This is a research paper has one main question that has to be answered.
The essay is supposed to discuss this question and come up with possible answers and/or a conclusion.

The question is:

"Why have Global Trade negotiations collapsed?"

The paper will be based entirely on this question.

The text should include both developed and developing countries. WTOs contribution. Barriers to trade and trade liberalization.
It is ok to use an appropriate analogy to create understanding for readers. One example is the beef McDonalds uses for their hamburgers in different parts of the world.

Assignment - Literature Review: Multilateral Environmental Agreements & Global Trade

Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) are international legal instruments for the regulation of activities affecting the environment and form an essential framework for practical efforts by the international community to reduce environmental degradation and promote sustainable development. There are over 250 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) dealing with various environmental issues which are currently in force. About 20 of these include provisions that can affect trade.

The literature review develops skills in classifying research findings, synthesizing them, and reporting them to an audience. The literature review also points out unanswered but researchable questions in the topic area of Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Global Trade.

Your literature review document should be no less than nine (9) pages in length and should utilize ALL the concepts outlined and follow the example literature review within the document entitled, Writing a Short Literature Review, by William Ashton, Ph.D. These concepts should include:

1) Choosing a maximum of six (6) articles in which to base your literature review
2) Introductory and Conclusion Paragraphs
a) Include a Thesis Statement in the Introductory Paragraph
3) Discuss a minimum of three (3) major points you found through your research that would be considered in the correlation between Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Global Trade
4) Compare and contrast the articles chosen to prove or refute your Thesis Statement
5) If possible, discuss research methods

There are faxes for this order.

Discuss why and how Spices and Tea impacted global trade.

Reference Book: A History of World Societies, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
By: McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks

from the book of Global Political Economy by John Rravinhill second edition

write an essay answering this question

1- Describe the components and features of the current global trade regime. What good things have been produced by the current regime? What issues or problems still need to be addressed?


-Use the book to understand the question

-No copy from the book

- Use just the first 5 Chapters

Describe the global silk trade. How did silk drive global trade and contact?



Reference Book: A History of World Societies, Eighth Edition, Vol1
By: McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, & Wiesner-Hanks

I have another Executive Brief due. It will be on Global Trade and Currency Exchange.

My assignment is to have executive for General Mills go to Greece and France. so that is my two areas of concentration when I discuss in my brief.

I have attached a guide line to follow accourding to the professor. We will be using "Turn it in" as part of the requirement. It should be Under 30% --- this is a must.

Professor requires International Business terms associated when writing our paper so I have attached the vocab info.

I would like to use the same writter if possible --- Bolavens. is the name.

-page typed summary of current periodical articles dealing with an international trade issue
A copy of the article summarized and related to international business must also be attached to the one-page summary. These articles can be from Forbes, Business Week, Fortune, Harvard Business Review, Global Trade, Business America, Wall Street Journal, etc.
Examples would be articles dealing with the immigration controversy, current trade disputes, elections in Mexico, US business interests, or potential trade agreements.

Can you please do 3 different articles and their summary.

thank you.

Introduction: China and the WTO. Marriage made in the Market
Question: Has China''s markets expand since its entry in the WTO

*Discuss what prompt China to finally agree to join the WTO.
*Who were the key players in moving China and WTO together?
*What problems occurred? And who had complaint against China.
*Who were against China''s entry into the WTO?
*What did/does the market structure in China look like/?
*Are there any Foreign Direct Investments in China, if so what *Are they and does the FDI play any role in China''s market strategy
*Exam how has China been able to integrate themselves into global trade arena and where they are today during their short period as an active member in WTO organization.

Purpose: To examine the role of the WTO and the integration of China into its organization. Also, it will exam how successful or unsuccessful China has become since its membership to the WTO.

Please provide footnotes, bibliography, and some economic graphs that reference sources regarding china markets structure. Cover sheet,and a table of contents.

Use all available resources and list them accordingly in the paper. Send a copy via email.

Thanks

Thesis - Migration, the movement of people, ideas and goods from place to place increased trade causing interdependence among the people of the Judeo-Christian civilization.

1. Migration and trade in the Kingdom of Israel

2. How the movement of ideas, goods and people affect the culture of -
a. Holy Roman Empire
b. Byzantine Empire
c. Kingdom of Israel

3. How the growth of global trade led to increase interdependence.

To answer this essay question you must write 2500 words And this writer must complete these two essays. Writers


Essay Question: The international financial institutions efforts to address global poverty are inadequate. Discuss.

-This book must be used in these essays,

-Robert O?brien and Marc Williams, Global Political Economy Second Edition (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2007)




Marking Criteria and Advice

What the Assessor will be looking for when marking this assignment:

1. Comprehension of Unit Material: ensure that your use of facts is accurate and relevant concepts and theories are examined. Ensure you demonstrate an understanding of the weekly required readings of the unit as a whole.
2. Research: ensure that you use a significant amount of research (especially for larger research essays). You should not be overly dependent on web sources you should ensure that the number of web sources does not exceed your journal articles and books. Critical analysis: Your essay must sustain a coherent argument that is supported by giving evidence and reasons. This will require demonstrating careful analysis of other peoples arguments and being critical of the evidence at hand (this may require questioning the assumptions of the material you have read).
3. Relevance to the question: Ensure your argument addresses the question clearly and directly. Ensure that the concepts and examples you use are focused on the question that you are addressing and the argument you are making.
4. Clear essay structure: it should possess an introduction that sets out how you are going to answer the question, an essay body that considers evidence and research and then links these to your point of view, and a conclusion that reinforces your position in relation to the question.
5. Expression: Writing and grammar should be clear and consistent. Essay structure should consist of paragraphs containing one core idea avoid using dot points or mini-paragraphs.
6. Referencing: One style of referencing should be used throughout when other peoples ideas are being used. A well-presented bibliography of used sources must be included.

Warning

Ensure your essay does not contain plagiarised material. Put all direct quotes in quotation marks and use page numbers wherever possible.

Answer the question directly and do not over use quotes. This exercise is focusing on your argument and perspective.


Further resources
Recommended texts
David Held, and Anthony McGrew, Globalisation/Anti-globalisation Second Edition (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2007)
Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (London; Penguin books, 2002)
Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (London; Penguin books, 2006)
Robert O?Brien, etal., Contesting Global Governance (Cambridge; CUP 2000)
Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: Market Ideology Meets Terrorism 2nd edition (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005)


Jan Aart Scholte, Globalisation, a critical introduction Second Edition (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2005)
David Held, et al, Global Transformations (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999)
Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and its Alternatives. 3rd edition. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002)
John Ravenhill (ed.), Global Political Economy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Gilpin, Robert, Global Political Economy (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 2001)
Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order 2nd edition/3rd edition (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1999/2005)

Some useful websites
Global Policy Webpage http://www.globalpolicy.org/ is a great page for material relating to the state, globalisation and the UN.
The Global Transformations webpage http://www.polity.co.uk/global/links.htm is great for globalisation material.
Carnegie Council webpage http://www.cceia.org/index.php good material on ethics and global justice International Institutions
UN: http://www.un.org/
IMF: http://www.imf.org/
World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/
WTO: http://www.wto.org/
G-7: http://www.g7.com/
OECD: http://www.oecd.org/
UNCTAD: http://www.unctad.org/
ILO: http://www.ilo.org/ Pro Capitalist Organisations:
World Economic Forum: http://live99.weforum.org/
The Trilateral Commission: http://www.trilateral.org
European Round Table of Industrialists: http://www.ert.be/ Anti Capitalist Organisations:
Left Business Observer: http://www.panix.com/~dhenwood/LBO_home.html
Multinational Monitor: http://www.essential.org/
G77 (anti neo-liberal grouping) http://www.g77.org
Debt canceling movements http://www.jubilee2000uk.org/main.html World Social Forum
http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/index.php?cd_language=2&id_menu
Focus on the Global South http://www.focusweb.org/
Mobilization for Global Justice http://www.globalizethis.org/
50 Years is Enough http://www.50years.org/
Our World is Not For Sale http://www.ourworldisnotforsale.org/ NGOs:
Oxfam: http://www.oxfam.org/eng/
Global Trade Watch: http://www.tradewatch.org/
Amnesty International: http://www.amnesty.org/
Greenpeace: http://www.greenpeace.org/
Friends of the Earth: http://www.foe.co

Learning outcomes and pass attainment level:

Creatively and critically apply branding and marketing communication theories.
Critically evaluate and apply appropriate marketing communications method(s) to given business scenarios.
Develop and justify effective brand and communications plans

In order to gain a good pass for this assignment at this level students are expected to pay attention to the following:

Structure and clarity of expression
The fundamental features of well-structured work are expected as the norm at this level. There will be proper attention to the type and style of the assignment ??" a marketing communications analysis and plan - and the work should remain clearly focused, follow a logical sequence and clear sense of direction even though multiple complex issues are addressed and be produced to a high professional standard.

Content and understanding
Extensive knowledge and detailed understanding is expected, but it is how this knowledge is used in analysis which is equally, if not more important. Capable students will demonstrate an authoritative, comprehensive awareness of the current level of performance of the chosen organisation and an equal appreciation of the relevant contemporary marketing communications issues they face. It is expected that students will demonstrate the significance of these particular issues and how they contribute to an informed, critical review of the present situation of the case.

Analysis/Evaluation
Students should demonstrate an ability to identify and critically evaluate the key issues which are most relevant to the successful development of a future marketing communications strategy for the organisation. It is expected that students will show their ability to appraise and evaluate the current market situation for their chosen organisation, including the challenges it faces and the suitability of prospective strategies to fit those conditioning factors and be inclusive of the needs of the range of stakeholders involved using appropriate concepts, theories or frameworks.

Reading/Research and Referencing
Reading should extend beyond essential texts and / or general texts and encompass specialist texts as well as the extensive use of journal articles, periodicals including professional/industry publications in order to demonstrate a detailed and systematic knowledge base, depth of understanding and practical professional insights. It is expected that reading and research will reflect the contemporary nature of the module and the case context. The proper, accurate presentation of quotations and references and research data is expected and inaccuracies will be penalised, as will the over-reliance on a single source, poor quality and unreliable sources or limited sources of information.

Application to industry
Students should demonstrate the ability to integrate theory into practice and increasing abilities to suggest viable solutions to the challenges of the case organisation within the reality of the sector and the marketing communications environment in which it operates also demonstrating the ability to develop a realistic and viable strategic vision in the industry context.

Synthesis and Originality
Students should be developing the ability to demonstrate the advanced skills of synthesis, providing solutions to unpredictable professional situations when necessary and offering both creativity and originality whenever possible to meet that challenges presented by the case study.

?


Title
Case study: Communicating credentials


Objective

This assignment has been designed to allow students the opportunity to explore the numerous marketing communications issues of the contemporary business environment by applying their knowledge gained on this module over the term to a specific case.

Learning outcomes

On completion of the assignment students should be able to demonstrate their ability to:
o Creatively and critically apply branding and marketing communication theories.
o Critically evaluate and apply appropriate marketing communications method(s) to given business scenarios.
o Develop and justify effective brand and communications plans


Hand-in procedure

Please follow University policy regarding the handing in of assignments and ensure that your assignment is handed in on time and that you retain a copy of the assignment for yourself together with the receipt.

Mode of working

This is an individual assignment and University policy will apply in all cases of copying, plagiarism or any other methods by which students have obtained an unfair advantage.

Task

Read the case Communicating credentials included with this assignment brief.

As can be seen from case information provided, the case provides a snapshot of certain aspects of the Fairtade organisation and Fairtrade certified goods and of the issues related to goods that carry some sort of sustainability certification. You work for the Divine chocolate brand. You have been asked by your marketing manager to evaluate the current state of the marketing communications of the Divine chocolate brand including an assessment of its brand image/equity, its relative position in its market sector and the influence and use of Fairtrade certification on its communications. Building on the results of your analysis, propose a new viable communications plan including an appropriate aim and feasible objectives for the Divine brand, indicating the relevant strategic and tactical communications considerations required for the implementation of your communications plan.

In order to complete this task students are expected to demonstrate their depth of knowledge and understanding via:

their ability to evaluate relevant marketing communications issues
their ability to critically apply their understanding of marketing communications to their case context
their ability to concisely convey relevant information within the required format
the quality and variety of their reading and research to support their case analysis
their ability to propose a credible and viable marketing communications plan

In order to prepare effectively for the assessment it is expected that students will attend all the lecture sessions and pay particular attention to the advice and guidance given at the assignment launch and feedforward sessions as indicated in the module guide.



Format for the submitted work

The assignment will be submitted as a marketing communications plan and be presented in polished professional manner complete with a contents page, and with each section clearly identified and a final references section. The standard conventions of the required writing style will be followed, including the overall presentation of the work and the use and inclusion of supporting references and quotations within the text when appropriate. University policy regarding the presentation of the final references section must be followed. The maximum word count will be 3000 words +/- 10%. No appendices should be included.

Weighting

This assignment carries a weighting of 100% for the Brand and Communications module.


Assessment criteria

In order to gain a good pass for this assignment at this level students are expected to pay attention to the following:

Structure and clarity of expression
The fundamental features of well-structured work are expected as the norm at this level. There will be proper attention to the type and style of the assignment ??" a marketing communications analysis and plan - and the work should remain clearly focused, follow a logical sequence and clear sense of direction even though multiple complex issues are addressed and be produced to a high professional standard.

Content and understanding
Extensive knowledge and detailed understanding is expected, but it is how this knowledge is used in analysis which is equally, if not more important. Capable students will demonstrate an authoritative, comprehensive awareness of the current level of performance of the chosen organisation and an equal appreciatin of the relevant contemporary marketing communications issues they face. It is expected that students will demonstrate the significance of these particular issues and how they contribute to an informed, critical review of the present situation of the case.

Analysis/Evaluation
Students should demonstrate an ability to identify and critically evaluate the key issues which are most relevant to the successful development of a future marketing communications strategy for the organisation. It is expected that students will show their ability to appraise and evaluate the current market situation for their chosen organisation, including the challenges it faces and the suitability of prospective strategies to fit those conditioning factors and be inclusive of the needs of the range of stakeholders involved using appropriate concepts, theories or frameworks.

Reading/Research and Referencing
Reading should extend beyond essential texts and / or general texts and encompass specialist texts as well as the extensive use of journal articles, periodicals including professional/industry publications in order to demonstrate a detailed and systematic knowledge base, depth of understanding and practical professional insights. It is expected that reading and research will reflect the contemporary nature of the module and the case context. The proper, accurate presentation of quotations and references and research data is expected and inaccuracies will be penalised, as will the over-reliance on a single source, poor quality and unreliable sources or limited sources of information.

Application to industry
Students should demonstrate the ability to integrate theory into practice and increasing abilities to suggest viable solutions to the challenges of the case organisation within the reality of the sector and the marketing communications environment in which it operates also demonstrating the ability to develop a realistic and viable strategic vision in the industry context.

Synthesis and Originality
Students should be developing the ability to demonstrate the advanced skills of synthesis, providing solutions to unpredictable professional situations when necessary and offering both creativity and originality whenever possible to meet that challenges presented by the case study.

In order to obtain higher grades students should consider the following:

the ability to demonstrate creativity and critical analysis in the provision of original solutions
the ability to demonstrate greater depth of knowledge and understanding through wide reading and varied research activities and the appropriateness of theory for understanding and developing feasible responses to real sector-based scenarios and problems


Case: Communicating credentials

There are at least 100 different eco-labelling schemes in the EU each competing for the attention of the consumer while serving to validate the sustainability credentials of the products they endorse. Yet such a proliferation of certification schemes, while emphasising the growing importance of sustainability claims as a part of the consumer decision-making process, may only result in confusing the prospective consumer and reducing any potential competitive advantage that the brand could have enjoyed.

Among the many competing accreditation schemes the FAIRTRADE Mark stands out as a cut above the rest. Some consumers believe there are no real differences between the certification schemes, while other consumers perceive that some schemes concentrate more on improving welfare for farmers and supply chain stakeholders in general while other schemes appear to have a more environmental bias. These perceptions are only partly accurate and a reflection of the marketing communications of each of the organisations and their participants.

Despite the confusion between the leading certification brands, the FAIRTRADE mark would still be considered by many to be the market leader with currently over 1 billion in sales, which are growing year on year, and a number of major brand names have been added to its increasing portfolio. Although the figures are encouraging there is still much room for improvement and growth of Fairtrade as fairly traded goods still only represents less than 1% of global trade.

In March 2010 Sainsburys supermarket announced it was the worlds largest Fairtrade retailer, claiming to have sold 218 million worth of Fairtrade goods during 2009. In December 2006 when Sainsburys declared that all its banana supplies would be Fairtrade certified, it was biggest ever commitment to date by a single company anywhere in the world. In 2007 Sainsburys set up the Fair Development Fund to enable more producers from developing countries to become Fairtrade certified. The fund is run in partnership with Comic Relief and has already helped producers in Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. The impact of just buying a single Fairtrade product can be significant. Now Sainsburys sells 1,200 Fairtrade bananas a minute creating 4 million in Fairtrade premiums each year. Besides bananas, many of Sainsburys own label products are Fairtrade such as, roast and ground coffee, sugar and tea. Sainsburys Red label tea generates around 1.4 million in Fairtrade premiums each year benefitting communities in Malawi, Kenya and Southern India. However, consumers are still more likely to identify the Co-operative supermarket as the most ethical supermarket despite Sainsburys outselling them and their other ethically positioned rivals Waitrose and Marks and Spencer.

Different certification schemes have different aims and objectives and may not be equally attuned to all aspects of sustainable business practice. A close inspection of schemes reveals key differences exist between the rival certifications regarding pricing of commodities and the interpretation of fairer economics in the supply chain, environmental policy, promotion of social policies, working conditions and workers rights including union membership, qualifying percentage of certified ingredients in products, inspection regimes and overall level of required compliance with regulations.

Another important aspect worth considering is the degree of independence of the certifying body. A certification scheme with industry domination of the standard setting body and in its membership and finance can be expected to have more industry-friendly standards. In contrast, standards can be expected to be stricter where a certification scheme is dominated by an independent environmental and socially responsible organisation.

Consumers now have a range of well-known brands to choose from, which show allegiance to certifying schemes and no doubt they feel they can offset the food miles of many fairly traded products in the knowledge that they are contributing to social change and environmental protection in those places that most need it.

To a certain extent the proliferation of certified labels has left consumers to make their own decisions regarding which organisation assures the fairest supply chains. Although the FAIRTRADE mark offers the most stringent guarantees; the organisation runs the risk of losing out to brands being attracted to less expensive, less demanding schemes which will give them a short-cut to the image of certified, accredited respectability needed for their marketing communications.

There are some long-standing difficulties facing Fairtrade and Fairtrade certified brands:

o Consumers have tended to focus on tea and coffee
o Smaller brands are often less well-known
o Fairtrade is still not brand of choice and consumers will not make a special trip to obtain a Fairtrade product outside their normal shopping routine
o Few consumers are aware of the diversity of Fairtrade products e.g. cotton, flowers, beauty products, gold
o Consumers do not always distinguish whole products (coffee) from ingredients within finished products (cotton in a garment)
o Price may be perceived to be high

If consumers think all certifications provide the same level sustainable performance then rands will miss out on the opportunity to differentiate themselves from competitors with similar sustainability badges. Who bears the responsibility for communicating the credentials of schemes to the final consumer to ensure differentiation can take place ??" the accrediting organisation or the brand that uses the badge? As consumers become more aware of the differences between competing sustainable certifications but also more aware of the related, competing sustainability issues such as the choice between fairer economics and the carbon footprint of food miles ??" how will the consumer decision-making process be affected?

Sources:
Fridell, M. et al (2008) With friends like these: The Corporate Response to Fair Trade Coffee Review of Radical Political Economics 40, 1, pp. 8-34. Fairtrade Foundation (2006) available at: http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/press_office/press_releases_and_statements/archive_2006/dec_2006/sainsburys_banana_switch_is_the_worlds_biggest_ever_commitment_to_fairtrade.aspx accessed 12th April 2010. Reynolds, J. (2010) Brands divided over fairtrade certification Marketing 24th February 2010 page 4. Batsell, J. Bumper crop of Coffee Labels Seattle Times Monday 20th September 2004. Trauben, J. (2009) Fair Expectations: Rainforest Alliance v. Fairtrade Organic Consumers Association 23rd June 2009 available at: http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_18372.cfm accessed 10th April 2010. Siegle, L. (2009) Is buying fair trade a waste of money? The Observer Magazine 22nd February 2009, page 59.

Case adapted from Emery, B. P. (2012) Sustainable Marketing Harlow: Pearson


There are faxes for this order.

Could you divide the paper according to the following 16 points focusing 70% on the first 10, and 30% on the last 6.
It has to be a country report about India. All the information provided should be based on India.

1. Globalization
2. National Differences in Political Economy
3. Differences in Culture
4. The Global Trade and Investment Environment
5. The Political Economy of International Trade
6. Foreign Direct Investment
7. The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment
8. Regional Economic Integration
9. The Foreign Exchange Market
10. The International Monetary System

11. The Global Capital Market
12. The Strategy of International Business
13. The Organization of International Business
14. Entry Strategy & Strategic Alliances
15. Exporting, Importing & Countertrade
16. Global Manufacturing & Materials Management

These our the sixteen points we want you to compare India with the rest of the world, especially including developing countries. Also make sure to include sufficient data analysis/quantitative materials( graphs, charts, regression analysis, statistics) !
Still it is important to talk about each point.

Please DONT use writer Christophera.

Write a statement on globalization that will be included in testimony heard by the World Trade Organization. Unfortunately, those who make decisions about global trade issues rarely have time to study the historical dimensions of these issues. You, on the other hand, have just swept across 500 years of global history. What do you think is important for these decision-makers to keep in mind as they plot the economic future of the world?

Begin by doing some research on globalization (this can be done on the internet, using search terms such as & quot;globalization" and "World Trade Organization"). What are the arguments in favor of globalization? What are the arguments against it?

In your statement, you should make specific reference to historical events that will help to inform the debate on globalization. Write at least 5 paragraphs.

You are to write a 14-page paper. A Word Count Totaling 4,200 Words for this Paper. The Paper Format Must Be Times New Roman and Doubled-Spaced. Read the Case Study and at the end of the case study, are questions, Answer the Discussion Questions.'State the Question First', and then continue to answer. Be Sure to Properly Cite Sources Using APA Format. **For Outside Sources, Use Internet Only.**

Starbucks Corporation: Competing in a Global Market
Starbucks Corp. in a Seattle, Washington-based coffee company. It buys, roasts, and sells whole bean specialties coffee and coffee drinks through an international chain of retail outlets. Is beginning as a seller of packaged, premium specialty coffees, Starbucks has even fall into a firm known for its coffee houses, where people can purchase beverages and food items as well as package whole bean and ground coffee. Starbucks is credited with changing the way Americans and people around the world view and consume coffee, and its success has attracted global attention. Starbucks has consistently been one of the fastest-growing companies in the United States. Over a 10-year period starting in 1992, the companys net revenues increased at a compounded annual growth rate of 20 percent, to $3.3 billion in fiscal 2002. Net earnings have grown at an annual compound growth rate of 30 percent to $218 million in fiscal 2002, which is the highest reported net earnings figure in the companys history. As Business Week tells it: On Wall St, Starbuck is as great growth story. Its stock, including four splits, has soared more than 2,200 percent over the last decade, surpassing Wal-Mart, GE, Pepsi-Cola, Coca-Cola, Microsoft, and IBM in total return. Now at $21 {September 2002}, it is hovering near its all-time high of $23in July {2002}, before the overall market drop.
To continue this rapid pace of growth, the firms senior executives are looking to expand internationally. Specifically, they are interested in further expansion in Europe (including the Middle East), Asia-Pacific (including Australia and New Zealand), and Latin America. Expanding in these three Continents presents both a challenge and an opportunity to Starbucks. While the opportunity of increased revenues from the further expansion is readily apparent to the companys top management, what is not clear is how to deal with the growing anti-globalization sentiment around the world. This case looks at issues that are rising as Starbucks seeks to dominate specialty coffee markets around the world and explore what changes in strategy might be required.
Background
In 1971, 3 Seattle entrepreneurs Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, Gordon Bowker started selling whole bean coffee in Seattles Pike Place Market. They named their store Starbucks, after the first mate in Moby Dick. By 1982, the business had grown to five stores, a small roasting facility, and a wholesale business selling coffee to local restaurants. At the same time, Howard Schultz had been working as VP of US operations or Hammarplast, a Swedish housewares company in New York, marketing coffee makers to a number of retailers, including Starbucks. Selling Starbucks, Schultz was introduced to the three founders, who have been recruited him to bring marketing savvy to their company. Schultz, 29 and recently married, was eager to leave New York. He joined Starbucks as manager of retail sales and marketing. A year later, Schultz visited Italy for the first time on a buying trip. He noticed that coffee is an integral part of the culture in Italy; Italians start their day at an espresso bar and later in the day return with their friends. There are 200,000 coffee bars in Italy and about 1,500 in Milan alone. Schultz believed that, given the chance, Americans would pay good money for a premium cup of coffee and a stylish place to enjoy it. Enthusiastic about his idea, Schultz returned to tell Starbucks owners of his plan for a national chain of Cafs styled on Italian coffee bar. The owners, however, did not want to be in the restaurant business. Undaunted, Schultz wrote a business plan and begin looking for investors. By April 1985 he had opened his first coffee bar, I1 Giornales (named after the Italian newspaper), where he served Starbucks coffee. Following I1 Gionales immediate success, he expanded to three stores. In 1987, the owners of Starbucks agreed to sell the firm to Schultz for $4 million. The I1 Gionale coffee bar to the name of Starbucks. Convinced that Starbuck would one day be in every neighborhood in America, Schultz focused on growth. At first, the companys loses almost doubled (to $1.2 million in fiscal 1990), as overhead and operating expenses ballooned with the expansion. Starbucks lost money or three years running, and the stress was hard on Schultz, but he stuck to his conviction not to sacrifice long-term integrity in values for short-term profits. In 1991 sales shot up 84 percent, and the company turned profitable. In 1992 Schultz took the firm public at$17 a share. Believing that the market share and name recognition are critical to the companys success, Schultz continued to expand the business aggressively. Schultz observes, There is no secret sauce here. Anyone can do it. From the beginning, Schultz has professed a strict growth policy. Although many other coffeehouses or espresso bars are franchised, Starbucks owns all of its North American stores out right, with the exception of license agreement in airports. Further, rather than trying to capture all the potential markets and still is possible, Starbucks goes into a geographic market and tries to complete the dominate it before setting its sights on further expansion. Using this strategy, Starbucks has grown from 17 coffee shops in 1987 to 5,688 outlets in 28 countries by the end of the fiscal 2002. It also employed over 60,000 individuals, including approximately 50,000 in retail stores at the end of 2002. Starbucks Corp. is organized into two business units that correspond to the companys operating segments: North American and International. In 1995, Starbucks Coffee International, a wholly owned subsidiary of Starbucks coffee Co., was set up to the build Starbucks business outside North America, including opening company owned, licensed, and joint venture based retail stores worldwide. A recent article in Business Week notes: Starbucks also has a well seasoned management team. Schultz, 49, step down as chief executive in 2000 to become chairman and chief global strategist. Orin Smith, 60, the companys number cruncher, is now CEO and in charge of day-to-day operations. The head of North American operations is Howard Behar, 57, a retailing expert who returned last September, after retiring. The management trio is known as H2O, for Howard, Howard, and Orin.
The Starbuck Model
Schultzs goal is to: establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining uncompromising principles as we go. The companys 25 year goal is to become an enduring, great company with the most recognized and respected brand in the world, known for inspiring and nurturing the human spirit. The companys mission statement articulates several guiding principles to measure the appropriateness of the firms decisions. In describing Starbucks unique approach to competition, Fortune notes the strategy is simple: blanket an area completely, even if the stores cannibalize one anothers business. A new store while often capture about 30 percent of the sales of a nearby Starbucks, but the company considers that a good thing. The Starbucks everywhere approach cuts down on delivery and management costs, shortens customers line at individual stores, and increases foot traffic brought all the stores in an area. Last week 20 million people bought a couple copy at a Starbucks. A typical customer stopped by 18 times a month; no American retailer has a higher frequency of customer visits. Sales have climbed an average of 20 percent a year since the company went public. Even in a down economy, when other retailers have taken a beating Starbucks store traffic has arisen between six percent and eight percent a year. Perhaps even more notable is the fact that Starbucks has managed to generate those kinds of numbers with virtually no marketing, spending just 1 percent of its annual revenues on advertising. Retailers usually spend 10% or so of their revenues on ads. Business Week adds: clustering stores increases total revenue and market share CEO Orin Smith argues, even when individual stores poach on each other sales. The strategy works, he says, because of Starbucks size. It is large enough doors or office at existing stores as new ones open up, and so the overall sales grow beyond what they would have with just one store. Meanwhile, its cheaper to deliver to and manage doors located close together. And by clustering, Starbucks can quickly dominate a local market. And Schultz points out: market is much larger than we originally thought in most cases local competitors benefit from our arrival because of the expansion of the marketplace. Our strategy is never to eliminate or hurt the competition. We never underpriced our coffee and its clear that we position ourselves so not to undercut the pricing structure in the marketplace. Schultz observes that the company is still and its early days of growth worldwide. We are opening three or four stores everyday, he notes. We go strongly that the driver of the equity of the brand is directly linked to the retail experience we create in our stores. Our commitment to growth of the company is significant and will continue to be based on the long-term growth potential of our retail format.

Securing the Finest Raw Materials
Starbucks coffee quality begins with the purchase of high-quality Arabica coffee beans. Although many Americans were arranged on a commodity like coffee made from more quality robusta beans (or Arabic beans mixed with less expensive filler beans), Starbucks coffee is strictly Arabic, and the company ensures that only the highest quality beans are used. David Olsen, the companys then senior vice president and then chief coffee procurer, scoured mountain trails in Indonesia, Kenya, Guatemala, and elsewhere in search of Starbucks premium beans. His standards were demanding, and he conducted exacting experiments in order to get the proper balance of flavor, body, and acidity. From the companys inception, it has worked on developing relationships with the country should from which it buys coffee Beans. Traditionally, Europeans and Japanese bought most of the premium coffee beans. Olsen sometimes had to convince coffee growers to sell to Starbucks especially since American coffee buyers are notorious purchasers of the dregs of the coffee beans. In 1992 Starbucks in a new precedent by outbidding European buyers for the exclusive Narino Supremo Bean crop. Starbucks collaborated with a mill in that tiny town of Pasto, located on the side of the volcano Galero. There they set up a special operation to single out a particular Narino Supremo coffee bean, and Starbucks guaranteed to purchase the entire yield. This enabled Starbucks to be the exclusive purveyor of Narino Supremo, purportedly one of the best coffees in the world.

Vertical Integration
Roasting the coffee bean is close to an art form at Starbucks. Starbucks currently operates multiple roasting and distribution facilities. Roasters are promoted from within the company and trained for over a year, and it is considered quite an honor to be chosen. The coffee is roasted in a powerful gas-fired drum roaster for 12 to 15 minutes while roasters use sight, smell, hearing, and computers to judge when beans are perfectly done. The color of the beans is even tested in an Agtron blood cell analyzer, with the whole batch being discarded if the sample is not deemed perfect.

The Starbucks Experience
According to Schultz, we are not just selling a cup of coffee, we are providing an experience. In order to create American coffee enthusiasts put the dedication of their Italian counterparts, Starbucks provides a seductive atmosphere in which to imbibe. Its stores are distinctive and sleek, yet comfortable. Though the sizes of the stores and their formats vary, most are modeled after the Italian coffee bars where regulars sit and drink espresso with their friends. Starbucks stores tend to be located in high traffic locations such as malls, busy street corners, and even grocery stores. They are all well lighted and feature plenty of light cherry wood and artwork. The people who prepare the coffee are referred to as baristas, Italian for bartenders. Jazz or Opera music plays in the background. The storage to range from 200 to 4000 square feet, with new units tending to range from 1500 to 1700 square feet. In 2003, the average cost of opening a new store including equipment, inventory and leasehold improvements is in the neighborhood of $350,000;a flagship store cost much more.





Building a Unique Culture
While Starbucks enforces almost fanatical spenders about coffee quality and service, a policy of Starbucks reward employees is laid-back and supportive. They are encouraged to think of themselves as partners in the business. Schultz believes that had the employees are the key to competitiveness and growth. We can achieve our strategic objectives without workforce of people who are emerged in the same commitment as management. Our only sustainable advantage is the quality of our workforce. We are building a national retail company by creating pride in and stake in the outcome of our labor. On a practical level, Brooks promotes and in court employee cloture through generous benefits programs, an employee stock ownership plan, and thoroughly employee training, each employee must admit me 24 hours of training. Classes cover everything from off the huge tree to a seven hour workshop called Brewing the Perfect Cup at Home. This workshop is one of five classes and all employees must take during their first six weeks with the company. Reports Fortune: its silly, softheaded stuff, though basically, of course, its true. Maybe some of it sinks in. Starbuck is a smashing success, thanks in large part to the people who come out of these therapy-like training programs. Annual barista turnover at the company is 60 percent compared with 140 percent for hourly workers in the fast food business. Starbucks offer its benefits package to both part-time and full-time employee. The package includes medical, dental, vision, and short-term disability insurance, as well as a paid vacation, paid holidays, mental health/chemical dependency benefits, and employee assistance program, a 401(k) plan and a stock option plan. They also offer dependent coverage and same-sex partners. Schultz believes that without these benefits, people do not deal financially or spiritually tied to their jobs. He argues that stock options and the complete benefits package increased employee loyalty and encourage attentive service to customer. Employee turnover is also discouraged by Starbucks Stock option plan known as the Bean Stock Plan. Implemented in August of 1991, the plan made Starbucks and the only private company to offer stock options unilaterally to all employees. Starbucks concern for all employee welfare expands beyond its retail outlets coffee producers. The companys guidelines call for overseas suppliers to pay wages and benefits that address the basic needs of workers and their families and to allow a child labor only when it does not interrupt required education. This move has set a precedent for other importers of agricultural commodities.
Leveraging the Brand
Multiple Channels of Distribution. Besides its stand-alone stores, Starbucks has set up cafs and carts in hospitals, banks, office buildings, supermarkets, and shopping centers. And other distribution agreements have included office coffee suppliers, hotels, and airlines. All this coffee is a large segment of the coffee market. Associated services (an office coffee supplier) provides Starbucks coffee exclusively to thousands of businesses arond the United States. Starbucks has deals with airlines, such as an agreement with United Airlines to provide Starbucks coffee to Uniteds nearly 75 million passengers a year. Starbucks, through a licensing agreement with Kraft Foods Inc., offers its coffee in grocery stores across United States.
Brand Extension
In 1995, Starbucks launched a line of packaged and prepared tea in response to growing demand for teahouses and packaged tea. Tea is a highly profitable beverage for restaurants to sell, costing only 2 cents to 4 cents a cop to produce. As its tea became increasingly popular, in January 1999 it acquired Tazo, a Portland, Oregon based to a company. Starbucks coffee is also making its way onto grocery shelves via a carefully planned series of joint ventures. An agreement with Pepsi-Cola brought a bottle version of Starbucks Frappuccino (a cold, sweetened coffee drink) to store shelves in August of 1996. In another 50-50 partnership, Dreyers Grand Ice Cream Inc., distributes seven quart products and two bar- products of Starbucks coffee ice cream. Other partnerships by the Company are designed to form a new product association with coffee. For instance, the companys music subsidiary, Heart Music, regularly releases CDs, some in collaboration with major record labels that are then sold to Starbucks retail stores. While Starbucks is the largest and best-known of the coffeehouse chain and its presence is very apparent in metropolitan areas, the firms estimates indicate that only a small percentage (about 7 percent) of the US population has tried its products. Distribution agreement and the new product partnerships, Starbucks hopes to capture more of the US market.
International Expansion
For many years analysts have absurd that the US coffee bar market may be reaching saturation. They point to market consolidation, as bigger players snapped up some of the smaller coffee bar competitors. Further, they note that Starbucks is also maturing, leading to a slowdown in growth of unit by them and firm profitability. In response, some argue, Starbucks has turned its attention to foreign markets for continued growth. For instance, Business Week notes: To duplicate the staggering returns of its first decade, Starbucks has no choice but to export its concept aggressively. Indeed, some analysts give Starbucks only two years at the most before it exaggerates the US market. The chain now (in August 2002) operates 1,200 international outlets, from Beijing to Bristol. That leaves plenty of room to grow. Indeed, about 400 of its planned 1200 new stores this year will be built overseas, representing a 35 percent increase in its foreign base. Starbucks expects to double the number of its stores worldwide, to 10,000 in three years. However, of the predicted three of four stores that will open each day, the majority will continue to be in the United States.
Early Expansion
In 1995, the firm established a subsidiary called Starbucks coffee international. At that time, the subsidiary consisted of 12 managers located in Seattle. Today, the subsidiary is led by Australian expatriate Peter Maslen and is staffed with about 180 experienced multinational and multilingual managers located in Seattle and three regional offices around the world. This group is responsible for all Starbucks business development outside North America, including developing new businesses, financing and planning stores, managing operations and logistics, merchandising, and training and developing Starbucks international managers. Starbucks first non-North American store was opened in 1996 in Tokyo. In reflecting on this early step in internationalizing the chain, Schultz notes: Two years prior to opening up in Japan, we hired its blue-chip consulting firm to guide us to succeed here. Basically, they said we would not succeed in Japan. There were a number of things they told us to change. They said we had to have smoking, but that was non-starter for us. They also said no Japanese would ever lose face by drinking from a cup in the street. And third, they said that given the high rent, stores could not be larger than 500 square feet well, our no smoking policy made us an oasis Japan. As for our to go business, you cannot walk down a street in Tokyo today and not see someone holding a cup of Starbucks coffee. And our store size and Japan is identical to our store size and United States, about 1200 to 1500 square feet. It just shows the power of believing in what you do. And also that Starbucks is as relevant in Tokyo, Madrid, or Berlin as it is in Seattle.
The Starbucks Way
According to US News & World Report
When venturing overseas, there is a Starbucks way. The company finds local business partners in most foreign markets it tests each country with a handful of stores in trendy districts, using experienced Starbucks managers. It sends local baristas to Seattle for 13 weeks of training. Then it starts opening stores by the dozen. Its called the lineup does not vary, but Starbucks does adapt its food to local tastes. In Britain, it won an award for its mince pies. In Asia, Starbucks offers curry puffs and meat buns. The company also fits its interior dcor to the local architecture, especially in historical buildings. We do not stamp these things out cookie cutters style, says Peter Malsen, president of the Starbucks coffee international. Although Starbucks is committed to owning its North American stores, it has sought partners for much of its overseas expansion. As Catherine Lindemann, SVP of operations for Starbucks international describes it: Our approach to international expansion is to focus on the partnership first, country second. We rely on the local connection to get everything up and working. The key is finding the right local partners to negotiate local regulations and other issues. We look for partners who share our values, culture, and goals about community development. We are primarily interested in partners who can guide us through the process of starting up in a foreign location. We look for firms with (1) similar philosophy two hours in terms of shared values, corporate edition should, and commitment to be in the business for long-haul, (2) multi-unit restaurant experience, (3) financial resources to expand the star Bob confab rapidly to prevent imitators, (4) a strong real estate experience with knowledge about how to pick prime real estate locations, (5) knowledge of retail market, and (6) the availability of people to commit to our project.
In an international joint venture, it is a partner that used to store sites. Each are submitted for approval to Starbucks, but the partner does all of the preparatory and selection work. Cydnie Horwat, VP for international assets development systems & infrastructure, explains how Starbucks market entry plan starts with brand building, which then facilitates rapid further expansion in a country: when first entering a market, we are looking for different things in the first one to three years that later on. During these early years, we are building our brand. Our stores and the biggest source of advertising, since we do not do a lot of separate advertising. So we have higher investment in stores in the first three years. About 60 to 70 percent of the stores opened in the first three years are or high brand builders. Adds Horwat: First, we looked for a dreamy visible site in well trafficked areas and focus on three major factors: demographics, branding potential, and financials. Second, we categorize sites on an A to D scale. A sites are signature sites that are qualitatively superior to all other sites within the trade area [an area within Starbucks chooses to locate one store]. We rarely take a C or D store. Third, we ask our international market business unit (MBU) to send in the site submittal package with quantitative and qualitative measures, such as how the site meets Starbucks established criteria and the partners agreed upon criteria. This package is reviewed by a number of functional units operations, finance, and real state within the international group. Fourth, we moved into the design phase, which is done in Seattle using information provided by the partner. Negotiate the least with the landlord and the initiate the construction when the appropriate permits are obtained. Finally, we turned over the store to operations. The whole process takes about 13 to 16 weeks from start to finish.
Establishing Starbucks as a Global Brand
Based on the success in Japan and other locations, Schultzs goal is for Starbucks to have a ubiquitous image as one of the most respected brands in the world. He notes: Whenever we see the reception we are getting in the marketplace such as in China, the Philippines, Malaysia, the UK, and most recently Spain and Germany, we recognize that the growth potential for the company [overseas] is very significant. We want to accelerate the growth, maintain our leadership position, and, ultimately, be calm one of the most respected brands in the world. Since its early foray into the Japanese market, the pace of international expansion has picked up significantly. In 1998, Starbucks acquired Seattle coffee company in the United Kingdom, a chain within more than 38 retail locations. That same year, it opens doors and Taiwan, Thailand, New Zealand, and Malaysia. In 1989, Starbucks opened in China (Beijing), Kuwait, South Korea and Lebanon. In 2000, it entered another seven markets (China-Hong Kong and Shanghai, Dubai, Australia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain). It added three markets 2001 (Switzerland, Israel, and Austria). Last year another nine markets were opened (Oman, Spain, Indonesia, Germany, South China-Macau and Shenzhen, Mexico, Puerto Rico, in Greece). Schultz said that this expansion is only beginning and confidently predict more to come: Ten years ago, we had 125 stores and 2000 employees. Today we have 62,000 people working in 30 countries outside of the North America, serving approximately 22 million customers all week. Our core customer is coming in about 18 times a month. With the majority of adults all round the world drinking 2 cups of coffee a day and with Starbucks having less than seven percent share of total coffee consumption in the US and less than 1 percent worldwide, these are the early days for growth and development of the company. We have got a model that has been well tested from market to market.
Starbucks is well on its way to becoming a global brand. According to Business Week: The Starbucks name and image content with millions of consumers around the globe. It was one of the fast-growing brands in a Business Week survey of the top 100 global brands published August 5, 2002. At a time when one corporate start after another has crashed to earth, brought down by revelations earnings misstatements, executive greed, or worse, Starbucks has not faltered.
But becoming a global company is not without risk. As Business Week point out, Global expansion poses huge risks for Starbucks. The one thing, it makes less money on each overseas store because most of them are operated with local partners. While that makes it easier to start up on foreign turf, it reduces the companys share of the profits to only 20 percent to 50 percent. In addition, the firm is becoming a target for anti-globalization activists around the world.
Perils of Globalization
As Starbuck establishes a global presence, its growing ubiquity has not gone unnoticed by anti-globalization activists. A clear manifestation of this game in November 1999, and tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of downtown Seattle when the World Trade Organization (WTO) held its third Ministerial conference there. Although nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and activists had gathered to oppose the WTO, some activists deliberately targeted multinationals like Starbucks, Nike, and McDonalds. A small, but vocal, percentage of these protesters garnered international press coverage by committing acts of vandalism against carefully chosen targets. As a report in Business Week recalls: Protesters flooded Seattles streets, and among their targets with Starbucks, a symbol, Madame, a free market capitalism run amok, another multinational out to blanket the earth. Amid the crowds protesters and riot police were black masked anarchists who trashed the store, leaving its windows smashed and its tasteful green and white or smelling of teargas instead of espresso.
Recalling the incident against the firm Schultz says: Its hurtful. I think people are ill-informed. Its very difficult to protest against a can of Coke, a bottle of Pepsi-Cola, or a can of Folgers coffee. Starbucks is both a ubiquitous brand and a place where you can go and break a window. You cannot break a can of Coke. Anti-globalization protesters target recognizable global brands because they are convenient symbols. The following excerpt from The Ruckus Societys Action Planning Manual and Media Manual illustration to close ties between global brands and the principles of direct actions against them: First [we] use direct action to reduce the issue to symbols. The symbols must be carefully chosen for their utility in illustrating a conflict: an oil company versus an indigenous community, a government policy versus public interest. Then we worked to place these symbols and the public eye, in order to identify the evil doer, detailed the wrongdoing and, if possible, point to a more responsible option.
The message that activists want to communicate focuses on the overseas activities corporations. They accuse multinational paying less than living wage workers in the Third World, of engaging in labor and environmental practices that would be outlawed in their home countries, of driving local competitors out of business and of furthering cultural imperialism. As one Global Trade Watch Field organizer described it: The rules by which trade is governed need to have more to do with the interests of citizens and with the back pockets and cash wads of a couple corporate CEOs. And we want to make sure that there is a balanced consideration. Obviously people are always going to be concerned with their profits; its business, and we understand that, we accept that. But we think that needs to be balanced with concern for the rights of workers, basic human rights, [and] protecting the environment.
Critics further accused international organizations like the WTO, World Bank, and IMF of promoting corporate globalization by supporting trade liberation, by promoting export based economic development, and by facilitating foreign direct investment. According to an organization that bills itself as Mobilization for Global Justice: Most of the worlds most impoverished country have suffered under IMF/World Bank programs for two decades: may have seen debt levels rise, unemployment skyrocketed, property increased, and environment devastated. Urged to export, they focus on cash crops like coffee instead of food for their own people, and allow foreign governments to build sweatshops, which also puts pressure on jobs in the US.
When Starbucks opened its first store in Mexico in September 2002, it shows a night in the Sheraton Hotel on Reforma Boulevard in Mexico City. This was Starbucks first store in Latin America and its first in an origin country, i.e., a coffee producing countries. An article on the Organic Consumers Association Web site describes Starbucks Mexican flagship store: The new Starbucks on Reforma features soft lighting and an aromatic ambience Behind the counter, will roam employees without his signature Frappuccino and lattes. Indeed, the only jarring note is the 36 pesos ($3.60) the young woman at the register wants for a double latte, 10 times the price Indian farmers are getting for a pound of their product in Chiapas Oaxaca, and other coffee Rich state of southern Mexico There is no starker contrast in the economics of coffee these days than between the cushy comforts and gourmet blends of the Starbucks Experiencia and the grim, daily existence of 360,000mostly Indian coffee farmers will work small plots crved from the Jungle Mountains of southern Mexico.
Multinational corporations and their supporters respond that the effects all and solutions for globalization are more complicated than the critics contend. They note that multinationals create jobs, pay better prices and wages and domestic firms, and conform to a local labor and environmental regulations. The skeptics are right to be disturbed by sweatshops, child labor, bonded labor, and other gross abuses that go on many poor countries (and in the darkest corners of rich ones, too). But what makes people vulnerable to these practices is poverty the more thoroughly these companies (multinational) penetrate the markets of the Third World, the fastest today introduced their capital and working practices, the sooner poverty will retreat and the harder it will be for such abuses to persist.
Moreover, multinationals argue, they have responded to the criticism of profit driven behavior by developing corporate codes of conduct, corporate social responsibility programs, and partnerships with nongovernmental organizations. They point out, however, that they are in a no-win situation, vis--vis their critics, because today can always be criticized for not doing enough. Starbucks has found that global concerns of thing get mixed up with and intertwined with local issues. Even the mere act of opening a Starbucks retail store in a neighborhood can be solved and local activism and community push back against the Starbucks brand. For example, when Starbucks opened a store in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1998, picketers carrying signs that read Dont Let Corporate Greed Destroy Our Neighborhood, greeted it. A lawyer who helps community keep national chains out, says: Its part of the growing tension in the world between the mass market economy and peoples desire to retain self-control and some local culture if you have got a beef with Starbucks, you have got a beat with capitalism. Starbucks has stationed a variety of community pushback situations around the world. Soon Beng Yeap, one of Starbucks international brand reputation manager notes: This community push back is a live issue and Starbucks manage each pushback incident case by case. In some markets we have gone in and in some we have pulled out. He cites two recent examples, one in London, where Starbucks decided to withdraw its efforts to open a store after local activists actively campaigned against the firm, and the other in Beijing, where the firm opened a store in a historic district, and, following subsequent and significant adverse comment reported in local and international media, decided to stay put.
Primrose Hill and Starbucks Decision to Withdraw
In 2002 Starbucks made plans to open a store in Primrose Hill, a London suburb. Located in northwest London, Primrose Hill is a well-known historical and picturesque area comprised of a public park, shopping village area, and attractive Victorian residential housing. Residents of Primrose Hill many of whom are writers, photographers, actors, and musicians take great pride in the area and are protective of their local environment, acting to ensure that no change stores operate in the area. In early 2002, Starbucks selected Primrose Hill as a potential site for a store, and in April 2002 cemented an application to the local council. When this information was published in the local papers, it received considerable negative feed back from the residence, in particular from the Primrose Hill Conservation Area Advisory Committee. This committee claimed that litter, noise, and disruption from deliveries to Starbucks store in Primrose Hill what real in the village ambience and contribute to the homogenization of the high streets. The opposition surprised Starbucks because Primrose Hill residents, associations (including the Primrose Hill Conservation Area Advisory Committee), and businesses had been contacted as part of calls location. What the potential site. Although the objections of Starbucks entry focused on local planning issues, there was an anti-globalization element as well. One critic was quoted as saying that Starbucks was renowned for not paying proper money to coffee growers. In response to the grid ticks, Starbucks offered to arrange meetings between the planning committee, local counselors, and its representatives to discuss the issues and hear their concerns. Despite Starbucks effort, no meeting all for was accepted and minimal responses were received. In the meantime, the Primrose Hill conservation area advisory committee began to campaign strongly against Starbucks. They collected more than 1300 letters of objection, which they then presented to the local council. Many celebrities, such as actor Jude Law, national theater director Nicholas Hytner, broadcaster Joan Bakewell, singer Neneh Cherry, author Jeanette Winterson, and artist Patrick Caulfield, lent their support by opposing that Starbucks application. Media coverage that was initially local became national when celebrities became involved. According to Horwat: Primrose Hill was an A site. A very affluent neighborhood, little or no competition, and we knew it would be a winner. Everyone [at Starbucks international]loved it. The real estate people, the fans people, and others signed off on the deal. Opposition only came when the city Council was about to approve [our application]. The opposition claimed that our entry would raise rents in the community. So we went back to the city Council to argue our case. But activists brought in movie stars and gather local and national media attention. In early June 2002, when it was apparent that Starbucks was not welcomed in Primrose Hill, the company decided against opening the store. Reflecting on their decision to withdraw, Horwat explains: We care about the abuse of the communities about which we are a part. We tried to have our stores to be part of a community. We had hoped to make a positive contribution to the people to get together in Primrose Hill. If the community does not welcome us, it is not someplace we want to be.
Adds Soon Beng Yeap: You have to understand the bigger picture in the UK to appreciate what was going on locally at the time Starbucks was seen as an American chain coming in to the British market and the British media tend to be very cynical. The specialty coffee market was becoming crowded and extremely competitive with several other chains such as Caf Nero, Coffee Republic, and Costa Coffee making a strong push market share. The Starbuck team review all factors involved as well as listened carefully to the community concerns. At the end of the day, we decided to withdraw our application.

Beijing and Starbucks Decision to Stay
Starr Boggs opened its first outlet in Beijing in January 1999 and has over 100 stores and the country today. However, Starbucks touched a nationalist nerve in 2000 when it opened a small coffee shop in Beijings Forbidden City. In highlighting this particular store, the New York Times noted: If ever there was an emblem of the extremes to which globalization has reached, this is it: mass-market American coffee called her and Chinas most hollowed historic place. Even a McDonalds in the Kremlin would not come as close. Starbucks opened its Forbidden City shop a month ago [September 2000] with a signature menu board advertising the usual Americano and decaffeinated latte coffee and a glass display case filled with fresh glazed doughnuts, cinnamon rings, and banana walnut muffins.
Starbucks, for its part, had taken extraordinary care to ensure its presence was unobtrusive. To avoid ruining the atmosphere of the big city, assigns and brand images were placed inside for this store. This small store (barely closet size according to some reports) had only two small tables and few chairs. It was located on the edge of the Forbidden City, among 50 other retailers, including some selling souvenirs and trinkets. Despite such a low-key presence, this store ignited controversy. Dozen of Chinese newspapers reported on reactions to the shop. Accoring to one such report and the Peoples Daily: The reason for this uproar is due to the cafs location: the Forbidden City, the worlds largest imperial palacefirst constructed in 1406, the forbidden city is Chinas best preserved ancient architecture encircled by a rampant 3 km. The caf, named Starbucks is situated in the southeastern corner of the Hall of Preserving Harmony (Baohedian), one of the three most impressive buildings on the palace grounds. The hall used to be giving you to hold feasts by Emperor and Noble of ethnic groups on New Years Eve of Chinas lunar calendar debates over the mini Caf took place first on the Web. A survey by Sina.com showed that over 70 percent of nearly 60,000 people surveyed were opposed to the caf entry into the Forbidden City, the main reason being the damaging effects to Chinese culture heritage and its atmosphere.
The administrators of the forbidden Palace and other government officials took note of the controversy but were supportive of Starbucks. Chen , a spokesperson for the forbidden city Museum, maintained that allowing Starbucks into the big city was part of their effort to improve service in the area. Moreover, Chen added: The reaction has been very intense. Some people say this is a gem of Chinese culture and that foreign brands and should not be allowed in we cannot give up eating for the fear of choking.
According to Horwat: The Forbidden City location was a C site at best. But not definitely a D site, because there was still the benefit of brand presence. But the government said, We think you should come in, and it was difficult to say no. there was no local community, only tourist. Following the flurry of articles and the Chinese media CNN began to run news clips of the story in the United States. Watching this unfold in the US media, some senior managers at Starbucks became alarmed at the negative publicity. According to Soon Beng Yeap: The immediate reaction was to close the store! Due to the relentless negative coverage generated by the international media. After serious discussion among the senior executives, we felt as guest in a foreign country, we should be respectful of our host; the Forbidden City officials-who invited us to be there in the first place. We decided to not to pull out because it was the international media that stirred up the whole controversy. Unlike the Primrose Hill case, there was no real local community pushback. It was all media driven. A few reporters got hold of the story and ran with it, all citing the same survey by Sina.com we were very disappointed by the negative media coverage, which created a false sense of cultural imperialism about our intentions and opening the store, especially when we worked very hard to be culturally sensitive and listen to the local community.
The controversy has since died down, as a recent report (February 2003) in The Straits Times (Singapore) indicates: Today if anything, the tourists were more upset than the Beijing residents about the presence of Starbucks in the forbidden city, complaining that it was out of place in a historical site ask what were the hottest issues of the day ordinary citizens, taxi driver Liu Zhiming said: Cars, apartments, and making money. What else?

Entering Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Peter Malsen, president of Starbucks international, hurriedly convened a meeting of his key executives and Starbucks international, including Julio Gutierrez, his president for Latin America. Starbucks entry into Brazil was in jeopardy because certain activists opposing Starbucks presence in the country were gaining momentum. Brazil is the largest coffee producing country in the world, and this was Starbucks second foray into Latin America (after Mexico). The company chose not to seek a joint venture partner to enter Brazil. Since many copycat chains had sprung up in Ro de Janeiro, some imitating Starbucks to the last detail, Malsen felt that his team had to move quickly before any particular group established itself as to permit chain. After several years of working with Julios Latin American team, no suitable joint venture partner had been identified, and Malsen was considering establishing a 100 percent Starbucks owned MBU (as it had already done in the UK, Australia, and Thailand). The business development group, with Julios team, had picked a site in the Ipanema area of Ro de Janeiro. They proposed that a flagship store be opened on this neighborhoods main commercial Street Rua Visconde de Piraja. Many of Rios motion tradition boutiques started in Ipanema, later to be exported to the malls and other parts of town. Many world-renowned brands such as Cartier, Louis Vuitton, and Polo Ralph Lauren had stores on the Rua Visconde de Piraja. It is often said that news in Ipanema makes headlines all over Brazil. Starbucks had also chosen other sites, four to be specific, were the company could open stores immediately following the opening of the flagship Ipanema store. One of the stores was to be located in the posh neighborhood of Barra de Tijuca; another one slated for Leblon, and two others for shopping malls located in affluent residential neighborhoods in the city. The real estate group was ready to sign the lease with the agents of the Ipanema property owners, but was awaiting a formal response from the city Council members. The business development group, led by Troy Alstead, SVP finance and business development at Starbucks international, was confident that the Ipanema location was an A category site. The demographics of the area are just right for a flagship store. They are affluent, Young, and love of American Brands. The business development groups financial projections indicated that the Ipanema Starbucks store would be profitable in a short time, and Alstead believed that this was a conservative figure. Further, he pointed out: Based on the companys experiences of opening flagship stores and similar, high-traffic posh neighborhoods in other cities around the world our store in Ginza, Japan, comes to mind we believe the Ipanema store would be viable for Starbucks. We estimate meeting the store ROI targets in aggregate of the first five stores within two years.
But Malsen had some concerns. He was troubled by the reports about rising levels of violence and street crimes in Rio and Sao Paulo. In response to the growing violence, some of the most fashionable retailers were relocating themselves in shopping malls. He also questioned whether the timing for Starbucks was off. Current world events had generated anti-American feeling in many countries. Following the standard practice, Starbucks had been working with the local chamberof commerce since January 2003, and with the local city council for the required permits. The members city Council and local chamber of commerce were positive about granting Starbucks permission to begin construction. While the formal voting had yet to be undertaken, it looked certain that, bearing anything unusual, permission would be granted. But nongovernmental organization like the Organic Consumers Association and Global Exchange were mobilizing faster than expected to oppose Starbucks entry into Brazil. They found out about Starbucks intent to enter Brazil when to Ipanema district chamber of commerce newsletter proudly announced that, We arent extremely pleased walk of Starbucks into the fashionable district of Ipanema. By opening a store in our neighborhood, they will join other global brands and help enhance further our district image as a place to be in Rio. The NGOs was recruiting local activist and had informed Starbucks that they would oppose its entry into Brazil ride petitioning the local council to reject its application. They also threatened to start picketing in front of the store once construction was initiated. The brand group a Starbucks was concerned about the turn of events. Soon Beng elaborated: People in Latin America now the brand because of their proximity to the US. Potential partners are always contacting us about coming in. Before we go into a lace like Brazil, what is to due diligence we have to do? It is an origin country for us {i.e., coffee producing country} it is a very vocal place, and there is a love-hate relationship with United States. Advanced people always want to say yes to or when the numbers look good. Today some in Starbucks, at least in our group, say that maintaining and protecting our strong brand reputation is equally important. Others counter: if our brand or strong and why worry about it? This is a discussion we have here everyday and the company. While the pushback is not totally unexpected, it is hard to gauge the severity of the situation and its likely impact what our brand.
Malsen asked Alsteads business development group to work with Julios Latin American team to estimate how picketing in front of the store might impact the financial projections and his group had prepared. Their answer: Our financial estimates for the Ipanema store are based on comparables from other flagship stores and locations similar to Rio in other parts of the world. Our financial models are sensitive to the demographics of the area. We project that demand could fall from 5 to 25 percent, because of people picketing in front of the store. We acknowledge it is much harder to guess what the impact on our entire system in Brazil might be as we open new stores. It all depends upon the type of media coverage the activists are able to muster and the issues the media choose to highlight.
Volunteered Soon Beng
The tide of public opinion is unpredictable. We review each pushback incident the best we can, and we can have a reasonable track record of predicting outcomes. But, every time we walked into a potential site somewhere in the world, we potentially face is pushback. It would be great to have a foolproof total system to help us evaluate the sorts of issues and make the appropriate decisions. Malsen had to leave Seattle to attend an important meeting in Europe the following day. He called together his key managers and said, Look, we have experienced a variety of pushbacks and protests before. What lessons have we learned? We have been deciding whether to go into sites or pulled out on case by case basis. If we are going to grow to 25,000 stores, we cannot keep taking an ad hoc approach. We need a systematic method to respond to push back to this side whether we stay with a site or pull out. I want you to come up with a way to help me decide whether to go into Rio at all. And its got to be a system or decision process that would work equally well in London or Beijing or any place else that we want to open. Let us meet again when I get back to town in a couple of days. The managers of Starbucks international had their work cut out for them. But they look for it to tackling the issues raised.

Discussion Questions

a.Briefly describe the history and evolution of Starbucks.

b.In your view, what are the key events in the history of the company?

c.Using your own words, described the Starbucks model.

d.What were the key issues and the decision by Starbucks to go international?

e.Identify and discuss some of the negative elements of globalization focused by Starbucks.

f.Based on your analysis, what advice would you provide Starbucks with respect to the next 3-5 year period.

Open to all writers!!

The context of this report is a global perspective on resource management. Your essay should comprise: 1) a discussion of the case study (specifically, the questions listed below), and 3) a discussion of some aspect of the topic of rice.
The immediate answers to the following 4 questions can be found on http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/agriculture_environment/commodities/rice/index.cfm and then expanded on through 7 journal articles (from the list below).
1. How extensive and important is the production and global trade of this crop?
2. What are the major environmental impacts related to its production and processing?
3. What are the significant global trends in how, where, and/or why this crop is produced and traded?
4. What other significant social or economic impacts are related to this crop?

The paper should be set up as followed:
Introduction
Answer to question 1
Answer to question 2
Answer to question 3
Answer to question 4
Some aspect of rice (for example: nutrition, water management, trade issues, or labor requirements). Please only pick one aspect.
Conclusion

This is a research paper. In addressing any one of the above topics, you should supplement ideas and examples in the assigned reading (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/agriculture_environment/commodities/rice/index.cfm) with at least seven outside sources listed below.
This paper is not about your opinions! Be sure to cite your sources and to list at the end of your essay the author, year, title, and publication of information (other than the assigned readings) that you use to support your discussion. You will only be given credit for literature sources that you actually cite within your essay.

Please use 7 sources from this list:

ABI/INFORM - Global and Trade & Industry
Abstracts in Anthropology
Academic Search
AGRICOLA
Alternative Press Index
America: History and Life
American Chemical Society
Anthropology Plus
Anthrosource
Art Index
ArtSTOR
ATLA Religion Database

Biography Index (print only)
Biological Abstracts | BIOSIS
Books | Library Catalog
Books, Electronic
Books in Print
Britannica Online
Business News, Regional
Business Source Premier

CAB Abstracts
CQ Researcher
CQ Weekly Report
Choice Reviews Online
CINAHL
Classical Music Library
CollegeSource Online
Communication & Mass Media Complete
Compendex
Contemporary Authors
Country Watch

Digital Resources Management
Dissertations & Theses: Humanities & Social Sciences
Drama - 20th Century North American -books
EBSCOhost
EHRAF
Emerald Library
Encyclopedia Britannica [more info]
Engineering Village 2 [more info]
Environment Abstracts (print only)
ERIC [more info]
Ethnic NewsWatch [more info]

Factiva [more info]

GPO Access [more info]
Gale Virtual Reference Library [more info]
GenderWatch [more info]
GEOBASE [more info]
GeoRef [more info]
Google Scholar [more info]
GROVEArt [see: Oxford Art Online]
GROVEmusic [see: Oxford Music Online]

HRAF [more info]
HAPI, Hispanic American Periodicals Index (print only)
Historic Photograph Collection | N.E. California
Historical Abstracts [more info]
History E-Book Project [more info]
Human Relations Area Files [more info]


IEEE Computer Society Digital Library [more info]
ingenta [more info]
International Political Science Abstracts [more info]
JSTOR [more info]
Kraus Curriculum Development Library [more info]

Leisure Recreation and Tourism Abstracts (print only) LexisNexis Academic [more info]
LexisNexis Congressional [more info]
Library Catalog [more info]
Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts [more info]
Library of Congress
Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts LLBA [more info]
Literature Online (LiOn) [more info]
Local Newspaper Index [more info]

MLA International Bibliography [more info]
MathSciNet [more info]
MEDLINE / PubMed [more info]
Melvyl [more info]
Mergent Online [more info]
Mintel Reports (CSU,Chico user profile required) [more info]
Music Index [more info]

NetAdvantage (Standard & Poor's) [more info]
netLibrary [more info]
New York Times Index (print only)
Newspaper Index for Local Newspapers [more info]
Newsstand [more info]
Northeastern Calif. Historic Photograph Collection [more info]

OregonPDF in Health & Performance [more info]
Oxford Art Online [more info]
Oxford English Dictionary [more info]
Oxford Journals [more info]
Oxford Music Online [more info]
Oxford Reference Online [more info]

Periodicals List [more info]
PHAROS [more info]
Philosopher's Index [more info]
Political Reference Suite [more info]
Project Muse [more info]
ProQuest Direct [more info]
ProQuest Newsstand [more info]
PsycArticles [more info]
PsycINFO [more info]
PubMed [more info]

RAND California [more info]
Readers' Guide Retrospective [more info]
Readers' Guide To Periodical Literature (print only)
Regional Business News [more info]
Religion Database (ATLA) [more info]
RIA Checkpoint [more info]

Safari Books [more info]
Sage Journals Online [more info]
San Francisco Chronicle Index (print only)
Science Direct [more info]
Snapshots of North America [more info]
Social Services Abstracts [more info]
Social Work Abstracts [more info]
SocINDEX [more info]
Sociological Abstracts [more info]
SPIN | Searchable Physics Information Notices [more info]
SPORT Discus [more info]
SpringerLink [more info]
Standards & Poor's NetAdvantage
Stat-USA [more info]

TableBase
Twentieth Century North American Drama

Westlaw (Campus Research)
Wiley InterScience
WorldCat

"Bolavens"

This is my Final paper please help. .

I have attached all the briefs for review.
The Final outline sturcture. see below(should be with the summary you are writting for me as well but just use the final area
Please use International Business terms.

Just to refresh Again the company is General Mills and we are preparing executives. Executives for Greece and France.
BU 240 ? International Business -- Final Paper Assignment

1. Format: APA style, 1? margins, double-spaced, 12 Point font, Times New Roman font style; No first person references
2. Cover page: Paper Title, Student Name, Course Name + Section Number + Semester and Year, Instructor Name, Submission Date
3. Introduction: Topic or purpose of paper, company overview, including timeline and entry strategy into new country two countries studied
4. Background Information: provide a comparative summary on the two countries studied, noting similarities and/or differences
5. Cultural Differences and Dimensions: Discuss specific cultural differences between the two countries, include a comparative assessment of the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions measure
6. Political Economy: Discuss the political and economic development issues related to each country
7. Global Trade and Currency Exchange: Discuss the type of trade zone, trade policies, sanctions, if applicable; Also identify the exchange rates associated with the countries
8. Business Strategy and Operations: Discuss the cost pressures and pressures for local responsiveness, and the basic strategy used by the company; Also discuss associated impacts for conducting marketing, human resource development, accounting and finance, also, if applicable include issues related to global production, outsourcing, and logistics between the two countries
9. Business Protocol and Tips
a. Business Practices, etiquette, entertaining, and negotiation Protocols and Tips
b. Optional: Current news, information, interesting statistics, tips, charts, graphs, maps, photos)
10. Summary or conclusion of paper; Include a summary to conclude the paper
11. References, at least 4 sources including textbooks (Note: Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable source)
12. Turnitin - Class name: BU240.02 Mon Intl Business; ID: 5984810).

Reminder: The content from your Executive Briefs is to be used to compile your final paper
Section Description Individual Summary Brief
Cover Page Paper identification information (e.g., paper title, student name, etc.) 1 page w/name 1 page w/team name + individual names (bullet points)
Introduction Intro. Topic, company overview of two countries studied, timeline and entry strategy ? to 1+ pages ? page
Background Information Comparison of countries between home & host countries, impact on business 1 to 2 pages ? page
Cultural Differences and Dimensions Comparison between home & host countries, impact on business, include Hofstede Dimensions 1 to 2 pages ? to 2 pages
Political Economy Comparison between home & host countries, impact on business 1 to 2 pages ? to 2 pages
Global Trade and Currency Exchange Discuss the type of trade zone, trade policies, sanctions, if applicable; Also identify the exchange rates associated with the countries
1 to 2 pages ? to 2 pages
Business Strategy and Operations Business strategy and operations for business areas, i.e., marketing, human resources, accounting 1 to 2 pages ? to 2 pages
Business Protocol and Tips Ways to prepare to do business between home & host countries; relevant information 1 to 2 pages ? to 2 pages
Summary Provide conclusion to wrap up paper ? to 1 page ? to 1 page
References Page Provide APA formatted Reference list Min. of 4 sources, including texts Min. of 5 sources, including texts
Total Count Excludes Cover page, References Approx.. 8 to 10 Approx. 3 to 5

Answer one of the following questions:

1. Why, despite powerful arguments in its favour, has free trade not been the norm?

2. Outline the mercantilist criticisms of free trade and assess their validity.

3. Are counties whose exports involve a high proportion of primary products systematically disadvantaged by the global trade regime?

The word count is inclusive of all footnotes and appendices but exculdes references.

Word count 1000 Words (+/- 10%)

Write three short essays on the following questions. Each essay answer should be about 200 words.

Question 1: Phillips Curve, Unemployment-Inflation Debate, and Fiscal Policy
(a) The current US unemployment rate is around 10% rate. In your onion is it higher than the "Natural Rate" of unemployment? Why or why not? (b) Based on the materials presented in chapter 12, can policymakers currently exploit the Phillips curve relationship by trading more inflation for less unemployment? Why or why not? (c) Do you agree with President Obama's current fiscal policy (the stimulus package and the large budget deficit) to address the unemployment problem? Is it too much, too little, or of no consequence? Why or why not? Are you worried about the large budget deficit and federal debt? Why or why not? (refer to discussions in chapters 12 and 15).

Question 2: US Dollar and the World Economy
US dollar has been serving as the primary currency (also known as vehicle currency) for trade and finance at home and also between countries globally for a long time. In recent years, some countries (among others China) have been talking about floating a global currency replacing US dollar for global trade and finance. (a) What are the rationale for and against such a proposal? (b) What are the possible consequences, favorable and adverse, for the US economy if the proposal is implemented (consider impacts on US exports, imports, foreign investment, balance of payments, etc.)? Do you support the proposal? Why or why not? (refer to dicussions in chapter 13).

Question 3: The FED and the Monetary Policy
The central bank (or the FED in the US) is considered the banker of the banks. We all know about the recent massive bank failures and severe financial crises (in the US and many other developed countries) which is considered the worst since the Great Depression. Fed chairman Ben Bernanke recently acknowledged the failure of not anticipating the crisis. (a) In your opinion, what is the role of the monetary authorities (including the FED), if any, in cuasing or agravating the banking and financial crisis (refer to discussions in chapter 14); (b) Does this crisis call the central bank creditability into question (refer to discussions in Chapter 14)? Why or why not? (c) Suggest your own policy recommendations to avoid (or minimize) such crisis in the future.
There are faxes for this order.

In this paper you will trace the global interdependencies of the topic or event of your choice and describe how there are intricate connections across borders.

Examples could include an event like ??"

the Japanese Tsunami ??" On the first day of class we looked at how an event that occurred on the Coast in the main island of Japan caused many international consequences and reactions such as ??" global volunteering, global nuclear power plant safety hazard policy changes, international political support (including from the US and China), International Migrations out of Japan, Large-Scale protests which were covered by International Media which pressured the Japanese government...

A Topic or aspect of culture ??" Globalization of Hip Hop
A genre of music that started in the South Bronx in the 70s which carried a tradition from Africa and Jamaica, and was also influenced by Jazz, Blues, Disco, Funk, Poetry ??" and through cultural diffusion has traveled across the world and can be plainly seen (expression, clothing, linguistic diffusion, political protests etc.) in different cultures & countries, in different ways, across the world.

You may choose anything which could be of interest to you ??" The globalization of Soccer (Did colonialism and imperialism have anything to do with this sport moving across the world ??" Global Media, The world Cup, turning into global culture in different localities), The Revolution in Syria (All the transnational influences which cross borders including military support, different combatant groups, international aid, weapons trade across borders, previous international political circumstances), The re-manifestation of global nationalism caused by international migration and the rise of global anti-immigration policies and global racism, The Global interdependencies of Pussy Riot, Global Trade Between China and the US and the implications for International Warfare, The International interdependencies of and expectations of the US Presidential elections.

Open an event or topic up, and show its interdependencies across borders!



I'd like the paper to be over the Syrian conflict and where the refugees migrate to like Jordan, Turkey, Egypt and outside the Middle East. A good example is the Jordian camp article below. Also talk about the affect it's having on the countries that take them in and show its interdependencies across borders. Links below to help get you started

http://www.businessinsider.com/syrian-refugee-camp-photos-2013-9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war
https://www.google.com/#q=refugees+from+syria

These are the instructions for the essay paper:
1. Your essay topic take the form of several questions.
2. Make sure you answer the question that is asked and cover all aspects of the question.
3. You must use recent research or you will be penalized.
4. Make sure you include a bibliography and/or works cited page and follow an accepted MLA citation method.
5. 7 pages using standard font and margins.
6. Any paper may be run through an anti-plagiarism database.
7.Part of this assignment is to familiarize students with peer reviewed academic journals so you are required to use at least three journals. Generally, a good database using the checkbox "peer reviewed" is the best way to start.

TOPIC:
India and China both see themselves as emerging superpowers. Compare and contrast both countries claims to superpower status. What advantages does India have over China? What advantages does China have over India? What problems do both face in gaining superpower status? How might their development impact their respective political systems? Some concepts from class would include (but are not limited to) power transition, globalization, democracy, human rights, global trade ect....

Refer to Hofstede model in Chapter 4 of the textbook and the Global Business Today Interaction, and complete this assignment. Note: the Global Business Today Interaction can be found in the online course shell.

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

1. Create a problem statement for the client, Azure Sky Tea, based on the Hofstede model.

2. Classify possible combinations of countries for location of the Azure Sky Teas offices based on the Hofstede model. Include a discussion of the home countrys (U.S.) relative position on the Hofstede scales as compared to other countries. Note: Utilize the Hofsetede module to include all parameters (i.e., individualism, uncertainty, power distance, masculinity) for the classification.

3.Choose two (2) countries as potential locations for the Azure Sky Teas new international offices. Next, develop a set of specific recommendations for the company. In your recommendations:



a.Include the preliminary data that you gathered in the previous question.
b.Demonstrate the most important dimensions of the Hofstede model for Azure Sky Tea to consider as a U.S. company and for the industry that it represents.
c.Predict the economic opportunities of your recommendations.
4.Speculate on the main potential risks inherent in relocating to the countries that you are considering. Suggest at least two (2) approaches that the Azure Sky Tea leadership could leverage to mitigate the potential risks that you have identified.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

Formulate, implement, and evaluate effective marketing strategies based on an analysis of global operating environments, market dynamics, and internal capabilities.
Analyze the major economic, cultural, and political / legal aspects of the international business environment, including the economic dynamics of foreign trade, impact of regional and global trade integration, and key cultural dimensions affecting marketing operations.
Assess the potential risks and benefits of various international markets and formulate effective market entry strategies to support foreign market expansion.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing.
Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics.
Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric found here.

I would like you to comment on this for about 200 words only. Just say what you think.


{Global Resistance is an anti-capitalist and anti-war organisation based in the UK. They are a reasonably new organisation that stands for no racism, no privatisation or no war.

They aim to increase the involvement of trade unions and to increase collaboration between different strands of the movement, including environmentalists, NGOs, progressive faith groups and the other campaigning organisations (http://www.resist.org.uk/?q=node/5). Global Resistance brings together activists and organisation from not only anti-capitalist movements, but also from many stands of socialists, anarchists, trade unionists and students.

Global Resistance are against or opposed to:
The new-liberal policies of the G8, IMF, World Bank and WTO
All Imperialist wars
The ongoing Israeli occupation of Palestine
The war on terror

GR believe that a better world is achievable and possible to build. They also believe that it is the multinational corporations who are to blame for any inequalities as they are prioritised above the peoples well being (http://www.tidsskriftcentret.dk/index.php?id=145), this being one of their main concerns. They are also concerned with the impact that these multilateral organisations have on climate change and on the environment in general.

They believe that mass mobilisation and direct action are the best (http://www.resist.org.uk/?q=node/5) way to oppose global corporations and achieve this other world. In doing so, GR members have actively been involved in various organised actions, including the current campaigning against the introduction of ID cards, the patenting of AIDS treatments, the GAPs sweated labour. In the notion that direct action is the best, GR has mobilised resistance at international summits of the opposed institutions (WTO, World Bank ect), being one of the key co-ordinating groups at the May Day 2001 protests in London

References

Retrieved from http://www.tidsskriftcentret.dk/index.php?id=145
Retrieved from http://www.resist.org.uk/?q=node/5}








Also I would like you to answer these 5 qustions :
1. What is capitalism? How unprecedented is globalised capitalism?
2. Why is the way that the world economy is currently organised controversial?
3. What is the Bretton Woods system of economic institutions? What historical events and ideas were central to the development of these economic institutions?
4. In what ways have the Bretton Woods institutions shifted in goals they pursue? What ideas and goals are important to the Bretton Woods system now?
5. What is neo-liberalism? What are the main principles and policies of neo-liberalism?



for each one just write 150 words each however you must use this book to answer these questions you need to refrence from this book as well as other materials I will send you.
- Robert O?brien and Marc Williams, Global Political Economy Second Edition (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2007)
Recommended texts
David Held, and Anthony McGrew, Globalisation/Anti-globalisation Second Edition (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2007)
Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents (London; Penguin books, 2002)
Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (London; Penguin books, 2006)
Robert O?Brien, etal., Contesting Global Governance (Cambridge; CUP 2000)
Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: Market Ideology Meets Terrorism 2nd edition (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005)

Jan Aart Scholte, Globalisation, a critical introduction Second Edition (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2005)
David Held, et al, Global Transformations (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999)
Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and its Alternatives. 3rd edition. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002)
John Ravenhill (ed.), Global Political Economy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Gilpin, Robert, Global Political Economy (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 2001)
Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey Underhill (eds.), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order 2nd edition/3rd edition (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1999/2005)
Some useful websites
Global Policy Webpage http://www.globalpolicy.org/ is a great page for material relating to the state, globalisation and the UN.
The Global Transformations webpage http://www.polity.co.uk/global/links.htm is great for globalisation material.
Carnegie Council webpage http://www.cceia.org/index.php good material on ethics and global justice International Institutions
UN: http://www.un.org/
IMF: http://www.imf.org/
World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/
WTO: http://www.wto.org/
G-7: http://www.g7.com/
OECD: http://www.oecd.org/
UNCTAD: http://www.unctad.org/
ILO: http://www.ilo.org/ Pro Capitalist Organisations:
World Economic Forum: http://live99.weforum.org/
The Trilateral Commission: http://www.trilateral.org
European Round Table of Industrialists: http://www.ert.be/ Anti Capitalist Organisations:
Left Business Observer: http://www.panix.com/~dhenwood/LBO_home.html
Multinational Monitor: http://www.essential.org/
G77 (anti neo-liberal grouping) http://www.g77.org
Debt canceling movements http://www.jubilee2000uk.org/main.html World Social Forum
http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/index.php?cd_language=2&id_menu
Focus on the Global South http://www.focusweb.org/
Mobilization for Global Justice http://www.globalizethis.org/
50 Years is Enough http://www.50years.org/
Our World is Not For Sale http://www.ourworldisnotforsale.org/ NGOs:
Oxfam: http://www.oxfam.org/eng/
Global Trade Watch: http://www.tradewatch.org/



There are faxes for this order.

Critic writing on two webliography citing:

1. Diversity, Culture, and Implications for Business
Kim Cima < 209.116.252.254/9_1999_focus/cimakime.html > [3 Jun 08]
Abstract This webliography discusses the many implications which arise when doing business internationally. Two points to remember: 1) Understand and develop cultural literacy- this means to respect and appreciate a culture's religion, language, and economic and political philosophy 2) Identifying the competitive advantage- does expanding abroad utilize your competitive advantage?... do the costs of doing business abroad enhance your competitive advantage?... how does the country's culture connect with your competitive advantage? The article continues to discuss the importance of being informed on culture and the relationships between the culture (ie value systems, norms, etc) and the competitive advantage (ie does the culture influence the cost of doing business?)

2. Withdrawal from NAFTA and WTO
Dennis Kucinich < nafta.kucinich.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=2 > [12 Jun 08]
Abstract This webliography shows an interesting perspective from former Presidential candidate and Democratic Rep from Ohio, Dennis Kucinich. He explains why he feels the US should pull out of NAFTA and how American jobs are lost when we outsource labor to lower-wage paying countries. This relates to the Ch. 3 discussions of preferential trade agreements.

Textbook reference for 1.
Keegan, Warren J., and Green, Mark C. Global Marketing (Paperback). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 5th edition, 2005.
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Global Marketing

Introduction
The matrix shows that market development is defined as taking existing products into new markets. Wal-Marts expansion into Guatemala and other Central American countries is an example of this strategy.

Diversification is developing new products for new markets. South Koreas LG Electronics has created new products for the American home appliance market. Innovations such as a $3,000 refrigerator with a built-in flat panel LVD TV have been instrumental in Home Depots decision to carry the appliance product line.

Global marketing
Companies that use price as a competitive weapon may use global sourcing to access cheap raw materials or low-wage labor. Companies can seek to improve process efficiencies or gain economies of scale with high production volumes.

Marketers may be able to reduce non-monetary costs by decreasing the time and effort customers expend to learn about or seek out the product.

A market is defined as people and organizations that are both able and willing to buy. A successful product or brand must be of acceptable quality and consistent with buyer behavior, expectations, and preferences. If a company is able to offer a combination of superior product, distribution, promotion benefits and lower price than competitors, it should enjoy a competitive advantage. Japanese automakers made significant gains in the American market in the 1980s by creating a superior value proposition. They offered cars with higher quality and lower prices than those made by American car companies.

Competitive Advantage, Globalization, and Global Industries

When a company succeeds in creating more value for customers than its competitors, that company is said to enjoy competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is measured relative to rivals in an industry. A local laundromat is in a local industry and competes locally. A national company competes within its countrys borders. Global industries compete globallyconsumer electronics, apparel, automobiles, steel, pharmaceuticals, furniture, and so forth.

Global Marketing: What It Is and What It Isnt
Because countries and people are different, marketing practices that work in one country will not necessarily work in another. Customer preferences, competitors, channels of distribution, and communication may differ. Global marketers must realize the extent to which plans and programs may be extended or need adaptation. The way a company addresses this task is a reflection of its global marketing strategy (GMS).
Standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be executed in the same or different ways in various country markets.
Concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which marketing mix activities are performed in one or a few country locations.
Coordination of marketing activities refers to the extent to which marketing mix activities are planned and executed interdependently around the globe.
Integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firms competitive marketing tactics are interdependent in different parts of the world.

Management Orientations
Ethnocentric orientation leads to a standardized or extension approach. Foreign operations are typically viewed as being secondary or subordinate to the country in which the company is headquartered. Sometimes valuable managerial knowledge and experience in local markets may go unnoticed. Manufacturing firms may view foreign markets as dumping grounds with little or no marketing research conducted, manufacturing modifications made or attention paid to customer needs and wants.

Example: In Nissans early days of exporting to the United States, the company shipped cars for the mild Japanese winters. Executives assumed that when the weather turned cold, Americans would put a blanket over their cars just like Japanese would. Nissans spokesperson said, We tried for a long time to design cars in Japan and shove them down the American consumers throat. That didnt work very well.

Michael Mondavi, former CEO of the wine company said, Robert Mondavi was a local winery that thought locally, grew locally, produced locally, and sold globally. . . . To be a truly global company, I believe its imperative to grow and produce great wines in the world in the best wine-growing regions, regardless of the country or the borders.

For example, Citicorp used this approach until the mid-1990s when John Reed instilled a geocentric approach. He sought to instill a higher degree of integration among operating units.

James Bailey, Citicorp executive, said, We were like a medieval state. There was the king and his court and they were in charge, right? No. It was the land barons who were in charge. The king and his court might declare this or that, but the land barons went and did their thing. Jack Welch at GE also sought to instill a geocentric approach. At GM, executives were given considerable autonomy in designing autos for their regions. One result was the use of 270 different radios being installed around the world. EX: GM now assigns engineering jobs worldwide. A Detroit global council determines $7 billion annual budget allocation for new product development. One goal is to save 40 percent on the cost of radios by using only 50 instead of 270 different ones. Basil Drossos, president of GM Argentina, said, We are talking about becoming a global corporation as opposed to a multinational company; that implies that the centers of expertise may reside anywhere that best reside. Other examples: Harley-Davidson (U.S.), Waterford (Ireland), Gap (U.S.)

DRIVING FORCES
Regional agreements: NAFTA, EU expansion and single currency. WTO (1994)
Market needs and wants and IT: There are cultural universals as well as differences. Common elements in human nature provide the opportunity to create and serve global markets. For example, soft drinks companies must recognize that product adaptation is not always necessary and that competitors may be serving global customers. The information revolution that Thomas Friedman calls the democratization of information is one reason for the trend to convergence. CNN and MTV allow people in remote areas to compare their lifestyles to others. Advertising overlapping national boundaries such as in Asia or Europe and the mobility of consumers in these markets has allowed for pan-regional positioning. The Internet is perhaps the strongest force that alows people everywhere to buy and sell.
Transportation and communication: Jets allow around the world travel in less than 48 hours. 1970: 75 million international passengers. 2003: 540 million. Airlines sell one anothers seats thanks to modern technology. International phone calls are inexpensive and there are many other ways to communicate including fax, email, video conferencing, wi-fi, and broadband Internet. Transportation costs have fallen. Due to specially designed ships, the cost of shipping autos from Japan to the United States is less than the cost to ship from Detroit to either U.S. coast. Intermodal transportation uses 20- to 40-foot containers that may be transferred from trucks to railroad cars to ships.
Product Development Costs: New pharmaceutical cost in 1976 = $ 76 million; today = $400 million and up to 14 years to get a drug approved. Pharmaceutical companies go global to spread the costs. However, only 7 countries account for 75 percent of sales.

Quality: Global and domestic companies may each spend 5 percent of sales on R&D but the global company has much more revenue from its markets. Global companies raise the bar for all industry competitors. Nissan, Matsushita, and Caterpillar have achieved world-class quality. World economic trends: Economic growth in key developing countries equals major market opportunities. Slowing growth in developed countries has compelled managers to look abroad. Rapid economic growth, in a country such as China, has caused policymakers to open markets to outsiders. Competition can strengthen domestic companies. Domestic companies seek more governmental protection if markets are not growing. Worldwide movement to free markets, deregulation, and privatization is another driving force. As independent private managers take over running businesses (steel, railroads, telephones, airlines, utilities, restaurants, nightclubs) from governments, they are likely to seek the best deals, regardless of the nationality of the supplier.
Leverage: A company enjoys some type of advantage by virtue of the fact that it has experience in more than one country. Experience transfers mean that a company can leverage its experience in any part of the world. It can use management practices, strategies, products, advertising appeals, or sales or promotional ideas that have been test-marketed in one country or region and apply them in comparable markets. Because Chevron has drilled for oil under all conditions and recorded them, managers with a problem know how it has been handled in the past. Scale economies can be gained in manufacturing and by centralizing functional activities. Resource utilization means that a global companies can scan the entire world to identify people, money and raw material that will enable it to compete most effectively in world markets. Rising and falling home country currency is not an issue as the world is full of currencies and a global company seeks financial resources on the best available terms. It uses them where there is the best opportunity to serve a need at a profit. Global strategy is a design to create a winning offering on a global scale. A global strategy is built on an information system that scans the world business environment to identify opportunities, trends, threats, and resources. When opportunities are identified, the global company leverages its skills and focuses it resources to create superior value for customers and achieve competitive advantage.

Management myopia and organizational culture: Ethnocentric companies will not expand geographically. Managers tend to dictate when they should create strong local teams that they can rely upon for market information. Know-it-all local teams wont listen to management and all-knowing managers wont listen to local experts. Successful global companies have learned to integrate global vision and perspective with local market initiative and input.
National controls: Every country tries to protect its home industries and services through tariff and non-tariff controls. Thanks to organizations like GATT, WTO, NAFTA, EU, and other economic agreements, tariffs have been largely removed in high-income countries. Non-tariff barriers to trade include Buy Local campaigns, food safety rules, and other bureaucratic obstacles.
Opposition to Globalization: Globophobia is the term used to describe an attitude of hostility toward trade agreements, global brands, or company policies that appear to result in hardship for some individuals or countries while benefiting others. Opponents to globalization include college or university students, NGOs, and labor unions. Some Americans believe that globalization has sent American jobsboth blue- and white-collaroverseas and also depressed wages at home. In developing countries, many believe that free trade agreements benefit the worlds most advanced countries. An unemployed miner in Bolivia said, Globalization is just another name for submission and domination. Weve had to live with that here for 500 years and now we want to be our own masters.

Textbook Reference for 2.
Keegan, Warren J., and Green, Mark C. Global Marketing (Paperback). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 5th edition, 2005.
Chapter 3
The Global Trade Environment: Regional Market Characteristics and Preferential Trade Agreements

The website for the WTO is http://www.wto.org.

The Dispute Settlement Body of neutral staff members mediates unfair trade barriers and other issues. For 60 days, parties are expected to negotiate in good faith. After that, the DSB will appoint a three-member panel of trade experts to hear the case behind closed doors. The panel must rule in nine months. The losing party has the right to turn to a seven-member appellate body. If, after due process, a countrys policies are found to violate WTO rules, it is expected to change those policies. If it does not, trade sanctions may be imposed.

Trade ministers meet annually to work on improving world trade. The Doha Round began in 2001, collapsed in 2005, and has not been restarted as of September 2007. It is customary to notify the WTO when countries enter into PTAs. Strictly speaking, few fully conform to WTO requirements; none, however, have been disallowed.
Free Trade Area
Sometimes duties may be eliminated on the day of the agreement or phased out over time.

Chile and Canada established an FTA in 1997. A Caterpillar tractor made in Canada could be shipped to Chile duty free. A U.S.-made tractor could not be shipped through Canada to Chile because the Made in the USA label would subject it to about $13,000 in duties. Little wonder that the United States negotiated its own agreement with Chile that came into effect in 2003.

Other FTAs:
European Economic Union: the EU plus Norway, Liechtenstein, and Iceland
The Group of Three (G3): Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela
The Closer Economic Partnership Agreement: China and Hong Kong.
North AmericaNAFTA
The United States is home to more global industry leaders than any other nation and dominates in the computer, software, aerospace, entertainment, medical equipment, and jet engine industries.

The agreement does leave the door open for discretionary protectionism. California avocado growers won government protection for a $250 million market. Mexican avocado growers can ship only during the winter and only to the northeast United States and are subject to a $30 million quota. Mexico imposed tariffs on chicken leg quarters and on red and golden apples.

The United States and Canada formed the CanadaU.S. Free Trade Area in 1989. The $400 billion of goods traded each year is the biggest trading relationship between any two countries.

In 1994, the United States, Canada, and Mexico began trading under NAFTA. The NAFTA represents a combined population of roughly 430 million and a total GNI of almost $14 trillion.
NAFTA Income and Population






2004 GNI 2004 Pop. 2004 GNI

(in millions) (in thousands) Per Capita

United States $12,168,482 293,655 41,440

Canada 905,042 31,974 28,310

Mexico 704,906 103,795 6,790__

Total/Mean GNP $13,778,430 429,424 $32,086

per capita

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1. Go to this link Diversity, Culture, and Implications for Business
Kim Cima < 209.116.252.254/9_1999_focus/cimakime.html > [3 Jun 08] and
2. Withdrawal from NAFTA and WTO
Dennis Kucinich < nafta.kucinich.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=2 > [12 Jun 08] and answer the following:
[Be sure to include webliography citing/references within your writing AND provide (2) more external sources that support your answers. Please be sure to type your answers in a MicroSoft word document .doc format]
Question 1: Describe and explain why you selected this webliography source. READ THE ARTICLE AND THINK ABOUT HOW THOSE ARTICLES ARE RELATIVE TO PROFESSIONAL AND ACADEMIC INTERESTS.
Question 2: Compare this webliograpy source with the above textbook reference.
Question 3: Give overall evaluation if you agree or disagree with your (4) sources' viewpoints. Dig deep here and convince me with critical writing that supports your viewpoint. Critical Writing Steps: State Your Position (Agree/Disagree); Explain in more depth your positioning including citing of sources to strengthen your position; Use examples to clarify to the reader how this might be applied or an experience that demonstrates your position; extend beyond the initial positioning by introducing new ideas that challenge the reader to think beyond the initial positioning. A good way to extend is to offer "Other Areas For Consideration" and then introduce a new concept that challenges the reader to consider it as another option for evaluation.
Use APA standards, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12, use subtitles for each question and a title page with numbering. Cite your sources in the body of your paper and provide a reference page that links to your citing sources.
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APA Example:
American Psychological Association (APA)
Standards for Written Papers
May 5, 2007


References are a collection of sources of materials that you have researched for your paper. You will place the list of source materials in a separate page toward the end of your written paper. While the references are a list of all sources, a citation is the use of ONE or more of the author(s)work within the content of the written paper.


CITATIONS: Three Examples:

Smith (2003) stressed that only students with dedicated personalities make good grades in school (p.223). ?quotation marks were needed because these are the exact words that John said, not paraphrased by the reader. Also, the page number must be included where the sourced material was taken from to give full credit to John.

Students that are consistent in their study habits are more likely to make better grades than students that study inconsistently (Rare, 2002; Solid & Gold, 1999). ?In this example, NO quotation marks ( ) are needed because the writer is not quoting the authors exact words, and instead, is paraphrasing them.

Accordingly to Allen Mark, an expert in intelligent behavior believes most people have the capabilities to be high achievers, although only a few chose to reach their true potential (Wise, 2000, p.32). ?In this example, Allens exact words were used and the source name (Wise) along with the publication date and page number is needed).


REFERENCES: Using the citations above, below is the reference list that supports the citation sources. Reference list are placed on a separate page, after the written document text and before any appendix information. Notice that the entire list is by authors last name, first name, and then initials. Also, be sure to put the ENTIRE list in alphabetical order as in this case (R,S,S,W).

References Examples

Rare, C.A. (2002, January). Knowing is not always enough. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(1), pp.372-452). ?Sourced from an academic peer reviewed journal paper.

Smith, J.R. (2003). Learning to motivate students in academic studies. Boston, MA:
MacMillan Publishing. ?Sourced from a published book.

Solid, T.R., and Gold, V.S. (1999, January 23). This is the year for great studies. The
Washington Post, pp. A1,A4.

Wise, T.I. (2003, February 10). Getting the best of students in the real world and seeing
the great results. [Online] http: www.reasonswesucceed.com ?no period after website
name and need to include month/date as current date stamped or date of article if given.
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There are faxes for this order.

{Once you have considered the core readings in this Module please briefly identify which factor you believe is most significant in limiting the effectiveness of these bodies. And can you agree on which factor is most important? (Maximum 150 words)}

These are the reading I would like to read all these and answer the question.

Reading No 1:

Controversy has dogged the G8, the organization made up of the eight most industrialized countries as measured by economic output since its inception in 1975. The organization, then known as the G6 was born in response to the world oil crisis. Current membership consists of the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States (G8The group of 8, Global Knowledge Contents, 2009). The heads of state of G8 countries and the President of the European Commission gather for summits to discuss issues of economic concern, environmental issues, and aid to the developing world. The European Union is represented at the G8 by the president of the European Commission and by the leader of the country that holds the EU presidency. The EU does not take part in G8 political discussions (Profile: G8, BBC, 2009). The leadership and the hosting duties of the organization rotate from member state to member state.

The positions of the G8 are not binding, and given the absence of India and China from its membership, many critics say it is growing increasingly irrelevant in the more multilateral global economy. Conversely, many critics have questioned the elitist nature of the G8, which can have tremendous influence on world economic policy spanning far beyond its membership nations when the nations are in solidarity. But during the Bush Administration, great ideological and personal rifts occurred between members of the G8. The U.S. rejected the Kyoto Protocols on emissions, and refused to ratify the treaty. And in September 2008, Russia's President Medvedev said Moscow did not fear being expelled from the G8 following criticism of its actions in Georgia, when U.S. officials had said Russia's membership was at stake, in what ultimately emerged as an empty threat (Profile: G8, BBC, 2009). The Obama Administration, despite its great popularity, must work to mend these rifts and create consensus. But hostility to the U.S. has grown, as the current worldwide recession is largely seen as being caused by deregulation of the U.S. financial industry. Finally, the G8 meetings have been plagued by security issues as often violent opponents of globalization demonstrate outside of meetings decry the clout of an organization based upon the wealth of its members, not their moral righteousness or democratic ideals. Even before the economic crisis, the focus of the G8 was drifting, as member nations national interests were more disparate, and these economic divisions have only grown.
Reference

G8The group of 8. Global Knowledge Contents. April 15, 2009
http://www.editiondesign.com/fgf/knowledge/article004.html

Profile: G8. BBC News. August 18, 2008. April 15, 2009.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3777557.stm

Reading Number 2:

The World Trade Organisation in an international organisation who deal with the rules of trade between nations and help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business (WTO, 2009). The WTO was established in 1995 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It currently consists of 153 countries, 117 of which are developing countries.

The World Trade Organisation has been successful in most of its ventures; however, it is still criticised for many of its rules and regulations. These are just a few reasons why people believe that the WTO should be abolished and why it is not doing a good job:
The WTO squashes diversity
The WTO operates in secrecy
The WTO limits governments ability to use their purchasing dollar for human rights, environmental, worker rights and other non-commercial purposes
The WTO disallows bans on imports of goods made with child labour
The WTO undermines democracy
The WTO prioritises trade and commercial considerations over all other values (Mokhiber, R and Weissman, R. Ten reasons to dismantle the WTO)

The promotion of global trade is another aspect that I think the WTO is not doing a good job in, as it is not improving peoples welfare, in particular, the welfare of those in third world countries. The promotion of global trade has been one of the World Trade Organisations most criticised areas of responsibility, and although the problems it is causing in third world countries is somewhat overlooked by the West, it has still received much attention from various anti-capitalists groups. An example of this is the 1999 Seattle protest in which 80,000 anti-capitalists activists campaigned to shut down the World Trade Organisation meeting in order to stop reforms that would further open up the third world economies to the western multinational corporations. Global trade is a major problem for third world countries as it allows multinational organisations to cause severe environmental and human rights problems, throwing these countries further into poverty and despair.

References

Shah, A. Corporations and the Environment, 2002. Retrieved from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/55/corporations-and-the-environment
Mokhiber, R and Weissman, R. Ten reasons to dismantle the WTO
Retrieved from: http://www.organicconsumers.org/Corp/abolishwto.cfm

http://www.wto.org/

Reading Number 3:

The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 185 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world

The IMF gives policy advice in the form of an economic framework by which the country can follow in order to lower poverty and achieve macroeconomic stability. In the past the IMF have been highly criticized for their application of a one size fits all policy towards poorer nations. In the 1980s the IMF caused large problems in Bolivia, South America and Nigeria in Africa. The selling of State owned enterprises and the granting of greater government control led to some of the worst cases of human suffering ever seen due to the dictators taking off with the money needed for rebuilding the country.

In todays contemporary world the IMF have drastically improved their levels of involvement and interaction with its member nations and now participate in constant liaison/surveillance with member nations, giving them advice on potential threats to economies and on how to manage their money.

The IMF have definitely improved their act in helping out many of its poorer member nations with the use of surveillance, debt management, training for government economists etc the one big problem with the IMF still have and has been the case for its entire existence is the fact that they could still be seen as taking advantage of poorer member nations by charging interest on the loans. I believe that if we want to have a world without poverty then the first place to start is to help those countries in need by loaning without interest and contributing to the building of their infrastructure with cheaper access to essential materials. Of course this would not happen in the current world because those people in powerful positions are too money oriented and cannot see beyond their own financial gains.

Overall the IMF is an essential institution in the current world of economics because the framework and structure that they provide their member nations is vital to growth and reduction of poverty. When I say the IMF is essential, that is only the case because there is no other proposed ideological system to replace capitalism and as such it could potentially become redundant if things were to change in the future.


Reading Number 4:
(I.M.F)

The International Monetary und was established in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference and since then, has received a great deal of criticism due to it's inability to fulful it's purpose. It's original purpose was to maintain exchange rates for international trade but when this exchange system collapsed, the I.M.F changed it's role. (Vreeland, 2003, 8) The I.M.F is now responsible for managing financial crises and development in developing countries of the world as the lender of last resort. It's overall aim can therefore be summarised as bridging the gap between developed and developing countries throughout the world.

Unfortunately, the I.M.F has not done a good job in its' area of responsibility as no country has emerged from its debt problems as a result of the I.M.F's 'assistance'. Some are in an even worse financial situation after the I.M.F loans. (Moller, 2007) In reality, the I.M.F is run like a business without accountability and with large corporations and banks being the true beneficaries as opposed to those suffering in the third world. (Arruda, Cavanagh, Whysham, 1994, 12) So despite, the I.M.F's stated goal of facilitating development in the developing world in an attempt to bridge the gap between the rich and poor, it is doing just the opposite. Pain and suffering caused by the I.M.F can be measured by the tens of millions it has displaced, impoverished and send to early deaths due to the I.M.F replacing human value with the values of a capitalistic system, focused on free market growth. (Arruda, cavanagh, Wysham, 1994, 12)

Due to developing countries seeking I.M.F assistance as a lender of last resort, it means the I.M.F can attach certain conditions to their loans. These policy conditions are part of the Structural Adjustment Programs used by the I.M.F. These countries have no choice but to accept conditions such as promoting sweatshops, increasing exports to developed countries and high cash return investments. (Moller. 2007) It has become evident that the structural adjustment programs are one of the most limiting factors which is preventing the I.M.F from fulfilling its goal of improving equality as well as peoples' welfare.

The most limiting factor to the I.M.F in its ability to help developing countries of the world is that it is not made accountable for its' decisions. (Oxfam Policy Department, 1995, 44) As mentioned, the I.M.F is run like an idependent business. It is not open to public scrutiny which leads to it being vulnerable to serve the interests of the large banks and corporations. If governments were serious about achieving accountability within the I.M.F, they should enforce the I.M.F to publish conditions of a contract for loans before the conclusion of the agreement. At the very least it would provide some form of public pressure and scrutiny toward the I.M.F to deliver on its goal of bridging the gap between the rich and poor throughout the world. At the stage, the I.M.F and richer countries throughout the world seem to have no interest in this.

References

Vreeland, J. R. 2003, Introduction, in Vreeland (ed.) The I.M.F and Economic Development, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.8

Arruda, M. and Cavanagh, J. and Wysham, D. 1994, From Bretton Woods to Chiapas, in Arruda and Cavanagh and Wysham (eds.) Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order, 1st edition, Pluto Press, London, p.12

Moller. K. 2007, Global Exchange
http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/wbimf/facts.html

Oxfam Policy Department, 1995, Reforming the System, in A Case for Reform: Fifty Years of the I.M.F and the World Bank, 1st edition, Oxfam, Dublin, pp.39-44


Reading Number 5:

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a body set up by member states that contribute money into the IMF so that any member country can withdraw money if they are unable to pay its creditors. Unlike the World Bank which primarily deals with long-term finance, the IMF is concerned with short-term loans and is viewed as a last resort for lending. However, whether it is successful as an IFI is arguable.

The main debtors of the IMF are developing countries; however these countries are given minimal influence in the direction of the IMF. Unlike the UN General Assembly which has a one-country-one-vote system, controversially, the IMF has a weighted voting system, meaning that countries with larger IMF contributions and economic size are given greater voting power. This structure has been rightly criticised as it gives enormous powers to its richest members who rarely drawn upon the IMFs reserves, and yet it is these poorer nations which must adhere to the IMFs policies and programs in order to receive the loan. This would appear to be very unjust.

The IMF offers advice to its member nations that seek it on how to effectively manage their economies so as to not need to borrow funds again which appears to be a great benefit of being a member. However, the IMF has been appropriately criticised for its one size fits all policy in which it completely disregards the cultural and political situation of the debtor and implements its standard neo-liberal economic reforms. This is evidenced particularly during the 1980s and 1990s where the IMF imposed a set of policies that, particularly in the under developed sub Saharan Africa, decreased growth and social development whilst increasing income inequality, resulting in the recipients of it reform packages suffering becoming poorer, while health, education and the environment suffered. Whist it may have promoted growth for other debtors, the IMF should seek to tailor advice to appropriately meet its debtors shortcomings. Unless it does so, it is failing to reach its potential for welfare improvement.

The IMFs significance also appears to be decreasing as there is an emerging trend for developing nations to source a large proportion of their funds from private lenders meaning they are no longer dependent on aid from public lenders such as the IMF.

Overall, I think the concept of the IMF is appealing, but it suffers some significant structural problems that render it ineffective in promoting peoples welfare and which dont allow it to reach its maximal potential for its area of responsibility.





































The Second part of the order is :

I would like you to answer each question with 100 words only.

1. Is the IMF a force for good or does it compound the situation of people in poorer countries? Is the IMF effectively addressing the problems of financial instability?

3. What challenges are now facing the WTO?

4. What was the Washington Consensus? In what ways has the agenda of the World Bank changed in the past ten years, and why?

There are faxes for this order.

Topic: The future of unions. Challenges that unions face in the 21st century.

The purpose of this project is to apply your critical-thinking skills to address the following concepts in a comprehensive paper. Do not simply respond to these items, but provide a fully reviewed paper about the future of unions. The items below provide guideline points:

* What changes are needed for unions to maintain support from their membership, the community, and the employers?
* Labor unions are experiencing a decline, which includes political influence and membership.
* Describe how generational aspects (i.e., baby boomers, Generation X, Generation Y) have influenced labor unions and continue to do so.
* What other external dynamics are impacting labor unions? For example, how does the global workforce impact union strategies?
* Where they were, where they are, and where they need to go to remain or regain an active and viable organization in the 21st century.

***Below is my Outline, please follow. I've also included my introduction which may be modified to best fit.

Paper Outline
1. (Introduction) Labor unions began forming in the mid-19th century, but because of their large scales and poor organization, soon collapsed. At its peak membership and power in the 1970's, private sector union membership sill continues to decline. Careful consideration on the necessity of union support in relation to union decline, influential generational aspects, and also external impacts as well as direction are detrimental in the success of unions in the 21st century.
2. Changes needed to maintain union support from members, community, and employers
a. Advocating new federal legislation
i. Develop messages and campaigns that tap the hearts and minds of their audiences
ii. Union representation by signing a support card
b. Employer opposition
i. Intimidation and coercion of workers
ii. Employers use of 45 to 90 day period to conduct anti-union campaigns
3. Decline in labor unions (political influence, membership)
a. Political influence
i. Political parties role in determining union strength
ii. Favoring the Democratic party
b. Membership
i. Election process
ii. Removing secret balloting
4. How generational aspects influence labor unions
a. Baby boomers
i. Supporting idea
ii. Supporting idea
b. Generation X
i. Supporting idea
ii. Supporting idea
5. External dynamics impacting labor unions -how does the global workforce impact union strategies
a. Changes in union density
i. Fluctuations of business cycles
ii. Unemployment rates and inflation
b. Formation of new unions
i. Affects of globalization
ii. Strategies to limit globalization and promote international labor regulations
6. Where unions were/are/need to go to remain or regain an active and viable organization in the 21st century
a. Role in politics
i. Transnational labor regulations
ii. The cost of labor agreements
b. AFL-CIO and global trade issues
i. 2008 Economic Crisis
ii. Disadvantages to foreign companies
7. CONCLUSION
a. Summary of major points
b. Concluding statement
There are faxes for this order.