censorship on freedom of expression.

Primary Question: What effect does Internet censorship have upon freedom of expression?

Secondary Questions:

Descriptive
1) What is Internet censorship?
2) What are the reasons for and against Internet censorship?
3) What are the side effects of internet censorship?

Analytical
4) How can internet censorship protect individuals?
5) How can Internet censorship limit individual freedoms?
6) Why would internet censorship be necessary or unnecessary in some situations?

Topic Words: Expression, Freedom, Censorship.

Directive Words: Examine.

Limiting Words: Internet, Expression.

Section 2: Annotated Bibliography

Kaul, V. 2012, The Pros and Cons of New Media and Media Freedom. Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism, Vol. 2, Issue 5.

In his research study, author-researcher Kaul discussed the implications of using Internet technology in launching what is called the new media, both in the context of journalistic/press freedom and freedom of expression of the civil society in general. More specifically, the author provided a comparison of the ?old? (traditional) versus ?new? (Internet/online) media, considering both as tools for freedom of expression, albeit the latter is more accessible. However, the article also discussed how the rise of the new media has not ?revolutionised? press freedom in some countries (namely, countries in South Asia and South Africa). What Kaul emphasised is the proliferation of new media as a replacement of old media, but without the expected improvement in press freedom. Instead, what occurred is a simple ?transplantation? of old media to new media, maintaining the limited freedom in expression of the press and the general public.

Merlis, S. 2005, Preserving the Internet Expression While Protecting our Children: Solutions Following Ashcroft v. ACLU, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, Vol. 4, Issue 1.

Merlis discussed in his analysis of the US Congress? failed attempts to pass the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) in the Supreme Court the issue of creating a balance between maintaining the freedom of expression online and at the same time, protecting children from pornographic content readily available on the Internet. COPA is the US Congress? solution to ensure and monitor the flow of information and content over the Internet, particularly when individuals aged under 18 years old are using the technology. However, the Congress has failed to pass the COPA in the Supreme Court because the latter considered COPA as too stringent, bordering on curbing an individual?s right to information and freedom of expression. Merlis supported the Supreme Court?s recommendation to use filtering software to be used by parents/adults to effectively monitor the information/content that their children are able to see and access when they are online.

Faris, R., S. Wang, and J. Palfrey 2008, Censorship 2.0, Innovations, Spring 2008.

Faris et al made a compelling argument about the rapid proliferation of online-related content and exponential growth of Internet, both as a social community and a new form of economy. In discussing these benefits of the Internet, the authors also explored the ramifications of freedom to expression and information to society in general. At present, there is a need for governments to keep up with this exponential growth of the Internet. Further, there has been no evidence providing a clear distinction whether or not content and information from the Internet indeed contributes to ?knowledge accumulation and economic growth.? As a response to governments? belated response to regulating online content to protect specific groups in civil society and in the community of online users, governments have explored engaging in ?public-private transnational form of filtering.? It is through this initiative that a balance between freedom of expression and government protectionism and regulation of detrimental online content can be achieved, according to the authors.

Hom, S., A. Tai, and G. Nichols 2004, The Rise of the Internet and Advancing Human Rights, China Rights Forum, No. 3.

The rise of the Internet as an influential and central source of information globally has even permeated countries such as China, wherein Internet content is highly regulated by the government. In the analysis conducted by Hom et al, the authors acknowledged that the Internet technology has spurred governments like the Chinese government to take radical actions to censor online content in the country, while at the same time, other countries, including developed ones in the North American and European regions, are confronting issues of ?global governance? online. Thus, while the authors call for ?relaxed control? of the Chinese government of online content as a form of recognising human rights (the right to freedom of expression and right to information), they also recognise the need for governance of online content across all countries in the world taking advantage of and benefiting from Internet technology.

Karhula, P. 2011, What is the effect of WikiLeaks for freedom of information?, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).

Karhula centered his discussion on the issue of WikiLeaks as a case for analyzing freedom of expression and right to information using the online platform. In discussing the specifics of the WikiLeaks incident, Karhula argued that the WikiLeaks case is compelling in that it begs the question of whether information leakage about government conspiracies, inappropriate conduct, and even corruption would be best ?leaked? or accessed through a public, online forum. The author questions if the WikiLeaks case actually contributes to the ?kind of transparency which would support democracy and civil society.? It is possible that while it gave online users the information it needed about specific political and economic issues of the world, it could also pose as a propaganda mechanism that seeks to discredit governments and public officials from various governments all over the world. At present, the WikiLeaks case remains a compelling case for governments and civil societies to scrutinise and rethink about the way information is regulated and proliferated online.

Section 3: Essay Plan

Essay question: What are the pros and cons of Internet censorship on freedom of expression?

I. INTRODUCTION

Aim / purpose: To examine the effect Internet censorship has upon freedom of expression and to argue both the pros and cons of this.

Specify limits / scope: Limited by definitions of expression, scope of research available, personal views or bias, conflicting viewpoints/arguments may not all be considered.

Key points for discussion:
? Brief history of censorship in old and new media and discuss limitations on freedom of expression
? Discuss where concept of freedom of expression stems from

Summary of Essay argument: Freedom of expression is a basic human right but does this give us the right to impinge upon others personal privacy? When does the public?s right to know exceed the right to privacy of individuals/organisations and what examples can we use to see where this has worked and where it may not have worked and what are the moral implications of each decision made.

II. BODY (your key paragraphs/sections within your essay)
Point 1
Topic Sentence:
? Discuss pros of freedom of expression in online context

Summary of supporting argument:
? The pros demonstrate that there are many cases when the public or individual have a right to know as it has a direct impact upon their quality of education, understanding and interaction with the world.

Point 2
Topic Sentence:
? Discuss cons of freedom of expression in online context

Summary of supporting argument:
? The cons demonstrate that there are examples where without internet censorship, lives can be endangered, damaging messages can be spread and unlawful behaviour can be encouraged, putting the individual and society at risk.

Point 3
Topic Sentence:
? Discuss affects both pros and cons of internet censorship have had upon freedom of expression

III. CONCLUSION

Restate main points. Make any allusions to further research / direction of topic:
? Summarise all points made
? Conclude with potential moral and ethical dilemmas regarding internet censorship and freedom of expression.
? Briefly discuss current climate of Internet Censorship and posit a few hypothesis on the potential climate surrounding current and foreseen issues into the future.

The study of the Terri Schiavo case is important in pointing out the ethical issues involved; how certain court decisions, including the intervention of the United States Congress, can influence state legislation, which may possibly deny patients their right to self-determination, including the right to refuse care, and the right to die.

You are to review the case of Terri Schiavo and include the following in your paper.
a. The ethical importance of the case, and its impact on future practice.
b. The legal ramifications
c. The ethical principles violated, if any
d. The impact on the standards of practice
e. At least four references from scholarly journals in the University of
There are volumes of information written regarding ethics, and how ethical decisions should be made. The Terri Schiavo case brought to world attention the aspects of a once viable and productive young woman, who was suddenly diagnosed as being in persistent vegetative state. She had suffered a cardiac arrest on February 25, 1990. This had devastating effects on her entire family. For a short period of time, her husband and parents agreed to the treatment Terri was receiving and was to receive. This ended abruptly, with different reasons given by each side of the issue, and Terri?s life found its way into the courts and into the media. This case saw a minimum of 72 different court rulings, and propelled a state legislature and even the United States Congress to propose and pass legislation that could have had serious affects on several ethical issues involved.
AT LEAST FOUR REFERENCES FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

Please have this Writers

Reading Assignment:
KSSR:
Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence 220
The Constitution of the United States of America 236
The Bill of Rights 244 [Note: The Bill of Rights consists only of Amendments 1-X.]
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay: The Federalist Papers: Federalist 9, Federalist 10, Federalist 51, and Federalist 57 223, 227, 230, 233
White: Democracy 368
West: The Founders Embrace of Both Rights and Duties 592

Writing Assignment 7.1:

Scenario: The United States Congress passes a law stating that no person can legally be married to more than one person at a time. In other words, this new federal law prohibits polygamy and polyandry (any resemblance to actual law is purely coincidental). Five states (Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and California) defy this new federal law by passing laws allowing both polygamy and polyandry. These new state laws are challenged in Federal District Court, are determined to be unconstitutional, and are declared null and void.

The states appeal the decision of the District Court to the United States Supreme Court, arguing that the federal law was a clear violation of Amendment 10 to the Constitution, which reads, The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. The states argue that the regulation and definition of marriage are clearly not powers delegated to the United States; nor are they prohibited to the States. They further argue that this is an infringement of the rights of individual citizens, as the Federal Government has no business telling people who they can and should be married to and how many marital partners a person might have. The Supreme Court, however, supports the District Court ruling, basing its decision on the general Welfare clause of Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution.

The five states openly defy the Supreme Court ruling, allowing their courts to grant marriage licenses to multiple-partner unions. The President gives a cease and desist order to the States, which is ignored. Tens of thousands of marriage licenses are granted to polygamous and polyandrous partners. The President sends federal troops into each of the five states to seize the courthouses and their records and to prohibit the granting of any further marriage licenses to polygamous and polyandrous partners.

The five states assert that the Federal Government has violated its own Constitution, has imposed its will upon the States, has suppressed the rights of the citizens of those states, and has returned them to a Lockean state of nature (outside of recognized civil and political society), and thus, they declare themselves a new nation, independent of the social, political, and legal authority of the United States. They begin to create their own militias and armies to protect their borders.

To prevent the secession of these states, Congress declares war on them and the President orders the Joint Chiefs to send troops in to secure the statehouses, courthouses, militia headquarters, and troop training grounds, and to restore the rule of law.

WRITE A 1,000-WORD MINIMUM ESSAY IN WHICH, USING IDEAS FROM THIS WEEK'S READINGS, YOU ARGUE FOR THE RELATIVELY GREATER CORRECTNESS AND LEGITIMACY OF THE ACTIONS OF EITHER THE FIVE STATES OR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. [Note: Neither the federal government nor the five states are completely constitutionally correct in their ideas or behavior.] BE SURE TO GIVE YOUR CRITICAL THINKING OPINION OF THE IDEAS YOU BRING IN FROM THE READINGS.


There are faxes for this order.

Forum 1 posting requirements
National health goals focus on changes related to various major behavioral risk factors. The Institute of Medicine (2000) states that it is unreasonable to expect people to change unhealthy behaviors easily when social, cultural, and physical forces in the environment conspire against such change. Refer to Chapter 7 of your text and use the Population-Based Intervention Model (McKinley, 1995) to describe how nurse educators may be involved in downstream, midstream, and upstream changes to create positive health outcomes related to one of the following behavioral risk factors:
Obesity
(Other choices are: Unsafe sexual practices, Use of mobile devices while driving, Risky drinking or substance abuse, Tobacco use, Sedentary lifestyle)

Chapter 7 Book Reference:
Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (2011). Health care delivery in the United States (10th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.


Reference web sites to use:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/8/326

http://www.kaiseredu.org/Tutorials-and-Presentations/Role-of-States-in-Health-Policy.aspx

http://www.kaiseredu.org/Tutorials-and-Presentations/US-Congress-and-Health-Policy.aspx

http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v11/n5/full/oby200392a.html

http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/stateprograms/resources.html


This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9838.html
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9838.html
We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately.
Health and Behavior: The Interplay of Biological,
Behavioral, and Societal Influences

Please limit your initial posting to 500 words or less and subsequent postings to 250 words or less
The Subsequent 250 word or less response to the following posting:
Mom, why am I so fat?? This question leads Georgia?s billboard campaign on childhood obesity. It is a controversial effort to join the national effort to impact health behavior change. The campaign supports the position of the Institute of Medicine by targeting social, cultural and physical forces. African-American and Hispanic children are the high risk population in which the billboard campaign reflects. The terms, ?big-bone? or ?chunky? are clearly highlighted as a health hazard. The anti-campaign movement, Obesity Action Coalition has raised some concerns regarding the potential stigma associated with this campaign (Puhl, 2011). Regardless of your position, this is clearly an attempt to minimize one of the leading health indicators of Health People 2010.
Nurse educators with clinical rotations in various settings; family practice, pediatric hospitals, school or juvenile based clinics may be directly involved with such efforts. Georgia?s billboard campaign, including its Strong4Life Facebook page is an upstream intervention. Nurse educators could support and incorporate this media launch into their conversations with their patients, families and nursing students. However, as recommended by McKiney?s Population-Based Intervention Model this approach alone is insufficient for behavior change (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). A midstream intervention that could impact obesity is an incentive to increase school physical activity. Nurse educators? have the ability to demonstrate the need and implement this behavior change during school hours. This type of activity has been demonstrated by our first lady, Michele Obama with her ?Let?s Move? campaign. A community health rotation with nursing students may provide the initial launch and develop a care plan. The nurse educator begins with a small group of obese children with comorbidities. Lastly, downstream intervention involves a program to identify children and parents who understands their behavioral risk. Once identified or after contemplation, the nurse educator assist with preparation, action and maintenance from the stage-of-change model (Kovner, & Knickman, 2010). Again, this is an excellent opportunity for nursing students to participate and become part of the process of behavior change in their community rotation.
National health goals are inspiring, however the interventions that nurse educators provide are individualized to usher a patient toward their behavior change. Nursing care plans maintain the formality of a nursing diagnosis, intervention, evaluation and goal. The success of a goal is determined with the patient?s agreement in order to meet a health or behavior change. Nurse educators can prepare their patients and future nurses for positive health outcomes.
References
Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (2011). Health care delivery in the united states (10th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Puhl, R. (2011, March 1). Sizable issues [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://boards.medscape.com/[email protected]@.2a078ef6!comment=1

Choose one of the 16 current issues below, and write brief papers (1400-2000 words) on them. You may use Internet sources in your research, but you MUST provide a complete citation of sources to receive credit.

1. Is google getting too big? See this very recent New York Times article (and see if you can find other sources on the issue) and comment.

2. Examine the problem of bullying and vigilantism on the Internet. Discuss the interaction between this serious problem and the legal and constitutional protection of privacy (on the one hand) and free speech (on the other).

3. Examine the problem of "malware". How serious do you think it is? Can it be regulated?

4. What is a "botnet"? Describe the concept and its effect on the Internet.

5. Discuss "phishing" and other Internet-based devices for identity theft. The Federal Trade Commission (www.ftc.gov) has an especially good site on this subject.

6. Examine 5 commercial web sites and evaluate their privacy policies using the criteria from the Online Privacy Alliance. www.privacyalliance.org

7. Find articles online that express different perspectives on content labeling (see the ACLU web site, www.cdt.org, Anti-defamation League; You can also search using RSAC (Recreational Software Advisory Council) and ICRA (Internet Content Rating Association. Write a brief paper that lists the pros and cons of content labeling.

8. Find out what ICANN is, and find articles that are for and against ICANN - write a brief paper that lists the strengths and weaknesses of ICANN. What alternatives do people suggest to replace ICANN?

9. Find articles about Matt Drudge and the Drudge Report. Write a brief paper describing how others view what he does online.

10. Examine and discuss Facebook's privacy policies.

11. Look up the "One Laptop per Child" project. Describe it and what experts are saying about it. Do you think it is effective?

12. Go to the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) web site and look at the information they have on privacy legislation. Do a brief summary of the current state of privacy legislation here and abroad.

13. Compare the positions of EPIC and OPA on privacy legislation. (See www.epic.org, www.privacyalliance.org) What is your opinion about what the US should do?

14. Go to the World Intellectual Property Organization (www.wipo.org) web site and write a brief summary of the status of worldwide cooperation on intellectual property issues, especially as it relates to digital media.

15. Go to the ICRA web site (www.icra.org) to view the set of common vocabulary terms they now use for content labeling. What is your assessment of the items they have selected to be used by parents to filter Internet content for young children? What is your opinion about this type of filtering?

16. Go to the GovernmentOnline project website to view the web sites of members of the US Congress. At that site they provide a way to evaluate the usefulness of congressional websites based on a set of criteria. Using the evaluations, select 5 congressional websites and briefly describe how well the websites meet the criteria.

Question: Consider the following observations:
At the meeting of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Cancun in 2003, talks aimed
at further liberalization of international trade broke down due to sharp differences of
opinion. Talks were suspended at the WTO meeting in Geneva in 2006.
Meetings of the WTO and other international institutions are now regularly met with
protests in the streets by groups from both rich and poor countries.
Trade politics in the United States have become increasingly polarized and partisan. For
example, when the House of Representatives voted in 2002 to give President Bush ?fast
track? authority, 88 percent of Republicans voted in favor, while 88 percent of Democrats
voted against. Fast track lapsed in 2007 without renewal by Congress.

What factor or factors explain these observations? What are the sources of the opposition to
globalization evident in the streets and in US Congress? Why is the level of discord in
international trade negotiations in the last decade so much higher than in previous decades?

No matter how you answer this question, your discussion should at least include the following
points:

1. What would each theory (i.e. realism, liberalism, and domestic politics) explain the
observation that the negotiations of Doha Round fell apart in Cancun, underscoring the
current tensions in the world trading system?

2. Economists argue that free trade is good for every state for all the time, referring to the
concept of comparative advantage. What is comparative advantage and how do economists
draw the conclusion that free trade is good for every state for all the time? On the other
hand, political scientists argue that states will not embrace free trade all of the time and that
international trading system will be open only under particular conditions. What is the
reason for this discrepancy of the views between economists and political scientists? To
what extent is the openness of the world trading system best explained by international vs.
domestic factors, according to Krasner and Milner?

3. Is globalization good or bad for poor countries? To answer this question, Frank and
Dollar/Kray have different views. In addition to Frank, Friedman, Stiglitz/Charlton, and
Kapur all agree that there are costs associated with the phenomenon of globalizationthe
costs that have generated a backlash in many parts of the world. Moreover, is globalization
good or bad for workers in poor countries? Krugman and Ross/Chan have different views.
What do you think about these questions?

4. To support your argument, feel free to refer to the documentary film, ?Mardi Gras: Made in
China.?
There are faxes for this order.

Read Primary Resources from Chapter 33. Below is an article for primary resources from Chapter 33. Then go back over the primary sources since 1898 that emphasize foreign relations or military actions.


George Bush, Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf (1991)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Just 2 hours ago, allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. These attacks continue as I speak. Ground forces are not engaged.

This conflict started August 2d when the dictator of Iraq invaded a small and helpless neighbor. Kuwait--a member of the Arab League and a member of the United Nations--was crushed; its people, brutalized. Five months ago, Saddam Hussein [President of Iraq] Saddam Hussein started this cruel war against Kuwait. Tonight, the battle has been joined.

This military action, taken in accord with United Nations resolutions and with the consent of the Untied States Congress, follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic activity on the part of the United Nations, the United States, and many, many other countries. Arab leaders sought what became known as an Arab solution, only to conclude that Saddam Hussein was unwilling to leave Kuwait. Others traveled to Baghdad in a variety of efforts to restore peace and justice. Our Secretary of State, James Baker, held an historic meeting in Geneva, only to be totally rebuffed. This past weekend, in a last-ditch effort, the Secretary-General of the United Nations went to the Middle East with peace in his heart--his second such mission. And he came back from Baghdad with no progress at all in getting Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait.

Now the twenty-eight countries with forces in the Gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts to reach a peaceful resolution--have no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force. We will not fail.

As I report to you, air attacks are underway against military targets in Iraq. We are determined to knock out Saddam Hussein's nuclear-bomb potential. We will also destroy his chemical-weapons facilities. Much of Saddam's artillery and tanks will be destroyed. Our operations are designed to best protect the lives of all the coalition forces by targeting Saddam's vast military arsenal. Initial reports from General Schwarzkopf are that our operations are proceeding according to plan.

Our objectives are clear: Saddam Hussein's forces will leave Kuwait. The legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its rightful place, and Kuwait will once again be free. Iraq will eventually comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions, and then, when peace is restored, it is our hope that Iraq will live as a peaceful and cooperative member of the family of nations, thus enhancing the security and stability of the Gulf.

Some may ask: Why act now? Why not wait? The answer is clear: The world could wait no longer. Sanctions, though having some effect, showed no signs of accomplishing their objective. Sanctions were tried for well over five months, and we and our allies concluded that sanctions alone would not force Saddam from Kuwait.

While the world waited, Saddam Hussein systematically raped, pillaged, and plundered a tiny nation, no threat to his own. He subjected the people of Kuwait to unspeakable atrocities--and among those maimed and murdered, innocent children.

While the world waited, Saddam sought to add to the chemical weapons arsenal he now possesses, and infinitely more dangerous weapon of mass destruction--a nuclear weapon. And while the world waited, while the world talked peace and withdrawal, Saddam Hussein dug in and moved massive forces into Kuwait.

While the world waited, while Saddam stalled, more damage was being done to the fragile economies of the Third World, emerging democracies of Eastern Europe, to the entire world, including to our own economy.

The United States, together with the United Nations, exhausted every means at our disposal to bring this crisis to a peaceful end. However, Saddam clearly felt that by stalling and threatening and defying the United Nations, he could weaken the forces arrayed against him.

While the world waited, Saddam Hussein met every overture of peace with open contempt. While the world prayed for peace, Saddam prepared for war.

I had hoped that when the United States Congress, in historic debate, took its resolute action, Saddam would realize the could not prevail and would move out of Kuwait in accord with the United Nation resolutions. He did not do that. Instead, he remained intransigent, certain that time was on his side.

Saddam was warned over and over again to comply with the will of the United Nations: Leave Kuwait, or be driven out. Saddam has arrogantly rejected all warnings. Instead, he tried to make this a dispute between Iraq and the United States of America.

Well, he failed. tonight, twenty-eight nations--countries from five continents, Europe and Asia, Africa, and the Arab League--have forces in the Gulf area standing shoulder to shoulder against Saddam Hussein. These countries had hoped the use of force could be avoided. Regrettably, we now believe that only force will make him leave.

Prior to ordering our forces into battle, I instructed our military commanders to take every necessary step to prevail as quickly as possible, and with the greatest degree of protection possible for American and allied service men and women. I've told the American people before that this will not be another Vietnam, and I repeat this here tonight. Our troops will have the best possible support in the entire world, and they will not be asked to fight with one hand tied behind their back. I'm hopeful that this fighting will not go on for long and that casualties will be held to an absolute minimum.

This is an historic moment. We have in this past year made great progress in ending the long era of conflict and cold war. We have before us the opportunity to forge for ourselves and for future generations a new world order--a world where the rule of law, not the law of the jungle, governs the conduct of nations. When we are successful--and we will be--we have a real chance at this new world order, an order in which a credible United Nations can use its peacekeeping role to fulfill the promise and vision of the U.N.'s founders.

We have no argument with the people of Iraq. Indeed, for the innocents caught in this conflict, I pray for their safety. Our goal is not the conquest of Iraq. It is the liberation of Kuwait. It is my hope that somehow the Iraqi people can, even now, convince their dictator that he must lay down his arms, leave Kuwait and let Iraq itself rejoin the family of peace-loving nations.

Thomas Paine wrote many years ago: "These are the times that try men's souls." Those well-known words are so very true today. But even as planes of the multinational forces attack Iraq, I prefer to think of peace, not war. I am convinced not only that we will prevail but that out of the horror of combat will come the recognition that no nation can stand against a world united. No nation will be permitted to brutally assault its neighbor.

No president can easily commit our sons and daughters to war. They are the Nation's finest. Ours is an all-volunteer force, magnificently trained, highly motivated. The troops know why they're there. And listen to what they say, for they've said it better than any President or Prime Minister ever could.

Listen to Hollywood Huddleston, marine lance corporal. He says, "Let's free these people, so we can go home and be free again." And he's right. The terrible crimes and tortures committed by Saddam's henchmen against the innocent people of Kuwait are an affront to mankind and a challenge to the freedom of all.

Listen to one of our great officers out there, Marine Lieutenant General Walter Boomer. He said: "There are things worth fighting for. A world in which brutality and lawlessness are allowed to go unchecked isn't the kind of world we're going to want to live in."

Listen to Master Sergeant J. P. Kendall of the 82d Airborne: "We're here for more than just the price of a gallon of gas. What we're doing is going to chart the future of the world for the next 100 years. It's better to deal with this guy now than five years from now."

And finally, we should all sit up and listen to Jackie Jones, an army lieutenant, when she says, "If we let him get away with this, who knows what's going to be next?"

I have called upon Hollywood and Walter and J. P. and Jackie and all their courageous comrades-in-arms to do what must be done. Tonight, America and the world are deeply grateful to them and to their families. And let me say to everyone listening or watching tonight: When the troops we've sent in finish their work, I am determined to bring them home as soon as possible.

Tonight, as our forces fight, they and their families are in our prayers. May God bless each and every one of them, and the coalition forces at our side in the Gulf, and may He continue to bless our nation, the United States of America.



Below are questions that need to be answered in the research paper.

How does Bush's justifications for action and his vision of the world political order measure up to previous justifications and visions?
How consistent have the ideas (not necessarily the actions) of American foreign policy been throughout the twentieth century? And was the Gulf War a sign of the New World Order after the fall of Communism or a continuation of old, but valid, ideas?

Write a brief paper (500-800 words) that summarizes the discussion of the above topic.

Instructions- Please make this custom/original - Thesis should not be a quote

Stereotypes are made up of generalizations that often have some kernel of truth in them but certainly don't apply to all in the group. choose one of the following topics and write an argument as indicated:

DO NOT WRITE ABOUT STEREOTYPING IN GENERAL OR WRITE ABOUT SEVERAL DIFFERENT STEREOTYPES YOU HAVE EXPERIENCED. CHOOSE ONE SPECIFIC STEREOTYPE, AND INDICATE THAT IN YOUR THESIS.

1. Examine a well known stereotype about a group you belonged to, such as your religion, ethnic group, profession, home town, sex (or sexual preference), age, hair color, and so on. For example, if you are Asian, you might want to explore the causes for the belief that "All Asians are good in math and science." If you are Black, you might want to write about the belief that "Black people are good in sports." If you are a teenager, why do people feel that you are irresponsible and impulsive? If you are gay, what are the perceptions that people have that are unfair? Why do these stereotypes persist? What can be done to change them?

2. If you are not originally from the United States, discuss a stereotype from your nationality about people from a certain region, profession, or group of some kind and explore where that belief came from.

LENGTH: Minimum five paragraphs of five sentence minimum each. Word count: 1000-1200.

Examples of Stereotypes Paper
EXAMPLES
An Image To Be Proud Of: Karen Ibbitson
Mention the folks of the North of England to any Englishman, Irishman, Scotsman, or Welshman and immediately a visual image will present itself in their minds. True grit. Stoicism and determination in the face of overwhelming odds. Simple, unsophisticated people, molded and shaped by the harshness of a life fashioned over the centuries, a life that has not changed much at all over the generations of time. Authors such Charles Dickens, the Bronte sisters, Mary Stewart, and Catherine Cookson have been inspired to write about the fates and fortunes of the northern classes. The veterinarian James Herriott made his readers laugh and cry with his stories of life in the northern countryside, and lately even the film industry has brought the raw emotion of northern life home to us in films such as The Full Monty and Billy Elliot. Unassuming northerners cannot understand this sudden surge in popularity. They have always been stereotyped as blue collar and working class. They have been coal miners, ship builders, fishermen, mill workers, and farmers for as long as anyone can remember. They could be considered simple, unsophisticated folk, nothing special. They are not ashamed of what they are yet they give the impression that they are somewhat apologetic. This stereotypical image of the northern native as a down-to-earth, lower class, lower educated, blue-collar worker that has persisted for so many years is evolving, however. These labels may still hold more than a grain of truth, but the northern man and woman emerging today is educated, professional, and is breaking out of the stereotypical mold, while being proud of the northern heritage and traditions.
One is led to ask the question, "What is it that made the people from the north of England the way they are? Centuries ago, the Vikings descended upon the northeast coast of England in their long boats. Later, a longstanding feud with "those marauding Scots" to the north and the advance of the Roman Empire threatened the land that northern folk had known for so long. External difficulties were not the only factors that strengthened the northern character and resolve. Up until the last hundred years or so, members of the British aristocracy owned the mines, shipyards, and textile mills in which the northerners toiled for extremely long hours and with little pay. Children were put down the mine at the age of nine, or sent to work "up at the big house" as a "boot boy" or "scullery maid". What little schooling they did receive did not get them very far. They usually followed in the footsteps of their parents, and families were so big that every child had to work to help feed the family. Add to this the harsh climate that existed on the windswept moors of northern England, and one can see that the northern people were made "from sturdy stock". With the rise of the trade union within the last century, however, northern workers were able to campaign and negotiate for better working conditions and pay. The dynasties of the aristocracy faded out, and child labor laws were passed, along with laws to provide the underprivileged with "public assistance". Education and medical care became more available to all social classes, and today the Geordies could hold their own against any other sector of British society. Despite all this, the northern stereotype of the hard-working, manual laborer still persists.
A stereotype can be defined as a "set image". When applied to people, it refers to forming an instant or fixed picture. Stereotypical images are mostly negative, sometimes positive, and almost always contain a kernel of truth. The recent movie, Billy Elliot , was a particularly moving and poignant reminder of the violent struggles during the miners' strike in the 1970s. The film's director, Stephen Daldry, steers clear of any glitz and romance and juxtaposes Billy's struggle with hardship and following his passion for dance. Let's make one thing perfectly clear. Northern men do not dance! If they do dance, it most certainly is not ballet! More importantly, miners' sons do not grow up to be ballet dancers, and yet that is what this film is about. It is about a tough little kid who is sent to boxing lessons, stumbles upon a ballet class, and discovers his true vocation. His single parent father, who has obviously been through the " school of hard knocks ", finally comes around to the idea, and risks breaching the miners' picket line and being labeled a " scab ", just to send his son to ballet school. This story is about defying the northern male stereotype and daring to be different. At the end of the film we see Billy as an adult. As he is just about to make his stage entrance to play the leading male role in Swan Lake , he discards a white, silk robe, as a boxer would before entering the ring. As he soars across the stage, his burly father cries tears of happiness and pride, even though all northern boys are told growing up, that "big boys don't cry". In a recent interview with British Airways Inflight magazine, fourteen-year-old actor Jaimie Bell who played the part of Billy Elliot, described his experience. Jaimie is a northeasterner, and he said that when he first started to dance, his friends told him to "stop poncing about". He said, "they wanted to keep me just like they were". Of course, Jaimie is proud of his achievement and has broken away from the stereotypical northern teenager image.
In another northern film, The Full Monty, we are introduced to six out-of-work Sheffield steel workers, one of whom is desperate to earn some money in order to pay child support. After hearing about an American group called "The Chippendale's", Gary, ("Gaz", if you're a northerner), decides that stripping would be a good way to earn some money! He rounds up his mates, and what follows is a hilarious account of these six men learning to dance ? and strip. If one puts the comedic aspect aside, a pathos lies underneath. These stereotypical northern males put dignity aside for the sake of their families. They have to search deep within themselves, and they realize that they have held certain attitudes towards homosexuals, women, and children without knowing it. They have to come to terms with the idea of their bodies being put on display for all to see, and, as funny as it is, it is not just the nakedness of their bodies but the nakedness of their souls that speaks to us.
If a visitor wanted to experience the true British culture, he would find it in the northeast. The southern city of London is a melting pot of cultures and ethnicity's. The north, however, is simply generations of the same bloodline. It is easy, therefore, for a stereotype to persist. Children take on the beliefs, attitudes, characteristics, and behaviors of their parents and then pass them onto their own offspring. Northerners don't usually move away from the area, and if they do, they usually return within a few years. Northerners therefore are characterized by their Geordie dialect, their wicked sense of humor, a love of soccer, fish and chips, and a decent pint down at the local pub. Habits and attitudes are formed over generations and a stereotype is born, and that stereotype will last for many generations to come. Today, however, a new northerner is emerging. The coal mines, shipyards, and textile mills have closed. Taking their place is small business, private enterprise, and computer technology. The inner city slums have been bulldozed away and new shopping centers, sports stadiums, corporate developments, and beautiful homes have taken their place. Universities are filled to capacity, and northern pride is flourishing. Even if the stereotypical image persists, and it will for a long time to come, it is an image to be flaunted
A Woman's Role: Rachel Empey (example 2)
"A man's self-evaluation is strictly dependent on how successful he is in his work. A woman's self-evaluation is dependent on the kind of man who chooses her." This "educated" statement was written by Theodore Reik, a mere four decades ago in 1961, and actually published in This Week magazine. The fact that this declaration was made is not nearly as disappointing as the realization that this was a stereotype accepted by American society. Women were believed to be less than men in many ways?including their intelligence level. Here is what Robert Briffault had to say in a 1963 publication of The Mothers: "Women are innately conservative and, if it is true that a man learns nothing after 40, it may be said that a woman learns nothing after 25. Her intelligence differs in kind from masculine intelligence." Isn't it astounding that such an idea was so accepted? These stereotypes have been a part of our culture for centuries. In 1566 Martin Luther's Table Talk contained the following entry: "Men have large and broad chests, and small and narrow hips, and more understanding than the women, who have but small and narrow breasts, and broad hips, to the end they should remain at home, sit still, keep house, and bear and bring up children?.A woman is, or at least should be, a friendly, courteous, and a merry companion in life. They are inclined to tenderness, for thereunto are they chiefly created, to bear children, and be the pleasure, joy and solace of their husbands." There it sits, blatantly announcing the inferiority of women, a sad way of thinking that went so long without being questioned. One might think it would be easy to quickly disregard such an uncomfortable thought by arguing that these ideas are no longer alive within today's society. Would it really be that easy, though? Are these ideas completely buried in the past? Has the population completely accepted women as contributing and capable members of society? Looking into these questions might leave us all a little bit surprised. While much of the thoughts and structures of today's communities no longer make such prejudiced proclamations, an underlying stereotype of women still exists.
It has always been an understanding, whether vocalized or not, that it is a woman's role to be a homemaker. It is clearly evident that this was the understanding in the past simply based on the excerpts already discussed, but this isn't the way that we think about our roles today. Is it? The women of today would like to believe that we are viewed as being equal in all aspects of our daily lives; it would be nice to think that equal contributors are allotted equal rewards. After a long day at the office, we come home, and the whole family pitches in to carry on with the events of the evening?right? Perhaps the reason this could be so easily believed is that it's the women who are too busy to notice otherwise. Recent research on married couples in the United States and Canada shows that women perform about two-thirds of the household chores. This is after they have worked a full day just like their husbands. Why is that? Why is it that we so easily accept the responsibilities of being the primary homemaker? It is just the way it is, right? It is the way we were raised to believe it should be. It is in our nature to "make our house a home." Maybe those ideas about a woman's role are not as distant as we thought.
Okay, so maybe we can accept the fact that we continue to do two-thirds of the household chores because it is "in our nature" to do so. Needless to say, we don't really have more time to spend on that subject because there is laundry to be done. Fair enough, we will move on to another area that warrants consideration--women and politics. On August 26, 2001, women celebrated the eighty-first anniversary of winning the right to vote. We continue to make up more than half of the American population, contributing in the roles of mothers, teachers, lawyers, doctors, plumbers, judges, directors, and just about any other role that can be filled. Despite our many contributions and roles in society, women are still severely underrepresented in politics. In the year 2001, women count for eighty-seven statewide elective executive posts, and seventy-three women are serving in congress (thirteen in the Senate, and sixty in the House of Representatives). This means that although women make up well over half of the American population, we are represented by only 13.6% of the United States Congress. We are definitely making strides in the area of politics, especially considering that we have only been allowed to vote for the past eighty-one years; however, it will be a glorious day when the number of representatives are equal to the percentage of women they represent. Better yet, we will all rejoice when the first woman is elected as President of the United States of America.
Although we continue to do the majority of the household chores, and we are less than equally represented in our government, it is the conditions of today's working environment that seem to invoke the most amount of frustration. This is the area where our society's image of women's capabilities continues to see us as less than men. There are only two women employed as CEOs within all of the "Fortune 500" companies. Recent studies also show that when comparing women and men, women's earnings are approximately 23% less than men's for doing the same job. This standard was accepted for a long time with the reasoning that men were the breadwinners and had families to support. Even though such practices are illegal today, men still earn more than women for doing the same job. It is interesting to learn that as far back as 1978, more mothers were in the labor market than at home. The number of single mothers has risen dramatically over the past thirty years, and yet the standard of less pay for the same work continues. It isn't fair to say that men should be paid more because they are the sole breadwinners anymore. Two-thirds of all mothers are now in the work force, and more mothers have paid jobs than non-mothers. Families with two working parents make up more than 58% of all married couples with children. If theses statistics are true, then why, may I ask, are women still making on average only 75% of a man's income? Why aren't more than 15% of upper-managers in today's largest companies women? The belief that women with children should be at home is still surfacing today. This and the belief that we are simply not as capable as men to perform in the workplace is clearly reflected in the comparison of wages between men and women.
Many of the women and young girls of today's generation take for granted the rights that so many have worked to ensure. This naive attitude is primarily based on trust?trusting that things are equal, as they should be. The amount of money a person makes should be based on the job being done, not the gender of the person doing it. Women should be equally represented in the United States Government; that would seem only fair as we make up more than half of the population of taxpayers. It also seems like a simple given that both a husband and wife who have worked all day would come home and equally share the evening chores. It doesn't take much investigation to see that equality doesn't exist on the level we would like to believe it does. While such an investigation might lead to disappointing realities, it would also offer a great sense of pride for all of the women that have fought so hard to ensure the rights we have today. Better yet, one might hope that seeing the reality of our society might inspire our women to continue to fight for our rights until the day we are considered equal.



Topic
STEREOTYPES

I request the writing services of Writer?s
I need subheadings with this project.

Public Health responses to three disasters in Japan; Pandemic and All Hazard Preparedness Act (PAHPA)


Overview

In 2006 the United States Congress passed the Pandemic and All Hazards Preparedness Act (PAPHA) to enable efficient responses to all public health disasters.

Review the PAHPA and discuss any changes in procedures and protocols the Act help bring about, including the establishment of the office of Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Respose, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and Emergency Support Function 8.

Session Long Project

Read the following materials to answer and address the above.

Pandemic and All Hazard Preparedness Act, Public Health Emergency: http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/legal/pahpa/pages/default.aspx

Pandemic and All Hazard Preparedness Act, Improving Public Health Emergency Response: http://www.phe.gov/preparedness/legal/pahpa/pages/default.aspx

Emergency Support Functions. Public Health Emergencies: http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-esf-08.pdf

SLP Assignment Expectations

Length: This Session Long Assignment should be at least 2-4 pages not counting the title page and references.

References: At least two references should be included from academic sources (e.g. peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and also listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (preferably in APA format).

Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question.

Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.

The following items will be assessed in particular:
?Relevance (e.g. all content is connected to the question)
?Precision (e.g. specific question is addressed. Statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate).
?Depth of discussion (e.g. present and integrate points that lead to deeper issues)
?Breadth (e.g. multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues and factors considered)
?Evidence (e.g. points are well-supported with facts, statistics and references)
?Logic (e.g. presented discussion makes sense, conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information)
?Clarity (e.g. writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples)
?Objectivity (e.g. avoid use of first person and subjective bias)

2. A curriculum development project. The project would be curriculum you have developed to teach one particular topic or content area. Some examples of areas to focus on include study skills, social skills, affective training, self-advocacy training, functional skills, career exploration, fractions, phonological awareness, and so on. Note that the curriculum components do not have to all be original documents created by you, but can be a compilation of resources you have put together in a systematic lesson format. The project would include a list of references for sources that you include that are not your own creation.

3. An in-service or workshop on a particular topic. This project would include both developing the in-service or workshop and presenting it at least once. The written part would include a description of the in-service/workshop and a summary of the presentation of the in-service/workshop (e.g., your perceptions of how it went, what you learned).

Project requirements..I've agreed to do a literature review and include a powerpoint....it's listed here

Note that for any of the scholarly project options you must complete a literature review. A literature review is an examination of the journal articles, ERIC documents, books, and other sources related to your topic. The purpose of this is to set your project in a theoretical context, making the connection between theory and practice. The number of sources for a literature review for a scholarly project are typically between three and fifteen. The literature review should be either embedded in the project or attached to the project. See the attachment regarding sources for a literature review.

The scholarly project needs to include a Literature review and a powerpoint based on the research. Lesson plans for incorporating the self determination lessons into the curriculum or classroom ideas for teachers. An example or two from the primary years to secondary and exiting school.

The title: Steps to Successful Transition through self advocacy towards self-determination.

Is it possible for me to add to the paper after you've returned it to me as I wanted to incorporate other information into a power point project that can assist teachers with utilizing the information. I wanted to personalize the curriculum standards and benchmarks and tie them to lessons students can more readily relate to...making lessons more meaningful...

The research shows that teachers believe it is important to teach self advocacy and self determination skills yet dont seem to know where to incorporate that information into their classroom curriculum.

A paradym shift may need to occur for some educators to allow students to advocate for themselves. It means letting go and encouraging students to think and act for themselves, which may not always be in line with what educators desire. Self Advocacy skills will encourage students to ask questions and learn to find answers to those questions.

Teaching self determination skills will encourage students not only to understand their disabilities but to also state what accommodations and modifications they need to learn. Focusing on the needs and desires of the students will empower and engage

I have some scholarly journal articles and have some ideas about the paper...
Using differentiated instruction, universal backward design, and meta cognition techniques tied to standards and benchmarks to write the goals and objectives in the IEP are essential for students to find self determination success. Not just academic success but satisfaction as they transition in the adult world.

Some ideas I have been generating include explaining what the IEP is.
What is the IEP?
What is the purpose of the IEP?
What are the responsibilities of the IEP team members?

As students attend schools, parents and guardians are legally responsible for their children. The IEP is in place to help the student learn to make progress successfully towards the goals identified by the team and to show adequate yearly progress.


Of course, at early primary ages children will be dependent upon their parents or guardians and teachers. At the young age of two toddlers begin to strike out on their journey of independence labeled the terrible twos. Adults attempt to direct and help them learn appropriate behaviors according to the norms, mores, and laws of the societies in which they live. According to Maslows Heirarchy of Need students individuals strive to meet certain biological and belonging needs. As they age those needs change. They need to gain more independence as they age. My stance is such that, students including special needs students need help identifying what they stand for at earlier ages. They need to understand who they are, where they come from, and where they want to go. Educators, parents, and those in close proximity to them help guide and foster their growth towards those needs.

Curriculum based measurements through progress monitoring and graphing will encourage students to self monitor through the use of graphing techniques.

I believe that without promoting self advocacy the student is dependent upon the parents, guardians, educators, etc. I believe there is a serious need for the student to begin to learn transition skills at an early age. It is the responsibility of the IEP team to shift more of the responsibility to the student. What is the worst that can happen when adults allow the student to identify their wants and needs. Working together collaboratively in an authoritative manner can allow students to take ownership of their education. When educators personalize the educational experience through differentiated instruction students may better understand how, math or reading, for example relate to their lives.

The title of this paper is Steps to Successful Transition through Self Advocacy towards Self determination.

Writing goals and objectives from the standpoint of self advocacy towards empowerment through self determination will foster successful outcomes based upon student interests and goals.

Yes this will involve a paradgm shift on the part of educators, administrators, parents, and students.

educators and parents Tying self-determination and self advocacy together to personalize the educational experience i

Some of the resources I have written are here. I have more I will send tomorrow.
Sources should be more current than 2002

The Journal of Special Education Volume 32/No. 1/1998 pp 55-61
Transition Services-Systems Change for youth with Disabilities
A Review of State Practices.
Antonis Katsiyannis University of Nebraska
Sharon de Fur Virginia Dept of Ed
Gregory Conderman-University of Wisconson-Eau Clair

Information Brief January 2007 volume 6 Issue 1
Addressing Trends and Developments in Secondary Education and Transition
Models of Collaboration and Cost Sharing in Transition Programming.
By Joe Timmons

Information Brief February 2006 volume 5 Issue 1
Addressing Trends and Developments in Secondary Education and Transition
Choices in Transition: A Model for Career Development
By Fabricio E. Balcazar, R. Noam Ostrander, and Teresa Garate www.ncset.org


Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 2000, 35 (4) 351-364
Promoting Transition Goals and Self-Determination Through Sudents Self Directed Learning: The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction.
Martin Agran University of Northern Iowa Utah State University
Michael L. Weheymeyer
Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies

Transition and Self Advocacy
By: Lynda L. West, Stephanie Corbey, Arden Boyer-Stephens, and Bonnie Jones. Et al. (1999)

Article Transition Planning Its the Law! By Celeste Johnson
Summer 2001

A Conceptual Framework of Self Advocacy for Students with Disabilities
Journal article by David W. Test, Catherine H. Fowler, Wendy M. Wood, Denise M. Brewer, Steven Eddy, Remedial and Special Education, Vol. 26, 2005. Journal article excerpt

Self Determination Lesson Plan starters
http://sdsp.ucc.edu/sd_lesson_plans.asp

Some of the articles from your site looked like they could be compatible and are listed here...Paper # 52257

Self-Advocacy, 2004.
This paper discusses self-advocacy as a survival tool for ?normal? children and, especially, ?special needs? children.
7,690 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 167.95
Click here to show/hide summary

Abstract
This paper explains that self-advocacy is the state of knowing what one wants, what one is entitled to, and how one can effectively craft a path that will lead one to accomplish one?s own goals within the limitations of those entitlements. The author points out that the key to determining how well a student is serving as an advocate for himself or herself is first to understand the key dimensions that make up a person?s ability to speak up for himself or herself and then to determine how to measure progress along each one of these vectors. The paper recommends that students who are learning to be an active part of the educational process and to serve as their own advocates should be able to demonstrate an increasing level of skill in areas such as communicating with others, identifying needed accommodations and supports, and expressing hopes and wants. Long quotes.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Importance and Limitations of IEPs
Parents as Advocates
Unity in the Face of a Common Enemy
Operationalizing Self-Advocacy
And a Child Shall Lead

From the Paper
"This is one of the key issues that must be addressed: How does one serve as the most effective advocate for oneself without infringing the rights of others? This is one of the most difficult tasks that those working with special needs children ? and especially teachers ? face. School districts are designed (both in terms of culture as well as in terms of their ability to serve children with a range of abilities on a limited budget) to force parents to become aggressive to secure rights for their children. And once they become so aggressive, they are unable to find their footing on the very narrow line between advocacy and belligerence."


Paper # 54757

Special Education, 2004.
A look at special education programs in the United States and how they have evolved.
3,956 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
Click here to show/hide summary

Abstract
This paper first gives a thorough definition of special education and what type of student requires special education and then takes a look at how special education has changed in the United States, what has affected its evolution, and federal and state legislation that has passed concerning special education. The paper also discusses the legal frameworks that have been enacted by the United States Congress and state legislatures with regards to special education as well as some of the acts enacted, which were intended to provide additional support to children with learning disabilities.

Definitions
Legal Definition of Special Education
Impact of Changing Demographics on Educational Service Delivery in the
United States
Creating Classroom Environments that Address the Linguistic and
Cultural Backgrounds of Students with Disabilities
Minority Students in Special and Gifted Education
Comparison of the California State and Federal Methods of Student
Classification
Legal Basis for Educational Services for Special Education Students

From the Paper
"According to the Federal Laws of the United States of America, ?Special Education means specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability [IDEA 97 300.26(a)].? The revised statutes of Arizona defines a child with disability as ?a child who is at least three but less than twenty-two years of age, who has been evaluated and found to have a disability and who, because of the disability, needs special education and related services [ARS 15-761(2)].? Under federal law, a student can qualify for special education services under the disability categories of mental retardation, hearing impairments (including deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (including blindness), serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, other health impairments, or specific learning disabilities [IDEA 97 602(3)(a)]. (Special Education ? Definition), (Learning Disability Resources) & (Legal Definition of Special Education) "


Paper # 57986

Special Education, 2004.
A review of the "Journal of Special Education" article, "Special Thinking in Special Settings: A Qualitative Study of Expert Special Educators," written by L.M. Stough and D.J. Palmer.
720 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the "Journal of Special Education" article, "Special Thinking in Special Settings: A Qualitative Study of Expert Special Educators," written by Stough and Palmer. The paper illustrates that the identified expert teachers were fundamentally concerned about their students' performance in school, and this concern permeated how teachers perceived and responded to their students. The paper contends that concerns with student performance motivated the teachers to closely monitor student behavior and attention and to develop a hypothesis about students' states of mind. The paper explains that strategic actions the teachers took in the classroom were the product of the teachers' hypotheses, combined with frequent reflection upon their extensive knowledge of student characteristics and educational practice.

From the Paper
"Special Education is a type of education that gives hope to people with disabilities, most especially the children. There are lots of children all over the world, most especially in developing countries who are in need of Special Education. Yet, Detterman and Thompson (1997) states that effective special educational methods have yet to be developed. Further, they stressed that effective special educational methods will not be developed until; individual differences in student characteristics beyond IQ scores are recognized and understood; and educators focus on specific and realistic goals for outcome. Regarding Detterman and Thompson's opinion on how educators should be, the journal article by Laura M. Stough and Douglas J. Palmer entitled "Special Thinking in Special Settings: A Qualitative Study of Expert Special Educators," could provide an insightful discussion on the topic."

Paper # 59537 Remove from Cart

Special Education High Schools, 2002.
Does high school prepare special education students for life after graduation?
9,058 words (approx. 36.2 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 188.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that current methods of preparing teachers for the classroom do not adequately address the needs of students with learning disabilities and those with special needs. Children with learning disabilities present unique challenges to educators at all levels. The trend in the United States in the recent past has been to integrate children with learning disabilities into the "mainstream" of the educational system; teaching them, in other words, along with non-disabled children in a standard learning environment to the maximum extent possible. Thus, this approach to educating children with learning disabilities has been termed "mainstreaming," and it involves the use of both special and general education techniques to provide the maximum learning opportunities for learning disabled children. The research question addressed in this project is, "Does high school prepare special education students for life after graduation?" A careful review of possible research methodologies shows that the most appropriate methodology for this research is a causal-comparative analysis of existing studies by educators and other researchers into the efficacy of a high school education for special needs students in preparing them for life in the real world after graduation. This paper providesa review of the relevant literature, an analysis of secondary sources, followed by findings and a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Legislative and Litigation History of Special Education
What Is Mainstreaming?
Benefits of Mainstreaming
Collaborative Education Techniques for Children With Learning Disabilities
Benefits of Inclusive Educational Settings
Challenges and Drawbacks Associated with Mainstreaming
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Approximately 5 percent of all public school students are identified as having a learning disability. This broad category includes disabilities in reading, language, and mathematics. One in every 10 students in public schools today receives special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). According to Horn and Tynan's assessment, "Revamping special education," prior to the 1950s, the federal government was not routinely involved in the education of children with special needs. "A few federal laws had been passed to provide direct educational benefits to persons with disabilities, mostly in the form of grants to states for residential asylums for the 'deaf and dumb, and to promote education of the blind.' These laws, however, were in the tradition of providing residential arrangements for persons with serious disabilities, services that had existed since colonial times" (Horn & Tynan, 2001, p. 36). These researchers point out that absent federal law, how -- and even whether -- children with disabilities were to be educated within the public schools was left to the discretion of the states and their local school districts. "Although some public schools undoubtedly provided exceptional services to children with disabilities, others did not. Indeed, as recently as 1973, perhaps as many as one million students were denied enrollment in public schools solely on the basis of their disability" (Horn & Tynan, 2001, p. 36). This state of affairs changed dramatically in 1975 with the passage of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142). Renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990, this landmark legislation mandated that children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment."


Metacognition, 2005.
A paper on metacognition and the role it plays in a person's beliefs and attitude about learning and behavior.
5,015 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 40 sources, APA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that metacognition is defined, essentially, as what we think about thinking and that this process impacts our beliefs and attitudes about learning, which in turn, affect our behavior. The paper explains the differences between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences and emphasizes that knowledge of the metacognitive process is a valuable tool for designing curricula and establishing effective learning environments.

Metacognition Defined and Illustrated
Metacognitive Knowledge
Metacognitive Experiences, Strategies, and Processes
Development of Metacognition and Its Traits
Metacognition and Learning
Beliefs and Its Impact on Learning
Learners' Beliefs and Language Learning
Identifying Learners' Beliefs about Language
Metacognition Training in Formal Education
Metacognitive Research and Teacher Practices
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The common and therefore more simplified definition of metacognition is thinking about thinking. Metacognition falls under the umbrella of cognition, which consists of all the mental activities connected with thinking, knowing, and remembering. The two concepts differ in that cognitive skills are those required to complete certain tasks while metacognitive skills are those that determine how the tasks were executed. Researchers assert that 'metacognition refers to higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning' (Livingston, 1). In other words, it's an individual's awareness and manipulation of his or her thinking and learning processes."

Paper # 30152 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later)

Special Education, 2002.
Looks at the growth in special education students in the American system.
10,577 words (approx. 42.3 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 211.95
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Abstract
Since the introduction of PL-142 (Education of All Handicapped Children Act) in America, the Special Education system has received both praise and criticism. Special Education Programs are an essential component to our educational system. The current special education system has aided many people but improvements are desperately needed as rates of enrollment increase and the number of special education teachers decrease. This paper discusses the increase in the American special education population. It discusses the factors that have contributed to the increase, including the effect of PL-142 on the growth of the special education population, early identification of special needs, the additional conditions that qualify students for special education, the placement of low achieving students in special education programs, accountability reforms and pressure from parents. Other areas investigated are the disproportionate amount of minorities that are placed in special education programs and the disproportionate amount of males that are placed in special education. The paper includes a table.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Increases in the Special Education Population
The Effect of PL-142 on Increases in the Special Education Population
Early Identification of Special Needs
Conditions that Qualify Students for Special Education
Placement of Low Achieving Students in Special Education Programs
Education Reforms
Pressure from Parents
Disproportionate Amount of Minorities in Special Education Programs
Disproportionate Amount of Males in the Special Education Population
Results
Discussions
Recommendations
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Horn and Tynan (2001) believe that the best way to educate this group is through direct instruction, individualized attention and feedback. They contend that these students learn best when they have access to classrooms that provide consistent instruction at a slow pace. The authors also assert that if teachers would teach these children effectively there would be a marked improvement in their performance. Horn and Tynan suggest that teachers should focus on figuring out the specific reading problem that a child may have so that they can aid the child in overcoming the problem. In addition, the authors suggest that children with attention deficit disorder should be taught not to rely on medication alone."
Paper # 106467 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later)

Metacognitive Techniques in Education, 2008.
A comprehensive study proposal that aims to explore strategies for the implementation of metacognition in standardized testing.
6,258 words (approx. 25.0 pages), 84 sources, APA, $ 146.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how metacognitive techniques are being proven to show academic improvements. The paper presents a study that aims to show academic improvements quantitatively through the examination of standardized test scores to be taken after students were exposed to metacognitive techniques. The paper presents the methods of implementing this study.

Outline:
Chapter 1: Using Metacognitive Techniques to Improve Standardized Testing
Chapter 2: What is Metacognition?
Chapter 3: Methods of Implementation

From the Paper
"It was not until researcher John Flavell burst on the scene in the late 1960's that the term metacognition was actually coined and began to receive proper attention. Flavell believed that metacognition was the process of monitoring one's conscious thoughts and actively taking steps in order to maximize the learning experience (Flavell, 1979). This new emergent theory aimed to explain howchildren take conscious control of their own learning, and how that control can be manipulated in order to gain sufficient material needed to solve problems and master academic tasks (Flavell, 1976)."

The project needs to include a Literature review.

The title: Steps to Successful Transition through self advocacy towards self-determination.

Is it possible for me to add to the paper after you've returned it to me as I wanted to incorporate other information into a power point project that can assist teachers with utilizing the information. I wanted to personalize the curriculum standards and benchmarks and tie them to lessons students can more readily relate to...making lessons more meaningful...

The research shows that teachers believe it is important to teach self advocacy and self determination skills yet dont seem to know where to incorporate that information into their classroom curriculum.

A paradym shift may need to occur for some educators to allow students to advocate for themselves. It means letting go and encouraging students to think and act for themselves, which may not always be in line with what educators desire. Self Advocacy skills will encourage students to ask questions and learn to find answers to those questions.

Teaching self determination skills will encourage students not only to understand their disabilities but to also state what accommodations and modifications they need to learn. Focusing on the needs and desires of the students will empower and engage

I have some scholarly journal articles and have some ideas about the paper...

Some Conclusions that I began to think/write about include and I will need to add to them

In conclusion, the research proves that students taught to advocate for themselves are more likely to feel fulfilled and be successful as an adult.

Recommendations

Self advocacy and self determination skills assist students identification of who they are, what they are interested in academically, socially, and which direction do they intend or hope their lives will go in regards to education, work and or career, volunteering, social activities and outlets,.

Teachers need to reassess their role as educators. Being able to shift the power in the teacher student relationship is a huge paradym shift.
Empowering students to take ownership of their education will empower them to accept accountability for their actions, goals and objectives.

Creating and incorporating personal self-advocacy and self determination lessons into the curriculum and IEP will guide students towards unique appropriate chosen goals and objectives.

Collaboration and commitment amongst agencies. In order to assist students in transition adult education and social agencies need to collaborate in order to prevent the support from falling away leaving the student vulnerable and exposed to the unexpected elements.

Teaching self-determination and self advocacy skills again will teach skills that will foster independence and solutions oriented options.

it is advisable recommended that educators consider the ramifications of not teaching self determination skills.


Reflective statement

As a Special Education instructor it is especially rewarding to observe positive empowering changes in our students. Watching a student with Developmental Cognitive Delays stop, think, and decide which choice is the best or how to fix a problem they may have created.

Meta-cognition strategies are essential as students learn to self monitor and assess










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