Hello,The outcome of this paper is based on the ?Inglot? case (please let me know when I can upload it for you to read)Requirements: prepare a report in which the following aspects must be addressed: 1. Outline firm-level (micro) and country-level (macro) factors contributing to the development of INGLOT?s competitive advantages and discuss their sustainability. ?(please bear in mind the meaning of SUSTAINABILITY when discussing it)?When referring to the Competitive Advantages used in Strategic Management (Cost Advantage and Differentiation Advantage), please make reference to literature/academic books (for example a brief definition of the Competitive advantages). 2. Develop INGLOT?s strategic plan for the next five years (from 2014 onwards) with a concrete outline of recommended geographical expansion in South America, business model evolution and product diversification for this new market.Please keep in mind the following:- This is not a project, but a case analysis, and as such the case contains all the information available to answer the issues at stake. You should NOT study sources for recent information on the company such as its Report and Accounts or its website, its competitors or its industry. -You MAY however consult academic books or papers on general approaches to treating aspects of analysis that you consider importantPlease note the following general points on case analysis: - As noted above, the principle of a case is that it contains all the information available to answer the issues at stake. - It is traditional to open a paper with a quick summary of past events described in the case and to outline the current situation. Then you state the issues facing the company or the managers, as appropriate. Usually these issues are explicit in the case; if not, you have to identify them. - Most business decisions must be based on both qualitative and quantitative considerations. Most case analyses require both (but there are exceptions, e.g. in finance or in organizational behaviour). You must dig into the data, not merely quote them from the case. Be critical. Push the numbers around. If there are insufficient data, make an intelligent and justified estimate. - Remember, all the time you are focusing on the issues you have already announced at the beginning of the discussion or text. In that way, you can reach your recommendations and leave the reader satisfied that you have built your argument and justified your conclusions. The overall structure should encompass: 1 Table of Contents 2. Executive Summary 3. Main Report 4. Exhibits (if any) 5. References/Bibliography

The assignment concerns the problems on Ethical and Corporate Governance issues of companies within a certain country, Vietnam, in this case. We should be able to find out different scandals that reflect the need forCorporate Governance and companies to act ethically (environment, human rights, etc.). Vinashin (A big corporation in Vietnam) is a perfect example of bad Corporate Governance, NIKE could be an example of ethical issues.

Topic:

The governments across the globe have been stunned by the increasing number of financial, environmental and ethical scandals involving major international companies. These range from major fraud perpetrated by directors involving the financial collapse of companies, the excess risks taken within the financial sector, illegal payments to Government officials in Third world countries, abuse of human rights within the supply chain, and a total disregard in complying with general environmental management issues. Each new day brings a new scandal so this list can only be indicative.

The UK Government has responded by asking the Department for Business Innovation and Skills (DBIS) to review the legal and self regulatory framework within which companies operate when trading from and within the UK. Industry commentators fear that the general principle of comply or explain enshrined within the UK Corporate Governance Code 2010, is under threat and may be replaced by a new wide ranging Companies Act backed by severe penalties for companys and individuals who are in breach of the act.

As a prelude to amending the Companies Act the DBIS has called a conference which will be attended by country representatives from all sectors of business, pressure groups, charities, regulatory bodies and professional groups of which the Accountancy profession is represented by members from the International Accounting Standards Board, and a representative from each of the major Accountancy firms.


You are one of a group of junior civil servants at the DBIS who have been tasked to research a particular country you have previously been involved with and to produce a paper to prepare the Minister for the conference. Your paper should include the following:

a) Demonstrate to the Minister the particular problems faced by your country by the use of recent news items which have brought to light a particular example of bad practice which society no longer wishes to tolerate. Propose how the country could, via the application of ethical principles and ethical decision, avoid similar issues in the future and still be able to balance the competing demands of meeting the narrow needs of shareholders and the broader needs of society.

(50%)

b) A critical analysis and evaluation of the current position each of the relevant participant groups mentioned above, have taken towards the current practice of Corporate Governance and the broader issues of Accountability to society.
(20%)



c) Using your answers from (a) and (b) give possible scenarios that the Minister can put to the government to satisfy all stakeholders regarding Corporate Governance and Accountability.
(30%)

There are faxes for this order.

BACKGROUND:

Sharpest Communications ranks among the largest global public relations agencies, operating in more than 50 countries. With five global practices Brand Marketing, Corporate, Healthcare, Food and Nutrition, and Technology, it is looking to expand its portfolio into the fashion and lifestyle area, by acquiring already existing communications consultancies.

TASK:
You are an advisor to the board considering UK companies for acquisitions.
Write a background briefing paper for the board of Sharpest Communications on the economic climate in the UK for fashion, commenting on the competitive environment for marketing consultancies and the media in general. The briefing paper should be based on a PESTEL analysis.(1,000 words)

THE SITUATION TODAY
Clearly Paula set up PRPR to make money, travel, and fund her lifestyle, but has not really given any thought to what the future strategy of the business should be. As long as the number of clients increased and the bills got paid, Paula deflected any questions about new initiatives by her usual yes, darling. But nothing got done.


ESSENTIAL READING
Cox, D,(1999), Business Accounts, 2nd Edition, Worcester, Osborne Business
Huczyinski, A, and Buchanan, D (2007) Organizational Behaviour- An Introductory Text, 6th Edition, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
Izhar, R and Hontoir, J, (2001),Accounting, Costing and Management ,Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mullins, L (2007), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 8th Edition, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
Worthington I and Britton C (2006) The Business Environment, 5th ed, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.

WEBSITES:
Fame
Fashion Trak
www.ft.com
www.cipd.co.uk
www.ketchum.com
www.marksandspencer.co.uk
www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk
www.asilverpr.co.uk



PRPR has grown fast and as the client base expanded more staff were taken on. There are 12 full-time operational staff. There are 4 main account divisions (Fashion, Events, Entertainment and Music). Each division has a head of PR but no dedicated PR Assistants, of which there are eight. Teams are put together on an ad hoc basis supported by a stream of unpaid work experience trainees, usually four at any one time. In addition there is an Office Manager who organises the day to day running of the office and a Finance Manager. There is no Human Resources person. Paula hires and fires.

At PRPR things are done Paulas way. As a self-made businesswoman she feels she knows best and expects staff to follow. Staff that dont like it tend to leave after a while (sometimes to set up rival consultancies). The more experienced PR heads tend to feel badly treated and listened to more by their clients than their own boss within the organisation.

In the office the younger staff get on well and socialise after work in Covent Garden wine bars. However amongst the others there is a lot of competition between divisions and individuals, bitchiness, poaching of clients, etc. When more senior staff have suggested more of a team approach to working, Paula just said but we are all a team.

Whilst most staff are pleased to be working in PR, the company itself makes little effort to provide much motivation. Pay and perks are poor for the industry and the workplace atmosphere fraught. The address is trendy but the back office is drab and cramped. Paula is always screaming that they are near bankruptcy whilst running up enormous expenses for extravagant flower arrangements, her personal wardrobe and cosmetic enhancements. Younger college trained staff tend to move on as soon as they can.

There is no formal selection or interview procedure and PRPR has been lucky not to have been taken to an Employment Tribunal over discrimination or unfair dismissal. If Paula likes you she takes you on. There is no formal career structure or staff appraisal.

FUTURE PLANS
PRPR has ambitious but vague expansion plans to extend the companys portfolio to include new accounts in lifestyle, cosmetics and fragrances. It is planned to have at least six new staff at the office, but it is not clear how these key people will be recruited other than by Paulas ad hoc methods. It is also unclear how they will physically be fitted in

It is obvious that PRPR, whilst very go ahead in promoting its clients products and services, is not a modern organisation from an organisational or human resources perspective. It needs to improve its practices urgently, preferably before starting its expansion.
Paula has not thought through the implications of her growing business, but she does know that her time is fully committed running the business as it is now.

Paula Rich PR has now engaged you as a management consultant to tackle these issues and advise her.




There are faxes for this order.

Airport Operations Analyse Miami International Airport KMIA

1.Analyse it from a business and operational point of view, particularly considering the context of the topics discussed below.

a. what type of airport is it: Gateway, hub, local/regional, low cost, secondary, cargo, origin, destination, origin and destination, etc.
b. does it have any major operational issues.
c. what are the requirements of the main airlines operating in it.
d. what are the characteristics of its catchment area.
e. does it have any competitors.
f. what are its sources of revenue.
g. is it a private or public airport. is it a listed airport.
h. does it have to undertake any major investments and why.
i. how has the evolution of passenger and cargo traffic been.
j. how are its finances.
k. performance indicators.
l. other

2. What do you consider to be the major challenges being faced by this airport? And if you know its development strategy, is it still the correct one considering the current market conditions?

3. You should outline the key issues encountered by the airport and provide recommendations, alternatives and/or strategies that should be adopted in the short, medium and long-term. Remember there are no right or wrong answers but you should base your suggested recommendations and/or strategy on solid research(i.e. you may provide data, information obtained from articles, websites, etc.).

Marking Scheme

Analysis of the operating and business environment
30%
Analysis of the major issues/challenges faced by the airport
30%
Recommendations and conclusions
30%
Presentation/Language/professionalism/references
10%

The main aim of this assignment is to determine if the student can identify the factors that influence the airports from an operational and business point of view within the highly competitive air transport business. The student should demonstrate research into the specific airport selected as well as some research into the current state of the international aviation indusrty.

Lengthy introductions or historical information is not needed, neither is complex inclusion of financial figures. Instead the student should select the appropriate figures and data and discuss it by contrasting it with other airports or the industry in general.

Thank you very much and any questions [email protected]

The Question:

Fresh, but far from easy
(Tesco) The Economist, 21st June 2007

You have been asked by this large international organisation to write a paper identifying the important issues that should be investigated prior to establishing a logistics and supply chain system. The article provides sufficient material to suggest there are important considerations to be taken into account. What are they? Why are they important? What impact are the considerations likely to have on a logistics and supply chain system? Why should they be considered before decisions involving major investment are made?

Use your knowledge to propose an approach to the problem. Where should the company commence its study? Which logistics and supply chain activities should it consider in building a logistics and supply chain system to meet the expanding demand opportunities it forecasts cost effectively? How would you measure Tescos success?

A problem many students have had in the past is they approach the task thinking they only have to identify concepts and logistics management techniques that may be applicable to the problem. The question asks you to demonstrate HOW any of these concepts and logistics management techniques can help to resolve the problems you identify.

(refer separate article plz check email)

Others:
*I would like the Reference sources are easily accessible please.
*The Laterest lectures in my course are about "Customer Service, Customer Focus and Satisfaction", "Transportation infrastructure and Management", "Global logistics" and "Inventory Management".
*My school use a plagiarism research engine called "Turnitin".
There are faxes for this order.

What I am giving you here is the instructions and the article that I must reference. Other references will be used, if you can use the textbooks below, do so. But if you do not have access then use something else. The generalness of the materal referenced will probably be found anywhere. (dates).

Each student will write a 6-8 page essay (1,500-2000 words) based on historical understanding of a current ethnic or immigration issue.

Choose an article or editorial from a main-stream news source that addresses an ethnic or immigration issue. Clip out or print your article and be sure to note the name of the source and the date on the copy.

Use the article as the basis for an interpretive essay that addresses the following questions:

1. What particular ethnic or immigration issues are raised?
2 What questions about the past come to mind as you read the article?
3. How does a study of the past enhance our understanding of the issues you identified?

The fourth one is important
4. What specific historical information contributes to that understanding?

Use of quotations is appropriate, but as reference or emphasis, not as narrative. Be sure to put quotation marks around material taken from your sources and include the author and page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence.

Papers are evaluated on the insights they offer into how history can inform our understanding of current ethnic and immigration issues, on connections made between the past and present, and on organization and argument. Please give me a reference sheet in MLA style, I'm not sure if I need it or not.



Books Used in the Course
Required Texts:

Jon Gjerde, ed., Major Problems in American Immigration and Ethnic History (1998)
Thomas Dublin, ed., Immigrant Voices: New Lives in America, 1773-1986 (1993)
Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (2004)

Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (1993), chaps. 2-5
Gary B. Nash, Red, White & Black: The Peoples of Early North America (2000), chap. 11










My Article

Time Magazine
April, 10, 2006
Should They Stay Or Should They Go?
As the divisive national debate on immigration heats up--security, identity and wealth all at issue--every side can agree on just one thing: the system is broken
By KAREN TUMULTY

Posted Sunday, Apr. 2, 2006
You wouldn't think the man who made his mark in Washington as the knight-errant of campaign-finance reform and whose name is rarely written without the word maverick attached would ever meet a cause he deemed hopeless. But that was pretty much where Arizona Senator John McCain was a couple of weeks ago in his quest to transform the nation's immigration laws and set on the path to becoming citizens the estimated 11 million people who are here illegally. When the proposition had been tested, as recently as December in the House of Representatives, the result was a bill that went just about as far as possible in the other direction, one that would build two layers of reinforced fence along much of the 2,000-mile border with Mexico and declare everyone a felon who is illegally on this side of it. But then, as the implications of that bill started to sink in, protesters began pouring into the streets of cities from Los Angeles to Philadelphia to vent their outrage. They were illegal immigrants, and their American-citizen children emerging from behind their shield of invisibility, plus legions of voters who count the newcomers as family, friends and neighbors, in numbers "bigger than the Vietnam War demonstrations," McCain says. "I never could have predicted that we would have 20,000 people in Arizona or half to three-quarters of a million in Los Angeles." Something almost as remarkable started to happen inside the Capitol. One by one, Senate colleagues started coming to him privately whom McCain had written off as "rock-ribbed" opponents to the legalization that he and Democratic Senator Edward Kennedy had been working on for a year. There were maybe 10 of them, McCain says, all asking the same questions: "Isn't there a compromise on this? Isn't there some way to come together on this?"
Then came something that McCain had even less reason to expect. With hundreds on the Capitol Plaza chanting "Let our people stay!" the Senate Judiciary Committee last week gave its imprimatur to legislation very much like the Kennedy-McCain immigration bill and sent it on to the Senate floor, where it stands a good chance of passing.
But the demonstrators were also sparking other reactions, especially after they ignored the pleas of rally organizers to wave only American flags. There was the scene in Apache Junction, Ariz., in which a few Hispanic students raised a Mexican flag over their high school and another group took it down and burned it. In Houston the principal at Reagan High School was reprimanded for raising a Mexican flag below the U.S. and Texas ones, in solidarity with his largely Hispanic student body. Tom Tancredo, the Republican from Colorado who has become Congress's loudest anti-immigrant voice, said his congressional offices in Colorado and Washington were swamped by more than 1,000 phone calls, nearly all from people furious about the protests in which demonstrators "were blatantly stating their illegal presence in the country and waving Mexican flags." Mississippi Senator Trent Lott, describing the marchers, used language usually applied to the tantrums of children: "When they act out like that, they lose me." Virgil Goode, a Republican Congressman from Virginia, said, "If you are here illegally and you want to fly the Mexican flag, go to Mexico."
For nearly as long as the U.S. has been a country, the question of who gets to be an American has stirred our passions and conflicted our values as few others have. In 1886, the same year that the Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York harbor to the ideal of taking in the tired, the poor and the huddled masses yearning to breathe free, racist mobs rioted in Seattle and forced more than half the city's 350 Chinese onto a ship bound for San Francisco. That two chambers of Congress, both run by the same political party, should appear to be headed in such different directions on immigration tells you that the country is no less conflicted about the issue today. But the fact that for the first time in 20 years, lawmakers are even considering major legislation to do something about immigration shows there is one thing about which everyone can agree when it comes to the current system: it's broken.
The immigration overhaul in 1986 was supposed to have fixed the root problem of an uncontrolled influx by making it illegal for U.S. employers to hire undocumented workers and offering an amnesty to illegal immigrants who had been here for five years at that point. Instead, the best estimates suggest that since then, the number of illegal immigrants has more than tripled. Local governments are staggering under the costs of dealing with the inflow, and since 9/11, controlling who comes into the country has become a security issue as well.
The kind of comprehensive immigration reform being discussed by the Senate carries the potential of transforming the politics of the country by making citizensand therefore votersof millions of mostly Hispanic residents in relatively short order. Says McCain: "This legislation is a defining moment in the history of the United States of America."
And possibly in the history of the Republican Party, which helps explain why the politics of immigration is becoming so tricky for the G.O.P. The business interests in the party base don't want to disrupt a steady supply of cheap labor for the agriculture, construction, hotel and restaurant industries, among others. That's why business lobbyists broke into applause and embraced in the Dirksen office building as the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 12 to 6 to send its bill to the Senate floor, with four of the committee's 10 Republicans joining all its Democrats in favor. So doubtful had been the outcome that there were gasps in the hearing room when Republican chairman Arlen Specter cast the final vote for it himself, giving the legislation extra momentum as it heads to the floor. But those same business interests had lost badly in the House, where social conservatives argued that illegal immigration has begun an uncontrolled demographic and cultural transformation of the country, threatening its values.
Where the President stands on the issue is likely to be a deciding factor. Immigration policy was one of the ways in which George W. Bush defined himself in his 2000 campaign as a different kind of Republican, a Texas Governor who believed that "family values don't stop at the Rio Grande." Once he got to the White House, he infuriated some social conservatives by proposing--and appearing to be serious about--an immigration plan that included a guest-worker program. It was an idea he shelved after 9/11, then put forward again as the first policy initiative of his 2004 re-election campaign. But in a private White House meeting with congressional leaders last year, Bush confessed that he had misjudged the politics of the issue and agreed to recalibrate, putting more emphasis on border security. The President has insisted, though, that he wants reform that includes both enhanced border enforcement and provisions for guest workers. His ideas, which focus on giving migrant laborers temporary visas, have never gone as far as the McCain-Kennedy proposal of offering citizenship to illegal immigrants and some future guest workers. Last week, as Bush met in Mexico with President Vicente Fox, he said, "We want them coming in an orderly way." He added, "And if they want to become a citizen, they can get in line, but not the head of the line."
In Bush's closed meeting with Fox, a senior Administration official says, the U.S. President told the Mexican one that there is an "unsettling" undercurrent of isolationist and protectionist attitudes in the U.S. "It's an emotional issue," Bush told Fox but predicted, "I think we will get something" out of Congress on immigration. The two talked nuts and bolts of legislative strategy, with Bush saying the plan is to get a comprehensive immigration bill from the Senate, then add some of those elements to the House's security bill when the two versions reach a conference committee. A White House official told TIME that once the bill reaches a conference committee, Bush will weigh in more heavily on the specifics that he wants in the final law.
Bush is keen to preserve for Republicans the gains that he is credited with having made among culturally conservative but traditionally Democratic Hispanics, who gave him 40% of their vote in 2004 and are believed to have been crucial to his re-election. Hispanics account for about half the population increase in the U.S. Florida Senator Mel Martinez, a Republican, warned his party last week that it risks losing ground with "individuals who share our values on so many different issues." Former Republican Party chairman Ed Gillespie, a close adviser to the White House, said, "The Republican majority already rests too heavily on white voters, and current demographic voting percentages will not allow us to hold our majority in the future."
There is also a far more immediate reason for congressional Republicans to find some way to bridge their divide on immigration: they are short on tangible accomplishments in this midterm-election year. A law that would address the immigration mess would give them something to brag about as voters get ready to go to the polls. "We need to have a [presidential] signing ceremony on the border before the fall," says one of the G.O.P.'s top strategists. "We need to get it done."
A TIME poll conducted last week suggests broad support for a policy makeover. Of those surveyed, 82% said they believe the government is not doing enough to keep illegal immigrants out of the country, and a large majority (75%) would deny them government services such as health care and food stamps. Half (51%) said children who are here illegally shouldn't be allowed to attend public schools. But only 1 in 4 would support making it a felony to be in the U.S. illegally, as the House voted to do when it approved the tough enforcement bill submitted by Wisconsin Republican F. James Sensenbrenner. Rather than expel illegal immigrants from the country, more than three-quarters of those polled (78%) favored allowing citizenship for those who are already here, if they have a job, demonstrate proficiency in English and pay their taxes.
Some House Republicans are starting to feel pressure at home over their hard-line stance. In Reading, Pa., a Hispanic lawyer named Angel Figueroa arranged a meeting last month for his Congressman Jim Gerlach--who faces a tight race this fall--and voters in his district who oppose the House bill, which Gerlach supported. The meeting included not only immigrant-advocacy groups but also the president of the local community college, the head of a federally funded labor-training-and-placement company, the personnel director of a mushroom-growing company and a local Catholic priest. After listening to their arguments, Gerlach appeared to be reconsidering his vote. "One of the saving aspects of our democracy is our ability to fix mistakes," he told his constituents. "I supported the House bill," he said to TIME. "But we need to move the ball forward, and I agree wholeheartedly that that is not the final policy coming out of Congress."
House leaders are also showing a new flexibility. "We're going to look at all alternatives," House Speaker Dennis Hastert, who voted yes on the Sensenbrenner bill, said two days after the Senate committee's action. "We're not going to discount anything right now. Our first priority is to protect the border. And we also know there is a need in some sections of the economy for a guest-worker program." House majority leader John Boehner has begun talking dismissively about the feasibility of the 700-mile fence that the House voted to build along the border.
But many others in the House, seeing the direction that the Senate is taking, are only digging in deeper. More than a third of House Republicans belong to the anti-immigration caucus led by Congressman Tancredo of Colorado. (Only two Democrats are members.) After the Senate Judiciary Committee voted, more than a dozen of them held a news conference denouncing it. "It would be like a dinner bell. 'Come one, come all,'" said Colorado Representative Bob Beauprez.
Senate foes of loosening the immigration law are not giving up either, despite the Judiciary Committee vote. As debate opened last week, Oklahoma Senator James Inhofe gave a taste of what is to come when he offered an amendment that would solve the problem of insufficient border surveillance by adding more border guards, deputizing retired police officers to patrol the frontier and authorizing citizen militias to hunt and capture illegal border crossers. Inhofe argued that the conditions in which captured border jumpers are held--he mentioned the provision of sports facilities and good food--are too pleasant to deter aliens from crossing into the U.S.
In the end, drafting a law acceptable to both the House and the Senate would mean finding common ground in three areas, each of which presents political challenges and real-world consequences of its own:
TIGHTENING THE BORDER
There is only one thing on which all sides of this debate agree: America needs to get tougher about controlling its borders. If there is any easy part to writing an immigration law, this is it. Every proposal before Congress calls for more border-patrol agents, more jail cells and detention centers for captured illegal immigrants, and new technology to enable employers to screen employees to ensure that they are lawfully in the country.
All those measures are popular with voters, although in practice beefed-up enforcement can create as many problems as it solves. When the Clinton Administration began patrolling the California border more closely in the mid-1990s, the illegal traffic simply shifte eastward--increasing tensions in Arizona and New Mexico, where illegal immigration had largely been tolerated.
And for all the cry for more scrutiny of the border, none of the proposals under consideration would accomplish nearly as much, experts agree, as getting tough at the other end of the pipeline--on employers--by enforcing the law already on the books. Immigrants will continue to come to the U.S. as long as they know they can get jobs. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire undocumented workers and imposed penalties of up to $11,000 for each violation. But lawbreakers are rarely punished. In 2005 the government issued just three notices of intent to fine companies for employing illegal workers, down from 178 in 2000.
That may be in part because the number of federal immigration investigators dedicated to work-site enforcement fell from 240 in 1999 to just 65 in 2004, according to the Government Accountability Office. And what resources the nation's immigration police put toward enforcement were diverted after 9/11 to finding undocumented employees in security-sensitive sites such as airports and nuclear power plants--hardly the first places that illegal immigrants tend to look for work. On those rare occasions when employers are punished, the penalties are so small that they amount to little more than a cost of doing business. Both the Sensenbrenner bill and the draft the Senate is considering would increase sanctions and step up enforcement.


ASSURING A LABOR SUPPLY
The country has welcomed so-called guest workers into the U.S. since World War I, during which tens of thousands of Mexican workers were allowed in temporarily to help on the nation's farms. The idea is that when harvest time is over, they return home.
Except that often they don't, which is why the House rejected President Bush's proposed guest-worker plan when it passed its immigration bill in December. But House leadership strategists say privately they believe this time, with a strong lobbying effort by business and some additional pressure by Bush, they may find the votes they need to support a guest-worker program in a conference bill. The Senate Judiciary bill would allow at least 87,000 guest workers a year to apply for permanent residency, a step toward citizenship--which may be more than House Republicans can swallow. But even if guests are explicitly temporary, there is always a great risk that they will nonetheless stick around after their papers expire.
THE A WORD
And what of the 11 million illegal immigrants who are in the U.S.? Will they get a chance at the biggest prize--citizenship? No word in the immigration debate is more freighted than amnesty. Everyone who wants to reform immigration policy to legitimize a significant portion of those who are here illegally is quick to insist that what they are talking about is "earned citizenship." The bill that passed the Senate Judiciary Committee, for example, created a path to citizenship that would take 11 years and require that immigrants hold jobs, demonstrate proficiency in English, pass criminal-background checks and pay fines and back taxes. "This is an earned path," stressed South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham, one of the Republicans who voted for it. "Some will make it, and some will not. The only thing to me that is off the table is inaction."
It's easy to understand why the idea of an amnesty would spark such a negative reaction. The country tried one with the 1986 law. Nearly 3 million people took advantage of it, and the amnesty was followed by an explosion in illegal immigration. But not to offer some process by which illegal immigrants gain legitimacy is to keep them permanently underground. "To me, it goes to the core of your view and recognition of human dignity for everybody," says Kansas Senator Sam Brownback, another of the Judiciary Committee Republicans who voted for legalization. But to do it is to reward lawbreaking, says Texas Senator John Cornyn, who voted against the bill. "It will encourage further disrespect for our laws and will undercut our efforts to shore up homeland security."
So which way is really in the American tradition? In some respects, that's beside the point, because the immigration debate, like immigration itself, is a bet on the future. "Immigrants don't come to America to change America," says Florida Senator Martinez, who arrived from Cuba when he was 15. "Immigrants come to America to be changed by America." But either way, they come.

Outlines that we have used in the course a quick reference to the basics of the covered material.

History 3310: Ethnic America
22 August 2006

II. Introduction: Slide show
Is there an American culture?
What are the symbols of Americanism?
Is the United States a melting pot?
Who is considered foreign? Are outsiders always from the outside?

A. What does it mean to be American and how has that changed over time?
Does immigration define U.S. history?
When did immigration begin?

B. Immigrants in U.S. history
Varying attitudes toward immigrants
Immigrants sorted into a racial ethnic hierarchy over time
1790 naturalization act limits citizenship to free white persons
1924 law creates immigration quotas that favor northern and western Europe

C. Fear of immigrants
Numbers and economic competition
Cultural/racial concerns
Fears expressed through popular magazines


III. What do you know about Americas ethnic history?

The following questions are related to themes and topics that we will cover during the semester. Think about each question and bring your ideas to class on Thursday, August 24.

1. When we refer to a group as having an ethnic identity, what does that mean?
2. What are the top five nationality/ethnic groups from which Americans claim descent?
3. When we refer to a group as having a racial identity, what does that mean?
4. Name the most prevalent racial groups in the United States. Give a percentage for how many people fall into the racial categories that you list.
5. How many native peoples lived in North America prior to immigration from other areas of the world?
6. Historically, what have been the largest sources of migration (geographic areas and countries) to North America and the United States for each of the eras: prior to 1820, 1820-1914, after 1941?
7. The largest number of immigrants arriving in the U.S came in which decade?
8. According to INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) statistics, which five countries sent the most immigrants to the United States in 2000?
9. Which five states have the highest percentage of foreign born residents?


History 3310: Ethnic America
24 August 2006
Ethnicity and U.S. History

A. primordial: shared ancestry (symbolic ethnicity)
B. interest group: instrumental (emergent ethnicity)
C. construction theory: assumes active participation and change (invention of ethnicity)

III. Characteristics of ethnicity

Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Stephan Thernstrom, ed. (1980)
A. common geographic origin
B. migratory status
C. race
D. language
E. religion
F. ties that transcend kinship, neighborhood, and community boundaries
G. shared traditions, values, symbols
H. literature, folklore, music
I. food preferences
J. settlement and employment patterns
K. special interests in regard to politics in the homeland and in the U.S.
L. institutions that specifically serve and maintain the group
M. an internal sense of distinctiveness
N. an external perception of distinctiveness

IV. Levels of ethnic identity

The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity, Arthur Mann (1979)
A. total identifiers
B. partial identifiers
C. disaffiliates
D. hybrids

V. Theories of assimilation (Gjerde chap 1)

Assimilation = one group absorbed by another
Acculturation = cultural sharing

A. Oscar Handlin
B. John Bodnar
C. John Higham
D. Kathleen Conzen, et al

History 3310: Ethnic America
29 August 2006
Repeopling North Aerica: Cultures Meet in America
Reading: Takaki

I. North America Before European Contact

A. Cultural Evolution and Reasons for Diversity
B. Pre-Contact Population
C. Native American/European Worldviews
Spiritual Beliefs
Land
Individualism and Collectivity
D. Defining contact
Discovery
Settlement
Colonization
Peopling
a Moving Frontier
taming a Virgin Land
civilizing a Wilderness
Contact
Encounter
Conquest
Invasion
Collision of Histories
Old World and New World
II. Early English efforts in Virginia

A. Walter Raleigh and Roanoke
B. Jamestown, 1607, tobacco
Powhatan - Wahunsonacock
Pocahontas
John Smith
John Rolfe
C. Changing balance of power
1622 attack - Opechancanough
1644 uprising

III. New England

A. Disease
B. Pilgrim landing, 1620
Squanto - Wampanoag
William Bradford
Narragansett
C. Puritans, 1630
John Winthrop
Pequot War - Mystic River, 1637


History 3310: Ethnic America
31 August 2006

I. Introduction: Preserving Political and Cultural Sovereignty

II. Native Resistance and Accommodation

A. Narragansett autonomy and Puritan expansion
New England Confederation, 1643
Treaty of 1645
B. Puritans and the praying Indians
C. Wampanoag leader Metacom (King Philip)
Loss of land and power
Building a resistance movement
D. Metacoms War
Murder of John Sassamon
Native successes and defeat, 1676

III. Bacons Rebellion

A. Conditions in Virginia
Governor William Berkeley
Nathaniel Bacon
B. Dispute over Indian policy
Land
Susquehannock attack, 1675-1676
C. Bacons frontier movement
D. Aftermath of Bacons Rebellion

IV. Changing Balance of Power

Middle ground?
Cultural exchange
Struggle for political and cultural sovereignty

V. Discussion (see handout) A Deed for Lands of the Sakonnets

On Thursday, August 31, the class will divide into small groups to discuss a deed transferring ownership of Indian land in seventeenth century Rhode Island. To prepare for the assignment, print and read the handout, and bring it with you to class on Thursday. Think about the ways that Native Americans and early European colonists defined land ownership. How did the differing worldviews of Native American and European cultures help to determine these views? What were the consequences resulting from understanding/misunderstanding of ideas of landownership in the seventeenth century?

History 3310: Ethnic America
5 September 2006
Repeopling North America: Forced Migration
Reading: Takaki 3 (available on the course website additional readings or through Carlson library reserve)

Slide show

I. Development of Slavery in English North America

A. Slavery in world history
B. English slave trade
Royal African Company
1698, monopoly broken
C. Transformation of the labor force
Indentured servitude
Availability of African slaves
Hidden origins of slavery (Takaki)
Institutionalization of slavery
--legal codes
--cultural dehumanization

II. African Response to Slavery

A. Adjustment to slave life
Cultural diversity
Cultural construction: Religion and Family
B. Regional variations of American slavery
Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland)
Carolina and Georgia
Northern colonies
C. Resistance
Variations in level of resistance
--saltwater Africans
--plantation slaves
--house slaves
--artisan slaves
Rebellion
--Stono Rebellion, 1739
--New York City uprising, 1712





History 3310: Ethnic America
7 September 2006
Repeopling North America: British Colonial North America
Reading: Gjerde chap. 2, Dublin 1

I. Growth of a Diverse Population
A. Europeans in the Atlantic colonies
1650 50,000
1700 250,000
1750 1,000,000 (plus 250,000 African slaves)
B. Ethnic origin
17th century: English, Dutch, Swedes, Finns, Germans, Scotch-Irish, French, Africans
18th century: English, Germans, Swiss, Irish, Africans
C. Socio/economic backgrounds
Nobility (smallest group)
Gentry
Yeoman farmers/Artisan shopkeepers
Indentured servants

II. Diverse Settlements
A. Dutch in New York
New Amsterdam, 1621
Anglo-Dutch Wars, 1650-1675
B. Quakers
Pennsylvania, 1680s
William Penn
Swiss Mennonites, 1710-1711
German Protestants, 1717
Scotch-Irish, 1718
C. French
Canada
Mississippi Valley

III. Discussion

According to historian Philip Morgan, the British North American colonies were a society framed by a mingling of strangers. The readings assigned so far explore the lives of those diverse strangers. Based on those readings, each small group will create a character to represent an individual colonial experience (sometime between 1607-1785). The assignment includes both a description of the character (gender, age, race, ethnic background, country of origin, socio-economic class, religion, place and time of settlement, etc.) and an analysis of the opportunities and problems encountered within the colonization experience. While your groups are creating fictional characters, they must be based on historical information.

To prepare for the assignment, carefully read and review the following: outlines and notes from Aug. 22-24-29-30 and Sep. 5; Takaki, chaps 2-3; Gjerde, chap 1 and chap 2 (including all documents and both articles); and Dublin chap 1.


History 3310: Ethnic America
12 September 2006
Defining the United States: The Tri-Colored Revolution
I. Indian/White Relations after 1763

A. French and Indian War
Peace of Paris, 1763
Pontiacs resistance
Proclamation Line of 1763
Policy of separation

B. Confederation Government
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Theory of conquered people
Land treaties: Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1784

The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their land and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress, but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them. --Northwest Ordinance of 1787

C. Indian Policy under the Constitution
Policy of segregation
1794 Treaty of Greenville
1802 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
1819 Indian Civilization Act

II. African Americans after 1763

A. Impact of the revolutionary war
B. African Americans in the New Republic
Thomas Jeffersons Notes on the State of Virginia (1781)
Phillis Wheatley
Benjamin Banneker
Slaves in the Constitution
American Colonization Society, 1817

III. Mixing of Peoples

A. European/Indian Mixing
half-breed
white Indian
Euro/American policy of non-assimilation
B. European/African Mixing
legal definitions of race
C. African/Indian Mixing


History 3310: Ethnic America
14 September 2006
Defining the United States: American Identity
Reading: Gjerde 3


Introduction: Legacy of 18th century immigration

I. Creating a National Consciousness

A. Ideological nature of American nationalism: Revolutionary principles
Liberty
Equality
Government by consent
B. Differing interpretations
Nation of yeoman farmers
Commerce and manufacturing

II. Characteristics of American nationality

A. Ideological quality
B. Newness
C. Future orientation

III. Crevecoeurs Melting Pot

IV. Politics of naturalization

A. Naturalization Act of 1790
B. Naturalization Act of 1795
C. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
D. Naturalization Act of 1798
E. Naturalization Act of 1802

V. Discussion

During the Revolutionary era, Americans discussed the issue of diversity from a variety of perspectives. The documents included in Gjerdes chapter 3 represent some of those points of view. In addition, the article by Arthur Mann emphasizes that the diversity of the U.S. necessitated the creation of an American identity based on ideology. James Kettner explores the process of defining citizenship and the procss of naturalization.

What were the legal and cultural structures of U.S. citizenship that developed during the Revolutionary era and up through the early nineteenth century? How well did the diverse individuals and groups who encountered each other in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries, and their descendants, fit into the new definition of what it meant to be an American culturally and legally in the early U.S.?




History 3310: Ethnic America
19 September 2006
Defining the United States: Expansion and Indian Removal
Reading: Takaki 4 (available on the course website additional readings or through Carlson library reserve) and Handout (print the handout and bring it to class)


I. Georgia-Cherokee controversy

Cherokee land issues
Cultural adjustment
Expansion and defense of homeland

II. President Andrew Jackson

A. Attitudes toward Native Americans and removal

B. Removal and regulation

Strategies: land allotment and treaty
1830 Indian Removal Act
1834 Trade and Intercourse Act
1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1832 Worcester v. Georgia
1835 Treaty of New Echota
John Ridge Pro-removal faction
John Ross Anti-removal faction

III. Trail of Tears

IV. Discussion (see handout) The Indian Removal Act of 1830

On Tuesday, September 19, the class will divide into small groups to discuss the Indian Removal Act of 1830. To prepare for the assignment, print and read the handout, and bring it with you to class on Wednesday. Read Takaki chap. 4 and review the previous material on the developing concept of an American identity. Think about the justifications for Indian removal. How did these justifications both reflect and contribute to the developing concept of American identity in the United States?



History 3310: Ethnic America
21 September 2006
Defining the United States: African-American Communities
Reading: Takaki 5 (available on the course website additional readings or through Carlson library reserve)

II. Free black communities

Richard Allen
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Racism in the north
Free blacks in the south

III. Slave culture

Was Sambo Real?
Resilience of African heritage

IV. Resistance and rebellion

A. Running away

Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
Sojourner Truth

B. Revolt

Gabriel Prosser, 1800
Denmark Vesey, 1822
David Walker, 1829
Nat Turner, 1831

V. Abolitionism

Ending slave imports, 1808
William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Dred Scot case, 1857
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments


History 3310: Ethnic America
28 September 2006
Land of Opportunity: Century of Immigration
Reading: Gjerde 4, Dublin 2-3 and handout

I. Introduction: Century of Immigration, 1820-1924

A. World wide migration
B. America as Europes frontier
C. Two major peaks
Old immigration (northern and western Europe)
New immigration (southern and eastern Europe)

II. The Migration Experience

A. Push, pull, enabling factors
Economic conditions
Immigrant letters
Image of America
Chain migration
Return migration
B. Demographic characteristics: Age, Gender, Skilled/unskilled workers, Farmers

III. Confronting Capitalism

A. World capitalism after 1800
B. Capitalism as an agent of social change
Emergence of a world-wide market for labor
Heightened cultural exchange
Immigrants transplanted to America after 1820: children of capitalism

IV. Pioneers of the Century of Immigration

A. The Irish
Pre-famine migration
Creating an Irish Catholic American ethnic group
The famine years
Potato blight in Ireland, 1840s
Emigration as exile
Impact on American Catholic Church
B. The Germans
Emigration as a response to economic changes
Re-establishing traditions in America
German Jews
Language and culture


History 3310: Ethnic America
3 October 2006
Land of Opportunity: Nativism
Reading: Gjerde 5

I. Introduction

A. American identity and self image
B. Perceived threats to the ideal
African Americans
--American Colonization Society
Native Americans
--Indian Removal Act of 1830
Chicanos
--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

II. Pre-Civil War Nativism

A. Irish Catholics
Urban poverty
Anti-Catholicism
--Samuel F.B. Morse
--Maria Monk
Protestant reform movements
--temperance
--public schools
--abolitionism
Anti-Catholic violence
B. Know Nothing movement
American Party

III. Civil War era ethnic conflicts

A. Immigrant soldiers
B. Immigrant opponents of the war
New York City draft riots

IV. Discussion

The documents in Chapter 5 of the Gjerde book illustrate the development of a nativist movement in the decades prior to the Civil War that culminated in the creation of the Know-Nothing party. The writers express a variety of concerns among American-born whites in response to increasing immigration. Come to class prepared to discuss the concerns of each of the document authors. How did these individuals define what it meant to be American in the mid-nineteenth century?


History 3310: Ethnic America
3 October 2006
Land of Opportunity: Nativism
Reading: Gjerde 5

I. Introduction

A. American identity and self image
B. Perceived threats to the ideal
African Americans
--American Colonization Society
Native Americans
--Indian Removal Act of 1830
Chicanos
--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

II. Pre-Civil War Nativism

A. Irish Catholics
Urban poverty
Anti-Catholicism
--Samuel F.B. Morse
--Maria Monk
Protestant reform movements
--temperance
--public schools
--abolitionism
Anti-Catholic violence
B. Know Nothing movement
American Party

III. Civil War era ethnic conflicts

A. Immigrant soldiers
B. Immigrant opponents of the war
New York City draft riots

IV. Discussion

The documents in Chapter 5 of the Gjerde book illustrate the development of a nativist movement in the decades prior to the Civil War that culminated in the creation of the Know-Nothing party. The writers express a variety of concerns among American-born whites in response to increasing immigration. Come to class prepared to discuss the concerns of each of the document authors. How did these individuals define what it meant to be American in the mid-nineteenth century?


History 3310: Ethnic America
5 October 2006
Land of Opportunity: Networks of Migration
Reading: Gjerde 6, Dublin 4

I. Motivations and strategies

A. Industrial migration
homeland conditions
kinship and communal networks: chain migration
birds of passage (sojourners)
immigrant clusters: ethnic enclaves

B. Family economy
kinship associations: a cooperative ideal
--premigration traditions
--cultural homogeneity
--reality of the industrial workplace

II. The Church as an Ethnic Institution

A. Preserving ethnic identity: functions of the church
maintaining traditions and old world ties
collegiality and mutual assistance
parochial education
B. Divisions in church communities: Ethnic Catholics in America
establishment of national parishes
Irish hierarchy
leadership struggles
C. Other sources of fragmentation
old world background and status
differences over cultural retention
class stratification

III. Ethnic Organizations

A. Introduction: community aid for immigrants
B. Development of ethnic fraternal organizations
homeland mutual aid associations
early immigrant organizations in the U.S.
rise of organized leadership
competition for members
involvement in immigrant politics
growing strength and resources
support in the workplace
development of national organization and Americanization


History 3310: Ethnic America
10 October 2006
Land of Opportunity: Industrial Workers
Reading: Gjerde chap. 7, Dublin 5

I. Intro.: Increasing Immigration

II. Urban/Industrial Expansion

A. Finding employment
B. Growth of cities
living conditions
development of ethnic enclaves
--NYC Lower East Side
--Jacob Riis/enement sweatshops
C. Ethnic industrial workforce
labor agents
recruitment and training/migration patterns
changing production process
ethnic clustering
D. Immigrant entrepreneurs and the middle class

III. Worker Organization

A. Skilled immigrants
B. Unskilled immigrants: tradition of cooperative activity
Use of boycott
--1902 protest of meat prices
Ethnic/religious traditions
--1910 Jewish shirtwaist workers oath
C. Ethnic diversity and labor unions
Did immigrant workers help or hinder the American labor movement?
D. Adjusting to new routines of labor
American/ethnic work values
E. Inter-ethnic cooperation
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
F. Development of working class solidarity
Industrial Workers of the World
--William D. Haywood, 1905
Butchers in Chicago

IV. Discussion

The documents and readings in chapter 7 of Gjerde deal with the experiences of immigrants who moved into American cities and workplaces, both unfamiliar environments, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In an excerpt from his book, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, Herbert Gutman discusses the frequent tension between different groups of men and women new to the machine and a changing American society. To what tensions was Gutman referring? What strategies did immigrants develop to deal with these tensions?


History 3310: Ethnic America
12 October 2006
Immigrant Women
Reading: Gjerde 8, Dublin 6, Handout

I. Women as Immigrants

A. From minority to majority (see handout)
Numbers of women in the immigrant stream
Ethnic variations
B. Women and naturalization law
Derivative citizenship
Citizenship of Married Women Act of 1855
The Expatriation Act of 1907
Married Womans Act (Cable Act) of 1922
C. Finding womens voices in the historical record

II. Immigrant Women and Work

A. Married women
Restraints keeping women at home
Forces pushing women to work outside of the home
B. Unmarried women
Haisa Diner: Why did Irish women marry late or not at all?

III. Immigrant Women in the Home

A. Wives/mothers as household managers
B. Immigrant daughters
Vicki Ruiz: What forces created tensions between generations in Mexican American homes?

IV. Urban Reformers and Immigrant Families

A. Jane Addams
B. Cultural conflicts
What differences between old world and new world values were revealed as immigrant families adjusted to life in the U.S.?


History 3310: Ethnic America
19 October 2006
Limits to Equality: El Norte Borderland
Reading: Dublin 7, handout (print and bring to class)

I. Mexican migration, 1910-1930

A. Immigration prior to World War I
railroad transportation
Mexican International Railroad
Mexican revolution
conditions in Mexico
U.S. demand for labor
agriculture: Newlands Act, 1902, migrant camps
urban work: canneries, steel mills, railroads
B. World War I era immigration
C. Areas of settlement

II. Life in the U.S.

A. Discrimination
segregation
differential wages
racialist attitudes/ethnic stereotypes
Texas Rangers
B. Labor struggles
1917 mine strikes
Mexican radicalism
Confederation of Mexican Labor Unions
Imperial Valley Workers Union
1933 San Joaquin Valley strike

III. Barrios: Mexican-American Communities

A. Increasing population
Texas
California
B. Mexican-American culture

IV. Discussion

(see handout) Pedro Gradas Speech before the Congreso Mexicanista (1911) Laredo, Texas

On Thursday, October 19, the class will divide into small groups to discuss Ernesto Galarzas narrative and a speech by Pedro Grada advising delegates at the Congreso Mexicanista that their problems could be solved if addressed in a spirit of unity. Read both documents before coming to class. Think about the problems faced by Mexican immigrants who came to the U.S. in the early twentieth centuries and the ways that both Galarza and Grada addressed those issues.


History 3310: Ethnic America
24 October 2006
Limits to Equality: Race and Separation in the U.S.


I. The Triumph of Racism

A. African-Americans

1. Disfranchisement
Fifteenth Amendment
Williams v. Mississippi 1898
2. Legalized segregation
Civil Rights Cases 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Jim Crow Laws
Violence and lynching

B. Indians after the Civil War

1. Military clashes and peace policy
Sand Creek Massacre 1864
Indian Appropriations Act 1871
Francis Walker
Sioux in the Black Hills
2. Resistance: Ghost Dance Religion
Wovoka/Jack Wilson
Wounded Knee Massacre 1890
3. Dawes Severalty Act 1887
4. Carlisle Schools and Americanization
Gen. Richard H. Pratt
Indian Citizenship Act 1924

II. Imperialism and race

A. Anglo Saxonism and redeemer nation
John Fiske
Josiah Strong, Our Country 1885

B. Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
Sanford B. Dole

C. Spanish American Cuban Philippine War
USS Maine 1898
Treaty of Paris
Emilio Aguinaldo
Supporters and opponents of Philippine annexation


History 3310: Ethnic America
26 October 2006
Limits to Equality: Racializing Immigrants
Reading: Gjerde 9


I. Cultural racism: Worlds Fairs

A. Columbian Exposition (1893)

B. St. Louis Worlds Fair (1904)

II. Scientific racism: defining who is white in America

A. Madison Grant
The Passing of the Great Race

B. Eugenics movement
Charles B. Davenport

C. Legal definitions of whiteness
Ozawa v. United States, 1922
Thind v. United States, 1923

III. Discussion

The documents in Gjerde chap. 9 illustrate changes in ways of thinking regarding race and immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For example, Madison Grant and others promoted a new conceptualization of race that included making distinctions among European peoples. On Thursday, October 26, the class will divide into small groups to discuss themes of racialization during the early 20th century. To prepare for the assignment, read Gjerde chapter 9 and bring the book to class with you on Thursday. What differences between races do the documents describe? How were the criticisms of the new immigrants from Europe similar to those expressed about Chinese and Mexican immigrants?


History 3310: Ethnic America
31 October 2006
Limits to Equality: Immigration Restriction
Reading: Gjerde 10, Ngai 1
I. Introduction: movement toward restriction
II. Immigration restriction
A. The Page Law, 1875
B. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
C. Additional restrictions
Regulation of Immigration Act, 1882
--convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself
Contract Labor Law, 1885
Act of March 3, 1891
--paupers . . . contagious diseases . . .polygamists

D. Immigration bureaucracy
Bureau of Immigration
Ellis Island, 1892

E. Agitation for further restriction: politics, depression, labor
American Protective Association
Immigration Restriction League

F. Executive Order No. 589: Gentlemens Agreement, 1907

G. Dillingham Commission Report, 1911

H. Quota restrictions
Immigration Act of 1921
National Origins Quota Act of 1924

III. Symbols of Americanism

A. Statue of Liberty

B. Israel Zangwills The Melting Pot

C. Americanization in the workplace
Ford Motor Company

History 3310: Ethnic America
2 November 2006
Limits to Equality: Deportation and Defining American
Reading: Ngai 2


I. Introduction: Defining the border

II. Border crossings

A. Federal responsibility
Office of the Superintendent of Immigration 1891 Department of Treasury
B. Establishment of U.S. border controls
Immigration Service
Federal immigration station on Ellis Island, 2 January 1892

III. The southwest border

A. Bureau of Immigration transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor 1903
B. Illegal immigrants and Mexican commuters
C. Leonidas B. Giles, immigrant inspector on the U.S.-Mexican border

IV. Expansion of southern border control

A. Creation of Mxican Border District under Frank W. Berkshire 1907
B. Appointment of Marcus Braun to investigate illegal crossings 1907
Legitimate and illegitimate immigrants
C. Border crossings after the Mexican Revolution 1910
D. U.S. Border Patrol 1924


History 3310: Ethnic America
9 November 2006
Immigrants, Work, Community: America on Ethnic Terms
Reading: Gjerde 11 (and review John Higham, The Varieties of Ethnic Pluralism in American Thought, Gjerde pp. 332-341)


I. Intro.: Promise of Assimilation

A. Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill
B. Americanization
C. Cultural Pluralism: Horace M. Kallen, Democracy versus the Melting Pot (1915)

To what extent did any of the theories of assimilation apply to the reality of the immigrant experience?

II. Recreating Traditional Cultures

A. a mediating culture of everyday life
B. Folklife
Functional folkways
Song and dance
Theater
Folktales, proverbs, stories
C. Selective schooling
The Gary Plan, William Wirt
Religious and folk schools
D. Immigrant politics
Tied to concerns of family and community
Religion as a shaping force of politics
Homeland causes
Local level politics
The political boss and local machine politics


History 3310: Ethnic America
14 November 2006
Immigrants, Work, Community: Workers on the Margins
Reading: Ngai 3


I. Asian immigrants, agricultural growth, and the demand for labor

A. Chinese workers

B. Increase in Japanese workers

Settlement and agricultural development
Alien Land Law 1913

II. Asian Indians: Hindus

A. Patterns of worker migration

B. Discrimination and violence

Anti-Hindu riot in Bellingham, Washington 1907

C. Asian Indians on the margins

Thind case 1923
Dillingham Commission Report 1911
Asiatic barred zone 1917
Aliens ineligible to citizenship 1924

III. Filipino immigration

A. U.S. annexation of the Philippine Islands 1898

B. Filipino status in the U.S.: non-citizen nationals

C. Demand for Filipino labor and anti-Filipino discrimination

Creation of stereotypes
Differences from other Asian immigrants
Revising the miscegenation laws in California
Violence against Filipinos

D. Philippine independence and Filipino exclusion

Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934


History 3310: Ethnic America
16 November 2006
Immigrants, Work, Community: The Great Depression
Reading: Gjerde 12, Handout, (and review Lizabeth Cohen, The Impact of the Great Depression on Local Ethnic Institutions in Chicago, Gjerde pp. 360-370)


I. Reduction of immigration

A. Enforcement of restriction laws
B. Economic downturn

II. Impact on ethnic cultural retention

A. Increased use of English language
B. General ethnic unity in politics
Anton Cermak, Chicago mayor
Alfred E. Smith, New York governor
Franklin Roosevelt, U.S. president
C. Local ethnic communities

III. Maintaining restriction in an era of world crisis

A. Rise of Hitler
B. Opposition in U.S. to changing laws
labor unions
isolationists
racialists
Wagner-Rogers Bill 1939
Oswego refugees
C. European Americans during World War II
German Americans
Italian Americans
Alien Registration Act 1940

IV. Mexican Repatriation
increased oversight of immigrants
local laws barring immigrant labor
removal of Mexican immigrants
decline of Mexican population in the U.S.: Texas, California, Illinois-Indiana

V. Discussion

In her article The Impact of the Great Depression on Local Ethnic Institutions in Chicago, (Gjerde pp. 360-370), Lizabeth Cohen examines the ways that the economic downturn of the 1930s affected traditional community structures in ethnic neighborhoods. What impact did the Great Depression have on traditional ethnic institutions? How did these changes influence the retention of ethnic community identity?


History 3310: Ethnic America
21 November 2006
Immigrants, Work, Community: Braceros and Redrawing Class Lines
Reading: Ngai 4, Handout


I. Introduction: creating the illegal immigration problem

II. Depression and repatriation

Ridding the country of workers no longer needed
Racializing Mexicans: the 1930 census

III. Creating the Bracero program

U.S. and Mexico Bracero Treaty 1942
Continuation of the program 1948-1951
Public Law 78 (1951)
Braceros and wetbacks

IV. Migrant labor conditions in the U.S.

Farm Security Administration
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
G.I. Forum in Texas
National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)

V. Evaluation of the Bracero program

Importance to agricultural economy
Increased use of undocumented workers
No sanctions for U.S. employers
Operation Wetback 1954
Bracero program ends 1964

VI. Discussion

According to Mae Ngai: Mexicans comprised a transnational labor force that included seasonal migrants as well as immigrants and U.S.-born Mexican Americans. This labor force, she contends, represented an imported colonialism that resulted from U.S. immigration laws and practices. Based on your reading of chapter 4 in Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of America, write an essay that discusses the creation of a migratory agricultural proletariat in the U.S. Be sure to consider both legal processes and cultural understandings in your answer.


History 3310: Ethnic America
28 November 2006
Moving Toward Multiculturalism: World War II and Asian Americans
Reading: Ngai 5-6, Dublin 8 (and review the documents and articles in Gjerde chap. 12)

I. U.S. minorities and the World War II experience
A. Native Americans
Navaho Code Talkers
B. Mexican Americans
Americans All slogan
Zoot suit riots, 1943 Los Angeles
C. African Americans
Migration north
Double V campaign
Executive Order 8802 (1941)
Riots in Detroit and Harlem, 1943

II. Asian Americans and the World War II experience
A. Chinese Americans
Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Law, 1943
B. Japanese Americans
John L. DeWitt, Western Defense Command
Support of major politicians and the press
Calif. Governor Culbert Olsen (Dem.)
Calif. Atty. General Earl Warren (Rep.)
Los Angeles Times
U.S. Sec. of War Henry L. Stimson
U.S. Atty. Gen. Francis Biddle
FDRs Executive Order 9066, 19 Feb. 1942
War Relocation Authority
Government loyalty tests
442nd Regimental Combat Team
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
Civil Liberties Act of 1988

III. Discussion

Japan's attack on the U.S. naval station at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, propelled the United States into World War II (1939-1945). In February 1942, amid an atmosphere of panic, recrimination, and total mobilization, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066 authorizing the evacuation of all Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals living on the West Coast. They were sent to hastily erected internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. Although Roosevelt closed the internment camps in 1945, the federal government remained unwilling to acknowledge its poor treatment of Japanese Americans. In 1980, Congress created the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. The commission summed up its findings in a book entitled Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, in which the internment was called a grave injustice. Later, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which compensated each Japanese American who had been interned with a $20,000 payment and a formal apology from the United States.

To prepare for the discussion, read and review the following: In preparation for the discussion, please carefully read "Yoshiko Uchida, A Japanese American Woman, Remembers her Family's Relocation During World War II" (Gjerde pp. 387-389), Roger Daniel's article "World War II and the Forced Relocation of Japanese Americans" (Gjerde pp. 395-404), Kazuko Itoi: A Nisei Daughters Story, 1925-1942 (Dublin pp. 234-259), Mae M. Ngi chapter 5, and the excerpt from the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (below).

Think about the impact that internment had on Japanese American community and cultural retention as well as issues of citizenship. How did the U.S. government justify the internment of tens of thousands of Japanese Americans, a large percentage of whom were American citizens? Were the apology and payment of compensation to former internees appropriate actions for the government to take in 1988? Why or why not?

Excerpt from: Civil Liberties Act of 1988

(U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 102, 1988, 903-4.)

SEC. 2. STATEMENT OF THE CONGRESS

(a) WITH REGARD TO INDIVIDUALS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY.--The Congress recognizes that, as described by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent resident aliens of Japanese ancestry by the evacuation, relocation, and internment of civilians during World War II. As the Commission documents, these actions were carried out without adequate security reasons and without any acts of espionage or sabotage documented by the Commission, and were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership. The excluded individuals of Japanese ancestry suffered enormous damages, both material and intangible, and there were incalculable losses in education and job training, all of which resulted in significant human suffering for which appropriate compensation has not been made. For these fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights of these individuals of Japanese ancestry, the Congress apologizes on behalf of the Nation


History 3310: Ethnic America
30 November 2006
Moving Toward Multiculturalism: Changing the Rules for Immigration
Reading: Ngai 7 and Epilogue


I. Post World War II

A. Refugees
Displaced Persons Act 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
B. Maintaining the Quota System
Senator Pat McCarran
McCarran-Walter Act (Immigration and Naturalization Act) 1952
Commission on Immigration and Naturalization 1953
Rep. Francis Walter
Sen. Herbert Lehman and the struggle for reform

II. Cold War and Ethnic America

A. Anti-communist crusade
B. Republican ascendancy
C. 1950s: homogeneity or cultural diversity?

III. Toward Modern Ethnic America

A. 1960s-1980s modifying goals of assimilation
B. Abandoning old quota laws
Hart-Celler Act (Immigration Act) 1965
Refugee Act 1980
Immigration Act of 1986

IV. Nativism in the 1980s and 1990s

Discussion

According to Mae Ngai, in chapter 7 of Impossible Subjects, the thinking that impelled immigration reform in the decades following World War II developed along a trajectory that combined liberal pluralism and nationalism. The result was that the Immigration Act of 1965, traditionally interpreted as a liberal reform measure, contained both inclusionary and exclusionary features. What historical forces influenced the development of both post war liberal pluralism and nationalism? What were the main arguments that influenced the development of immigration reform in 1965? How did the law contribute to an increasing identification of illegal aliens as Mexicans?

History 3310: Ethnic America
5 December 2006
Moving Toward Multiculturalism: New Immigration and Diversity
Reading: Gjerde 13-14, Dublin 9-10


I. Introduction: Redefining Ethnic America

II. New Immigration in the 1970s and 1980s

A. Indochinese and Cubans
B. Dispersal policy

III. Race Relations and Ethnic Diversity

A. Political demand for public recognition
B. Court action and nonviolent protest
Brown v. Board of Education 1954
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
C. Militant movements and focus on African-American culture
Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap Brown, Malcolm X

IV. Model for Cultural Diversity

A. Native Americans
American Indian Movement
Occupation of Alcatraz Island
Dennis Banks and Russell Means
B. Hispanics
Chicano movement
Atzlan 1969

V. Changes in Assimilationist Theory

A. Re-emergence of cultural pluralism
B. New ethnicity
PIGS 1972

VI. Student Evaluations


History 3310: Ethnic America
7 December 2006
Moving Toward Multiculturalism: Immigration Reform

Paper is due


I. Nativism in the 1980s and 1990s

A. Debate over immigration focused on Hispanicsbrowning of America
B. FAIR Federation for American Immigration Reform
C. US English: Dr. John Tanton
D. Arguments for restriction

II. Liberty weekend 1986

III. Legal reform

A. The Immigration Act of 1990
B. Californias Proposition 187

IV. Why immigration and assimilation remain issues in the U.S.

Microeconomics
Please use Service Master Pro as the company to research for this paper. Link to the company's website follows: http://www.servicemaster.com/

We are in a global economy. Many of the things you use daily are probably not made domestically. Let's take a closer look at Service Master Pro's position in the world. Write a 2-3 page paper on the following issues:

1. Does your franchise operate internationally? If so, what countries does it operate? What are the possibilities of further expansion? If your firm does not have international locations, what are some countries that you think would benefit from your good or service? How would you market the product?

2. What are some challenges a U.S. based firm may have when setting up in another country?

3. Think about the type of firm you chose (Service Master Pro). Do you think it would benefit from outsourcing? If you chose a firm in which outsourcing is not feasible, you can still discuss the advantages (or disadvantages) of outsourcing.

Use concepts from the modular background readings as well as any good quality resources you can find from the cyberlibrary or other internet search engines. Please be sure to cite all sources within the text and a reference list at the end of the paper.

Background reading sources:

Hey, John D. I Teach Economics, Not Algebra and Calculus website. University of York. JEE selection. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~jdh1/JEE/fig7.htm

Rittenberg Libby and T. Tregarthen. (2009). Chapter 2: Confronting Scarcity: Choices in Production. Sections 1-4 Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-microeconomics#web-0

Length: 2-3 pages

The following items will be assessed in particular:
1 - ability to explain how different economies vary in production.
2 - Some in-text references to the modular background readings (APA formatting not required).

Construct a clear, concise, factually specific and historically accurate response to the following:
Why did the alliance between the U.S. and USSR collapse so thoroughly following the conclusion of World War II? Was it a personal dispute between FDR, Truman and Stalin? Was it a political/economic disagreement between communism and democracy? What steps did the U.S. feel compelled to take to restrain the expansion of communism? What was the influence of George F. Kennan on U.S. policy in relation to the communist world? How were his views implemented? How did this affect U.S. attitudes for the remainder of the Cold War?

Proposal
Tittle Page
Signature Page
Approval Page
Works cited Page
Preface
Acknowledgement Page
Table of Contents
List of Tables/Charts/Figures/Graphics/Pictures
List of Symbols/Abbreviations
Abstract
Synopsis
Introduction
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings
Conclusions
Endnotes
Appendices
Glossary
Bibliography

Request status updates.
Request you provide copies of cited sources.

Governments around the world have a primary concern over water and the Middle East and North Africa are no exception. In this part of the world, future water shortages can be catastrophic and the catalyst for future wars. Current conflicts, peace initiatives, and international relationships between nations in the region have water or the lack of water as a common element. In the future, water could be the primary reason for nation states to go to war.

A few considerations of many possiblities in no specific order:

a. Increase demand.
b. Decrease supply.
c. Population explosion
d. Region tension, disharmony, and centuries of conflict.
e. Significant border disputes.
f. Vague international and national laws.
g. Geography
h. Desert / drought
i. Economic growth
j. Pollution
k. New water exploitation methods

(a). Examine variables
(b). Predict possible future Middle East and North Africa hydro-based conflicts.

Establish findings and conclusions.

Select a firm operating on a transnational basis. In a 5-7 page paper, then respond to the following regarding the firm you selected;

1) Describe the firm and its principle business activities
2) Describe the firm?s international level strategy
3) Describe the firm?s corporate level strategy
4) Provide an example of the firm?s business unit operation
5) Explain how this firm creates value and sustains competitive advantage through the application of the strategies you described.

Note: Please do not include quotations in the body of the paper. All references should be made on reference page. Thanks

Assignment 4: Data Tech, Inc. Case Study
Due Week 8 and worth 100 points Read the case study regarding Data Tech, Inc. in Chapter 9 and write a 4 page paper in which you:
1. Determine whether Jeff should give greater priority to a smaller facility with possibility of expansion or more into a larger facility immediately.
2. Determine weights for the two (2) capacity factors based on your finding above and discuss how you concluded these were appropriate weights.
3. Once you have selected the factors for the two (2) capacity alternatives, use factor rating to select a new location for Data Tech.
4. Determine how your factor analysis would be different if you had selected a different capacity alternative.
5. Include three (3) external peer-reviewed sources to support your position.

Project Details



** Project Title**



An academic approach to investigate Pandemic outbreaks of communicable diseases to be a risk to various organizations of the aviation industry; highlighting the time of exposure ��" in airplanes ��" and volume of exposure ��" in airports ��"; as contributing factors that influence the speed at which pandemic-causing-viruses are transmitted through international air travel.



** Abstract/ Summary **

The number of infectious diseases spread in a more dynamic fashion as the number of air travelers increases (leitmeyer, K. 2011). In 2009 a total of 4.9 billion passengers commuted using air transportation, 42% of whom travelled internationally (Airports Council International, 2009).

Dr. Juma Bilal Fairuz director of infection control and head of the national tuberculosis committee in the UAE admits that with airline travel, countries have no more boundaries and control over diseases, and they can simply go anywhere (Gulf News, 2007).

On the other hand, Dubai Migration (2006) highlights in an article on their website the concern of the emirate second to the World Health Organization report linking the emergence of pandemic diseases to be proportional with the passenger traffic.



According to Giovanni Bisignani, the airline industry suffered a decreased of close to 19% in passengers traffic after the SARS outbreak (IATA, 2003). The decrease was close to the decrease that the airline traffic suffered after the 9/11 terrorist attack.

The above figures highlight that the public perceives pandemics to be similar in seriousness to terrorist attacks in terms of a threat to their lives.



On the other hand however the World Health Organization argues that the chances are very slim for the spread of diseases on board the aircrafts that are equipped with state of the art High Efficiency Particulate Aspiration (HEPA) ventilation system which is better than the ventilation systems in most buildings and common means of public transportation such as trains and buses (WHO, 2003).

Shortly after this publication, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) negates the study published by the WHO and re-shine the light on the high risk of diseases transmission on board the aircrafts especially when the aircrafts are on ground, and the ventilation systems are switched off. Passengers and microorganisms can incubate in the aircraft tube for nearly an hour before takeoff (Euro Surveillance, 2011).



To maintain a viable aviation industry, just like any business, it is important to keep a positive influx of operating profit. Additionally the Civil Aviation Authorities (CAA) around the world imposes on airports and airlines a minimum number of operational staff that is needed to safely run the aviation industry.



The 19% drop in passengers' traffic that Bisignani talks about in times of pandemics is a significant drop that can levy hefty consequences on the airline industry.

This decrease denotes the nature of the consumers' behavior to be one of a dissonance reducing buying type. (V-W, M. n.d.)

Passengers are highly involved in the purchase of an airfare, and any uncertainty will directly impact their buying decisions.



It is similarly important to appreciate the possibility that a pandemic outbreak will be also linked to a high employees' absenteeism from the workplace. This issue was discussed and granted a significance importance in an Interagency-Aviation Industry Collaboration on Planning for Pandemic Outbreaks (Transportation of Research Board of National Academies, 2007) the author suggests that the findings of this study can be extrapolated and linked to Abraham Maslow's pyramid of needs where the on the job safety lies at the basis of the needs hierarchy.



** Objectives **

By the means of this research the author will offer the aviation industry a first of its kind piece of work, which will investigate two variables ��" time and volume ��" when it comes to the speed at which a pandemic-causing-virus that can threaten the aviation spreads across continents.



Also the author shall analyze the Organizational behavior and the Human Resources management that will become necessary in order for the airports and airlines to safely operate amidst such times.



The author will also investigate the pain that the pandemics cause to the different sectors of the aviation industry by analyzing some of their financial statements published in the years of pandemic out breaks.



At the end of the work the author wishes to achieve a set of hypotheses that are worth being investigated in other masters or even doctoral levels dissertations.



** Project Outcomes **

By the completion of this dissertation the author would have offered the aviation industry the answer to the following questions.

- Does the volume and number of people present in an airport makes of it like a giant incubator where viruses can freely travel from a host to another?

- When travelling in a pressurized cabin for a long period of time with infected passengers, does this give enough time for the virus to travel and infect other people?

- Would the consumer behavior change if airlines market that they are taking precautions against the transmission of viruses on board?

- Would passengers wish to transit in airports that have clear quarantine and pandemic prevention procedure?

- What can the aviation industry do to sustain operational staff load, despite the high number of employees' absenteeism.



** Why are you interested in the project? **

I am interested in this project for many different reasons. And I feel that accomplishing it will grant me the link that I aimed to achieve in this MBA degree between my paramedical background, my aspiration for managing Paramedical Departments and my love for the aviation industry.

I graduated in 2007 with a BSc. Degree in Laboratory Medicine. The syllabus covered many courses of microbiology: the study of Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi, and the

recombinant outcome when the genetic material when one or more of these fuse together. An example of this recombinant library of genes can be isolated from the fusion of the Ah1n1 virus and the mad cow disease bacteria. This is speculated to hit the world as a pandemic in the near future.

My ultimate goal in the future is to complement this MBA degree with a PhD whereby I will add to pandemics the effect of natural disasters on the viability of the aviation industry. In my future PhD I will aim to develop a mathematical formula that will outline the effects of these on the aviation industry.



** What are the key questions the project attempts to answer? **

- What are the effects of time and volume of exposure with regards to the speed of propagation of pandemic-causing-virus?

- What are the effects of pandemic outbreaks on the different sectors of the aviation industry?

- How do the airlines' passengers buying behavior or choice of transit in a given airport change in times of pandemic outbreaks?

- How can implemented policies increase the passengers trust in a particular airline or transit airport in times of a pandemic outbreak



** What Research Methods do you intend to use? **

The first part of the research project will start by a risk assessment analysis that will provide a justification about the importance of the topic.



Many risk assessment methods are in mind of the author, such as "failure mode and effect analysis" for the qualitative bit of the dissertation, and later the "failure mode effect criticality analysis" for the quantitative latter bit. It is important to bring to the attention of the assessor at this point that the author wishes to probe information and data collated from representative samples which would be best analyzed using qualitative methods, and later there will be some numbers extracted from financial statements published about aviation related businesses that will be best analyzed using quantitative methods. This will be a form of a retrospective manner study to justify or nullify hypotheses around which the dissertation will pivot.

This research will be investigating an unknown future risk that can have potential harsh effect on the aviation industry such as the swine or the avian flus, or a merely insignificant risk such as the latest outbreak of the deadly strain of E. coli in Germany.



The author will use the literature and his professional assessment to judge on the best method to be used this will be extensively analyzed in the actual dissertation.



Having set a business case after completing the above, the author will go on to start interviewing experts in the world of microbiology to investigate the variables that this dissertation aspires to examine ��" length of exposure (time) and volume.



Having reached a set of hypotheses from the above studies, the author will take the research down to the level of the end consumers ��" the travelers ��" in the form of questionnaires to establish what in their opinion is the best to be done in order to not lose their confidence when they decide to buy an air ticket after that a pandemic warning have been raised by the media and the responsible agencies



The last chapter will be a discussion of the findings and an offer of several hypotheses that can be a research topic of some other MBA or PhD dissertations.



To tackle such a new revolutionary topic, the best research methods that the author judge using is a mixed qualitative and quantitative methods.



In the actual dissertation the author will evaluate his choice of the above research methods and will justify why he found them to be of best fit for the type of Research in question.



** What primary and/or secondary data sources do you intend to use?**

The secondary data that the author wishes to use come from published financial statements. This will be the basis of dissertation as they will provide a business case for the research by calculating financial ratios.

Other secondary data will be previous researches done by formal bodies who are interested in the topic. Such as the World Health Organization (WHO), IATA, the American Department of Transportation (DOT) and the civil aviation authorities (CAA) around the world.

The data gathered from published articles and studies as secondary data will enable the study to have a clear scope and frame.



Thereafter the author would use primary data collected from questionnaires and interviews so that the research questions that were drawn from the evaluation of the secondary data be customized to the specifics of the research topic.

Examples of primary data will come from medical doctors in Virology or Microbiology to start with, and then the data collected will provide the author with some grounds to probe the level of seriousness that the decision makers in the CAA use to perceive the risks.

Finally the author wishes to question airline customers in order to find out the reasons behind their decisions to opt out from buying air tickets in times of pandemics and to evaluate the best strategies to overcome the drop in the demand in such times.



** Please provide draft chapter heading for your report **

1- Definitions

2- Literature review:

a- Previous rates of infections of some viruses

b- The world blaming the Aviation industry for the pandemic outbreaks

c- Impact of the Pandemic Outbreaks on the Airports

d- Impact of the Pandemic Outbreaks on the Airlines

e- Absenteeism from work in times of Pandemic Outbreaks

f- Economic losses from previous pandemic outbreaks (from the infective tuberculosis to the German E-Coli)

3- Analyzing pandemics as a risk

4- Justifying the business case of the dissertation

5- Research Methodologies

a- Interviewing Microbiologists

b- Interviewing Financial Analysts

c- Interviewing Human Resources Managers

d- Sending Questionnaires to Employees of an airport

e- Distributing questionnaires to passengers of an airport

6- Data Analysis

7- Discussion of findings

8- Conclusions and recommendations





** References **



• Airports Council Internationoal (2009) ACI’s World Airport Traffic Report for 2009, [online] Available at: http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-54_666_2__ [Accessed: 3 Jul 2011].

• Dubai Migration (2007) Dubai to launch pre-entry screening, [online] Available at: http://www.dubai-migration.com/dubai-to-launch-pre-entry-screening/ [Accessed: 29th Aug 2011].

• Euro Surveillance (2011) European Risk Assessment Guidance for Infectious Diseases transmitted on Aircraft - The RAGIDA project, [online] Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/viewarticle.aspx?article=19845 [Accessed: Aug 2011].

• Gulf News (2007) Warning Over Epidemic Risk, [online] Available at: http://m.gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/health/warning-over-epidemic-risk-1.196602 [Accessed: Aug 1st 2011].

• IATA (2003) IATA International Traffic Statistics, [online] Available at: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/traffic_results/Pages/2003-05-23-02.aspx [Accessed: August 2011].

• leitmeyer, K. (2011) European Risk Assessment Guidance for Infectious Diseases transmitted on Aircraft - The RAGIDA project, Euro Surveillance, 16(16), p.1-5.

• Transportation of Research Board of National Academies, (2007) Interagency-Aviation Industry Collaboration on Planning for Pandemic Outbreaks. Workshop Chaired by National Research Council Washington, D.C., September 2007. Summary retrieved from: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/CP41.pdf

• V-W, M. (n.d.) Understanding Consumers’ Behavior: Can Perceived Risk Theory Help?, Management Decision, 30(3), p.4-9

• WHO (2003) WHO| Summary of SARS and air travel, [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/csr/sars/travel/airtravel/en/index.html [Accessed: Aug 2011].





_*_*_*_* SPEACIAL INSTRUCTIONS _*_*_*_*_*



I have used your services before. there was many repeated words. Please do not waste the word counts in repeating words such as " the author says, and in the opion of the author".



Pasted above is a corrected research proposal. I earned a Merit grade for it. please follow it as much as possible. i understand in some places it says that I need to interview professionals. I leave it to your professional assessment how you can fill these as it becomes academically acceptable.



One comment that my Mentor gave me was that I need to Reword the Title of the project. Please do so.



Thank you very much in advance!

There are faxes for this order.

Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy
Select a president from the table, ?Presidents and Their ?Doctrines,?? in Roskin, Chapter 4.
President from the Table
President Years Doctrine
Truman 1945-1953 Contain the expansion of communism, presumably everywhere.
Eisenhower 1953-1961 Use nukes and spooks to prevent Communist or other radical takeovers.
Kennedy 1961-1963 Respond flexibly to communist expansion, especially to guerrilla warfare.
Johnson 1963-1969 Follow through on Kennedy doctrine by committing U.S. troops in Vietnam.
Nixon 1969-1974 Supply weapons but not troops to countries fighting off communism.
Ford 1974-1977 Continue Nixon Doctrine
Carter 1977-1981 Make clear to Soviets that Persian Gulf is a vital U.S. interest.
Reagan 1981-1989 Sponsor anticommunist guerrillas who are trying to overthrow pro-Soviet Regimes.

Then write a 3- 5 page paper on the doctrine that president used according to Roskin. Your research must include at least four (4) credible sources, apart from your textbook. Your paper must address the following:
1. Summarize a situation that required U.S. diplomatic efforts during the president?s time in office.
2. Explicate the diplomatic doctrine the president followed, with reference to specific actions or events that occurred.
3. Describe the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries.
4. Assess, in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed.
5. Cite at least four (4) reputable sources in addition to the textbook, not including Wikipedia, encyclopedias, or dictionaries.
Your assignment must:
? Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
? Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student?s name, the professor?s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
? Identify the cultural, economic, and political context of information resources, and interpret information in light of that context.
? Use technology and information resources to research issues in international problems.
? Write clearly and concisely about international problems using proper writing mechanics.

Term Paper Requirements and Topic Suggestions for BA 312 Mgmt Accounting



Requirements

Paper should be prepared in APA format (see library or center office for guidelines)
The paper should be at least five pages long. This does not include the title page, abstract, bibliography nor any exhibits you wish to include.
Within the body of your paper, make sure to have an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Be sure to write out any acronyms the first time you use them.
If you directly quote or paraphrase another person?s work or thoughts, you must reference. How you reference is up to you. Options include information in parenthesis, footnotes, or endnotes.
You must include a bibliography. Make sure to list all sources referred to even if the source was not directly quoted. Be sure to include interviews, whether in person, by phone, or by e-mail.
It is strongly recommended that you use spell checker and grammar checker prior to submitting your paper. One trick I use to catch errors is to read my papers aloud so I can hear what is being said. It helps catch errors which can be missed by grammar and spell checkers.


Suggested Topics

It must be related to aviation or aeronautics and to anything covered during the term or related to topics covered in class or the textbook.
If you work in aviation or related fields, look at what you do and how our studies relate to what you do.
If you have written prior reports for aviation business courses, consider revisiting prior research to see if any can be expanded upon to meet the paper requirements.
If you have read or heard anything in the media that has interested you and can be related to the course topics, look for additional resources.
Past paper topics have included:
? Boeing?s Financial Decisions Affecting Development of Product Lines (747, SST, 777, and Sonic Cruiser)

? Government Contractor versus Military Personnel Cost in an aviation maintenance division of the US Navy

? Costs and Factors Relating to the Expansion of Will Rogers World Airport

? Accounting Effects from Switching from Hubs to Secondary Airports

? British Airways ? General Information on Management Systems

? Review of the After-Effects of the Northrup-Grumman Merger

? Cost Behavior Management at Southwest Airlines

? FAA ? Managerial Challenges for the New Millenium

? Runway Expansion at SeaTac International Airport

? The Cost of Part Y at Company X Using Activity Based Costing Methods

? The Quantitative and Qualitative Factors Behind Airline X?s Decision to Drop an International Route

Putting it all togetherIt is now time to upload the complete report on the project: The FedEx?s weighted average cost of capital as of the time of Part 1 and the assessment of the proposed investment project in a foreign country by the FedEx Corporation.In the report, please include all the information that you submitted in Module 1, Module 2, Module 3, and Module 4. Then reorganize all the information to have one paper; that is, please do not include headings such as Module 1 SLP, Module 2 SLP, Module 3, Module 4 SLP, etc., in the paper.Session Long Project (SLP) Expectations:In Module 5 SLP, you are expected to:?Describe the purpose of the paper and conclusion.?Submit a two to five page paper.?Answer the SLP questions clearly and provide necessary details. Reorganize the paper and delete all the unnecessary information from the previous modules. For example, you have described the purpose of the paper and conclusion in all the previous four SLPs. Please delete them all from Module 5 SLP. ?Provide a quality argument; that is, no poor sentence structure, no spelling and grammar mistakes or run-on sentences.?Provide citations to support your argument and references on a separate page. Please use APA format to provide citations and references http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ or click Student Guide to Writing a High Quality Academic Paper. ?Answer all the SLP questions in an essay format instead of point format. Please do not type questions in the paper.?Type and double space the paper.Grading Rubric: Click here.SLP Readings:McCracken, M. (2010). Capital budgeting ? part 1. Retrieved from http://teachmefinance.com/capitalbudgeting.html McWhinney, J.E. (2010). Introduction to diversification. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/05/diversification.aspSLP4IntroductionEach source of funds has its own advantages and disadvantages. In that regard therefore, debt financing could in some instances be more appropriate than equity financing. The reverse is true. This text concerns itself with some of the benefits FedEx Corporation would experience were it to raise funds through debt. The text also highlights some of the drawbacks of such a move. Debt Financing: Focus on FedExOverviewFedEx, as it points out on its website, ?provides customers and businesses worldwide with a brand portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services? (FedEx, 2014). As it further points out, it has in the past been ranked amongst some of the most trusted and admired companies in the world (FedEx, 2014). The company?s current chief executive officer is Frederick W. Smith.Costs and Benefits of Debt FinancingTo begin with, it is important to note that as Peavler (2010) points out, debt financing could benefit a company as the interest paid on a loan taken by the business is tax-deductible. In this case therefore, should FedEx decide to increase the proportion of its debt (in relation to equity); it would have a portion of its income shielded from taxes. This would have the effect of decreasing its annual tax liability. Next, it is also important to note that unlike is the case with equity financing, the lenders from whom a business borrows money do not have to share in its profits (Peavler, 2014). All businesses have to do as the author further points out is to repay the loan in a timely manner. In that regard, should FedEx embrace debt financing and offer timely repayments, then lenders will not have a direct claim on any of its future earnings. It should, however, be noted that although debt financing seems appropriate from one perspective, it could be deemed disadvantageous in some other circumstances. To begin with, it should be noted that in taking a debt, FedEx would in effect be betting on its ability to service the debt going forward. This is unlike is the case with equity financing where the company is not obligated to issue dividends when revenues start dwindling. In the words of Seidman (2005, p. 32), ?unlike equity, debt must be repaid?? However, a number of things could affect the company?s ability to repay a debt. These include but they are not limited to an economic meltdown, loss of key markets, loss of a crucial customer, etc. Inability to repay the loan when profits start to dwindle could, according to Peavler (2010), ruin an entity?s credit rating. A poor credit rating could affect the ability of a business entity to secure loans in the future. Debt financing could also negatively affect FedEx?s cash flows. This is more so the case given that the business is in this case required to make regular payments in seeking to repay the debt. According to Seidman (2005), when the cash reserves or the cash flows of a business are exceeded by debt repayment, ?bankruptcy or, in the worst case, liquidation of the firm?s assets to repay debt holders? could be one of the resulting consequences.ConclusionBased on the discussion above, it would be advisable for corporate officers of FedEx to take into consideration the benefits and drawbacks of debt financing as they look for funds to either grow or expand the business. In addition to equity and debt financing, FedEx should also take into consideration other sources of funds. These include but they are not limited to entering into strategic partnerships with other business entities. ReferencesFedEx. (2014). About FedEx: Overview and Facts. Retrieved from http://about.van.fedex.com/fedex-overviewPeavler, R. (2010). Debt and Equity Financing: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt and Equity Financing. Retrieved from http://bizfinance.about.com/od/generalinformatio1/a/debtequityfin.htm Seidman, K.F. (2005). Economic Development Finance. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. slp 3FedEx is a corporation offering worldwide delivery services to other corporations, government entities, individuals and anyone who is interested in quick, efficient and safe delivery of documents and other packages throughout the world. As such, FedEx is constantly looking to expand into additional marketplaces and geographies. Understanding the local economies and cultures of the areas of expansion are key to a successful launch and ongoing profitability when servicing the new areas. Considering all the various factors that can ensure a profitable expansion venture is an important part of the decision process. A recent report determined that ?companies have more than enough data to tell them when, where and who is buying their product? (Neeley, Warnica, Lorinc, Castaldo, McCullough, Nowak, Toller, Beer, Evans, Melanson, Barmak, McCullough, Shufelt, 2013, p. 36) but that is only part of the equation. Knowing who is buying your product does not necessarily equate into those people buying your product. Additionally, just because those customers might be purchasing your product, does not guarantee that they will do so at a high enough rate to make the entire venture profitable. A recent article in Money magazine by the Small Business Administration (SBA) found that in order to have a business capable of growing and being profitable for years to come means that ?you?ll have to prune it from time to time? (Pofeldt, 2013, p. 48). Pofeldt states that you may have to work with customers that have to be taught what services you have to offer and to make sure that your services are not only profitable for your customers but are equally as profitable for your company as well. Pofeldt states ?working with customers or offering products that can?t achieve healthy profit margins can sap time and stifle growth? (p. 48). FedEx will not only wish to ensure that they have willing customers regularly purchasing profitable services but the company will have to consider other factors as well when seeking to expand into Canada. Comparing the size of Canada to FedEx?s largest customer base (the United States) shows that Canadian expansion would be a large and costly venture. Brigit M. Klohs talks about ?going global? in a recent report in the Economic Development Journal and states that ?successful economic developers must have a solid strategy for how, why, and where they can effectively build international business relationships? (Klohs, 2012, p. 27). FedEx is already firmly established in many countries throughout the world. Integrating Canada into that already established foundation would mean addressing such local issues as wages, expansion expenses, and Canada?s economy. One of the expenses that could be bothersome to FedEx would be the wages and salaries the company would have to pay in Canada. Knowing, therefore, the rates of unemployment throughout the country would allow FedEx to initiate expansion while maintaining salary and wage expenses. Analysis of another key component would also assist FedEx in deciding into what area and when to expand. The key component that would help FedEx in that regard is the economic index of the various locales. Knowing the local economy oftentimes leads expansion in the right direction, if a local economy is suffering then it may not offer the opportunities that a booming or expanding economy would. Finally, FedEx would also want to explore what the tax structure and rates are in the various geographies along with any tax breaks that the local governments may have available to entice FedEx to locate there. One final important consideration would be the capital necessary to pay the expansion costs. FedEx would have to determine whether the cost to expand would be more profitably financed by either debt or equity.Works CitedKohls, B.M.; (2012) Going global, Economic Development Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 27 ? 34 Neeley, P.; Warnica, R.; Lorinc, J.; Castaldo, J.; McCullough, M.; Nowak, P.; Toller, C.; Beer, J.; Evans, M.; Melanson, T.; Barmak, S.; McCullugh, M.; Shufelt, T.; (2013) 35 Radical ideas to kick-start Canada?s economy, Canadian Business, Vol. 86, Issue 5, pp. 36 ? 62 Pofeldt, E.; (2013) Grow the right way, Money, Vol. 42, Issue 10, p. 48SLP2Short Term Debt575019%Long Term Debt769025%Common Equity1739856%Total30838100%The FedEx capital structure is mostly in common equity. The company does have some long-term debt, but this is only a quarter of the capital structure, indicating that FedEx is not a highly leverage firm.2. The key economic variable for FedEx is the GDP, in particular the GDP growth rate. The GDP is the broad measure of economic activity. This is an important measure because FedEx has a broad corporate customer base, and as such its success is highly correlated with the broader economy. When the GDP is rising, this is good for FedEx's business. Now, if we are talking about expanding in Canada, then the key is to know where it might be useful to expand, as in finding out where the GDP is growing. That way, the new capacity will be filled more quickly. That is simply a matter of efficient resource deployment, to know where the economy is growing and then expand their.Another important economic variable for FedEx is the unemployment rate. This is important because the company needs to set its wage levels. In order to set wage levels, FedEx needs to understand the dynamics of each local employment market. There are places in Canada where the unemployment rate is very low, and there are places where it is considerably higher. The company will struggle to the extent that it has a mismatch of wages with the current job market. So knowing the unemployment rate is a good proxy for understanding how much bargaining power the workers have. The lower the unemployment rate, the more bargaining power the workers have, and as such the more FedEx is going to have to pay to attract workers to its expanded operations.The purpose of this paper is to think about how different macroeconomic variables affect company performance. There are many economic variables, but they do not all have an impact on the company. Thus it is worth figuring out which variables are important, and why. This requires the manager to think about what drives the business, and in the case of FedEx it is the general overall health of the economy. But within that there are other things that need to be taken into consideration. Perhaps the most important is the unemployment rate, but there are other variables as well. In conclusion, FedEx is a company that derives its business from other companies mostly. Corporate clients are the most important clients for FedEx. It is important for the managers of FedEx to therefore be aware of the state of the economy in order to be more effective at planning. For the financial managers, they need to know what the capital requirements of the company are going forward, knowing that they might need to take out more debt if a great expansion looks necessary and that they might need to use more equity financing if it looks like debt is going to become more expensive. Still, it is important that the company's management is always aware of its macroeconomic environment.Referencehttp://www.fedex.com/us/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedExhttp://wiki.fool.com/FedExSLP1FedEx Corporation FedEx Corporation was established in 1971 and the company has four distinct business segments that include FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Office and FedEx Freight. Over the years, the company has obtained 6-year of CAGR (compounded annual growth of 5%). However, the company is likely to obtain similar CAGR of 5.9% over the next 8 years based on current economic environment. (FedEx Corporation .2010.The WACC (weighted average cost of capital) is the average interest rate that a company should pay in order to secure a project. Moreover, WACC is the average rate of return that a company must earn from its current assets to satisfy investors, shareholders and creditors. Since FedEx Corporation is always trying to create value for shareholders, the paper calculates the WACC of the FedEx to evaluate the company ability to generate returns from its assets.Part 1: Estimation of WACC of the Company The WACC of the FedEx Corporation is calculated based on the estimation of the company-consolidated balance sheet of the year 2010 and the WACC is calculated using the table below:Company name: FedEx Corporation Table 1: Source of Finance ($millions)Balance sheet value as of:__2010___Market value as of:_2010_Proportion in total financingCost of capitalProduct of(4)x(5)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Short term debt 4,645 4,645 4,645 - 4,645Long term debt 1Long-Term Debt, Less Current Portion 1,668 1740.15 1,668 5% 83.4Deferred income taxes 891 929.57 891 5% 44.6Pension & post-retirement healthcare and other bene?t obligations 1,705 1778.85 1,705 5% 85.25Self-insurance accruals 960 1001.56 960 5% 48Deferred lease obligations804838.818045%40.2Deferred gains to aircraft transactions267278.562675.35Other liabilities151157.541515%7.55Total other long-term liabilities4,778$6725.044,7785%238.9Preferred shares Common equity Total (Outstanding Shares 312 million $43,087.21.000 6% $2,585.23As being revealed in Table 1, the short-term debt of FedEx Corporation is approximately $4,645 Million. The paper estimates that the market value of the company short-term debt is equal to the book value. Based on this estimation, the market value of the company short-term debt is $4,645 Million. However, estimation of the company market value for the company long-term debts is different from the estimation of the short-term debt. As being revealed in the FedEx Corporation consolidated balance sheet 2010, the FedEx long-term debts are not traded. To calculate the market value of the company long-term debts, the paper considers what the potential lenders require at present as a reasonable yield to maturity. The paper assumes that the yield of the company short-term debts is zero. However, the yield of the company long-term debts should be reasonably above the yields of the government bonds and notes. The present yields of government bonds and notes are 3.38%, and given the status and business position of FedEx Corporation, the required yield to maturity will be reasonably above the yield of the government bonds. The report assumes that the yield of the FedEx long-term debt will be 5%. As being recorded in the 2010 consolidated balance sheet, the company total long ?term debts are $4,778 Million carrying the interest of 5% per year and the paper estimates the maturity of these debts to be 6 years.To calculate the market value of the company long-term debts using the required yield of 5%, the market value of the company long-term debts would be equal to the present value of the cash flow, and discounted at 5% will be as follows:Table 1: Source of Finance ($millions)Balance sheet value as of:__2010___Market value as of:_2010_(1)(2)(3)Short term debt 4,645 4,645Long term debt 1Long-Term Debt, Less Current Portion 1,668 1740.15Deferred income taxes 891 929.57Pension & post-retirement healthcare and other bene?t obligations 1,705 1778.85Self-insurance accruals 960 1001.56Deferred lease obligations804838.81Deferred gains to aircraft transactions267278.56Other liabilities151157.54Total other long-term liabilities4,778$6725.04Preferred shares Common equity Total (Outstanding Shares 312 million $43,087.2The company market value for the company long-term debts is $6,725.04 Million.EquityThe market value of the equity of the FedEx is calculated by multiplying the company common outstanding shares by today?s market price per share. In May 31, 2010, the company issued 312 million common outstanding shares, and today price of the company outstanding shares is $138.10.Thu, the market value of the company of the equity is as follows:V=312 million x 138.10.V=$43,087.2 MillionThe paper assumes that 6% is the yield of the company outstanding shares. Thus, the cost of equity is 6% x $43,087.2 MillionCost of Equity =$2585.23 Million.The report now calculates the WACC using the following formula:WACC = ?(E/V) X Re + (D/V) X Rd X (1 ? Tc)? Where: Re = Cost of equity Rd = Cost of debt E = ?Market value of the firm's equity? D = ?Market value of the firm's debt?V = E + D E/V = ?Percentage of financing that is equity? D/V = ?Percentage of financing that is debt? TC = Corporate tax rateWACC = 0.6 x 0.6 + (0.5 x 0.6 x 0.65) WACC =0.555 or 5.55%Based on the calculation presented above the company WACC is 5.55%.Part IIThe first step is to calculate the depreciation of the machines using the following formula:Straight line depreciation=? (Purchase price of asset ? Approximate salvage value) / Estimated useful life of asset?Straight line depreciation Purchase price of assetApproximate salvage valueEstimated useful life of assetDepreciationEquipment 1$8,000,000$3,000,0006 years$833,333Equipment 2$8,000,000$3,000,0006 years$833,333Equipment 3$4,000,000$1,000,0006 years$500,000The paper computes the tax cash flow first before computing the future cash flow.Tax Cash flow ($000)YearInvestment in Machinery and equipmentPurchase of office suppliesDirect and indirect laborMarketing expensesRevenuesDepreciationTaxable Income Tax08,000(1)00-400018,000(2)-20-4,800-8008,000-$361.102,019-524.924,000(3)-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1430-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1440-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.145010-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1460-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.14Future Cash flow of the company investment ($000)YearInvestment in Machinery and equipmentPurchase of office suppliesDirect and indirect laborMarketing expensesRevenuesDepreciationTaxable Income TaxCost of MachineSavage ValueFuture Cash Flow08,000(1)00-4000-20,000-2040018,000(2)-20-4,800-8008,000-$361.102,019-524.9351324,000(3)-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1411029.7630-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1411029.7640-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1411029.765010-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.1411029.7660-10-5,600-69013,000-$361.106,339-1648.147,00018029.76In the light of the inflation on the coming year, there is a need to make adjust on the cash flow. The inflation may increase the price of the expenses, and based on the projected increase in the inflation, the expenses can go up and decrease the future cash flow of the investment. Thus, the paper suggests that the expenses could increase by 3% making the cash flow to decline by 3%.c. Net Present ValueThe paper uses the Excel software to calculate the NPV and the results of the NPV are as follows:Net Present Value ($000)Discount Rate6%Life of Project6 YearsInitial Cost:$20,000Cash flow Year 0-20400Cash flow Year 13513Cash flow Year 211029.76Cash flow Year 311029.76Cash flow Year 411029.76Cash flow Year 511029.76Cash flow Year 618029.76NPV: $9,887.14MemoTo: FedEx CorporationThis report recommends that you should pursue the project because the projected cash flows of the project are $29.88 Million, which is greater than $20 Million invested in the project. Thus, pursuing the project will be optimal for your company.Reference FedEx Corporation (2010. Annual Report.USA.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Required Resources
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2013). Strategic management: Concept and cases: Competiveness and globalization(10thed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning (chapter 10 )


* Please use the reference above as a resource






Assignment 4: Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies
Due Week 8 and worth 300 points
Choose two (2) public corporations in an industry with which you are familiar ? one (1) that has acquired another company and operates internationally and one (1) that does not have a history of mergers and acquisitions and operates solely within the U.S. Research each company on its own Website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission EDGAR database (http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml), in the University's online databases, and any other sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
1. For the corporation that has acquired another company, merged with another company, or been acquired by another company, evaluate the strategy that led to the merger or acquisition to determine whether or not this merger or acquisition was a wise choice. Justify your opinion.
2. For the corporation that has not been involved in any mergers or acquisitions, identify one (1) company that would be a profitable candidate for the corporation to acquire or merge with and explain why this company would be a profitable target.
3. For the corporation that operates internationally, briefly evaluate its international business-level strategy and international corporate-level strategy and make recommendations for improvement.
4. For the corporation that does not operate internationally, propose one business-level strategy and one corporate-level strategy that you would suggest the corporation consider. Justify your proposals.
5. Use at least three (3) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
? Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
? Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student?s name, the professor?s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.

This paper is about external analysis of Verizon company.
It should be included belowed the contents
1.Economic environment-analysis of this environment studies economic factors such as GDP,interest rtes, inflation,exchange rate, leading economic indicators, etc. Identify the economic opportunities and threats. use charts and tables.
2.Sociopolitical environment-it includes the examination of major social issues relating to the industry,or the company itself. These issues could be shifts in social values, demographic changes, changing social expectations relating to business, etc.
3.Competitive analysis-examine the industry's dominant economic characteristics including market size/growth,number and size of competitors/customers,and industry profitability,having economic of scale etc.Identify the driving forces of the industry that makes industry changed.
Determine how strong is each of the five competitive forces(barriers to entry,substitute products,relative bargaining power of suppliers/customers,and relative rivalry among competitors). Predict what strategic moves the rivals will do. Detenmine the key success factors of the industry.
4.International environment-Identify international opportunities and threats.
5.Technological environment-Monitor the major discoveries that have applications to your industry. Find out the type of impact they have, how much cange they bring, how much they cost, etc.Identify technological threats and opportunities.

Request for Bolavans!

AIM: Select one of the issues listed below and undertake an in-depth analysis of the topic. These issues are related to contemporary topics in international business. You are expected to undertake further research into the underlying theories and concept relating to this topic in the academic literature.

Topic: International Business

Assessment format: Essay style
Word limit: Maximum 2500 words

Assignment Brief & Requirement:

Research Project:

Where the students are required to select one of the current issues listed below and undertake an in-depth analysis of the selected issue. The purpose of this research project is to keep in touch with current developments in international business and analyze these issues in terms of theoretical concepts and other studies discussed in the text (International Business). International business operates in a dynamic environment and a deep and thorough understanding of current developments in this field will help the students in understanding these issues in a contemporary perspective.

Research Project Questions:

This project provides students with the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of a contemporary issue of importance in international business. Research along these lines will help the students to learn to identify the relevant literature and to analyze these issues in a constructive manner.

The students are required to select one of the following issues for analysis.

1. Impact of International Business and Globalization on the Singaporean Economy.

2. The Current International Banking Crisis and its link to International Business

3. The Relevance of Culture to the conduct of International business.

4. The future of global financial institutions, namely IMF and World Bank.

Requirements for the Research Project :
Students are required to select one of the issues listed above and undertake an in-depth analysis of the topic. These issues are related to contemporary topics in international business. You are expected to undertake further research into the underlying theories and concept relating to this topic in the academic literature. Students may discuss these issues in relation to their home country or local region but in the case you want to discuss a narrower aspect of issues, it is advisable to discuss the modification of the issues with your tutor or lecturer. The research articles may come from overseas sources too but they should be in English. You are then required to write a comprehensive paper discussing the issue selected and your findings/recommendations. This paper should not be more than 2500 words and should use the format outlined below.

Electronic Database search engine login:

1. https://library.deakin.edu.au/screens/srchhelp_articles.html

you can search articles, journals and newspapers on clicking other options on left menu bar.

Login Details
Family Name: Tsai
Library ID: x0110700082184
Pin: 1314520

2. http://proquest.umi.com/login



Assessment Criteria
There is no right or wrong answers for these issues. You are free to adopt any line of analysis, but try to justify your analysis on the basis of your research supported by proper referencing.

*Use tables and diagrams where appropriate and label them carefully.

*The list of references should be in alphabetical order and consistently presented. In case, you have obtained the documents from the Internet, please also mention the date of your visit to the site.

Below please find the outline submitted for the paper. Please include all points mentioned and any other you may find in your research (statistics etc.). Use parenthetical citations unless a direct quote. The university is extremely critical with citation please use freely.

Globalization and the Impact on US Manufacturing

I. Introduction

A decade ago, the debate about manufacturing leaving the U.S. focused on the jobs being pulled into Mexico. Today, it is more urgent than ever, but its source is no longer just south of the border. Open up the business section of any newspaper or perhaps read your own employers latest press release and you will quite likely learn about manufacturing relocating to Brazil, China, India, Bulgaria or Malaysia.
Economy.com, an economic consulting firm in West Chester, Pa., estimates 1.3 million manufacturing jobs have been moved abroad since the beginning of 1992 the bulk coming in the last three years. Most of those jobs have gone to Mexico and East Asia.

II. Describe the events in the world economy of the past 20 years.

A. Encouraging and liberalizing international trade between countries

1. Organizations have been established to regulate global commerce, such as the WTO.

2. Numerous treaties and alliances have been signed between countries to ease trade and reduce barriers, such as NAFTA

3. The relative importance of international trade in the world economy had greatly increased: from 5.5 percent in l950 to 17.2 percent in 2000

B. Developing countries economy

1. In 1950 the United States was THE economic power, and by the mid 1970s Europe and Japan were clearly established as major global players, by 2000, emerging Asiaespecially China and India, but also a number of other countrieshad become a significant economic force in the international economy.

2. Most of the transition economies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe are realizing above-average rates of economic growth and integrating into the world economy.

C. A third major change has been the rapid increase in integration of global financial markets.

1. In 1952, only seven countries (U.S., Canada, and five Latin American countries) had free exchange rate regimes for current account transactions as set out in Article VIII. Today, 164 countries have accepted Article VIII obligations, while capital account transactions are much freer than they were.

III. How technology has contributed to the globalization of markets and productions.

A. It is generally agreed that the technological revolution of the past few decades has had major contribution to the globalization of markets and productions.

1. The technological innovations have supported the unification of international markets as it eased communications and the data sharing process between players on the economic stage.
2. Ricardos theory of Comparative Advantages has also been implemented in the technological sector in the meaning that countries began to trade technological appliances as to increase the efficiency of their operations and reduce costs.

IV. Why US manufacturing companies are moving their facilities to China, Mexico and developing countries.

A. Lower Labor Costs

1. Many of the factory jobs are being cut as companies respond to a sharp rise in global competition. Unable to raise prices and often forced to cut them companies must find any way they can to reduce costs and hang onto profits.
2. Jobs are increasingly being moved abroad as companies take advantage of lower labor costs and position themselves to sell products to a growing and promising market abroad.

B. Restrictive and counter-productive government regulations

1. The area of environmental compliance, encourage many companies to look outside the U.S.



C. Lower material and natural resource costs

1. Natural resources have become insufficient and corporations are moving their operations to less developed countries as to get increased access to the natural resources
2. Lower costs of materials, generally a direct result of suppliers having lower-cost structures, as well, is another driving force

V. What are some possible solutions to mending US Manufacturing?

A. Dollar relief
1. There are both short-term and long-term policy options for the problems posed by the U.S. trade deficits that resulted from the overvalued dollar. In the short term, the U.S. dollar should fall against a broader range of currencies, especially those that are currently pegged to the dollar (China, Malaysia, and Taiwan). In the long-term, the United States should adopt exchange rate policies that keep large trade deficits from recurring.

B. Trade policy relief

1. Enforceable labor and environmental standards codified in trade agreements would keep U.S. manufacturing firms and workers from being undermined by trading partner countries that gain advantages through the exploitation of their human and natural resources

C. Rebuilding labor capacity in manufacturing

1. Investments in workers' skills can result in substantial positive externalities (spillovers) for the economy at large. Policy initiatives aimed at upgrading workers' skillsespecially initiatives targeted at production workers, a group that often goes lacking in terms of employer-provided trainingwould have a significant effect on filling new manufacturing job opportunities.

D. Lean Manufacturing

1. A manufacturer that can reduce direct labor costs by 50 percent slashes the potential benefit of lower-cost labor by half as well. Reducing defects cuts the need for generally labor-intensive rework, further reducing the attraction of low-cost labor. In many industries, the cost of direct labor is less than 15 percent even prior to lean efforts. As this number is reduced, there becomes less and less incentive to drive decisions primarily on this component of total cost.

2. Lean technology can also impact other factors that drive manufacturers overseas. For example, the high cost of dealing with hazardous waste products has forced some manufacturers overseas where environmental controls are less restrictive.





References

Bivens, Josh., Scott, Robert., & Weller, Christian. (2003, September). Mending Manufacturing. Economic Policy Institute.

Freeman, C., 1989, New technology and Catching Up, The European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 85-99.

Haces, T.G., Nicolas, D.H., 1996, Economic Change and the Need for a New Federalism: Lessons from Mexicos Northern States, American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 26.
Hagenbaugh , Barbara. (2002, December 12). U.S. manufacturing jobs fading away fast. USA Today.
Hill, Charles W.L. (Ed.). (2007). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Rink, Jack. (2006, February 02). Lean Manufacturing Can Save American Manufacturing. Maintenance World.

Singh, A., 1994, Global Economic Changes, Skills and International Competitiveness, International Labor Review, Vol. 133.

GLOBAL INTERNAL SECURITY AND COUNTERTERRORISM


Guidelines for Construction of the Internal Security Country Case Studies

ISRAEL

The research strategy: What we are after is broad comparative information that will tell us something about the nature of Internal Security in the post-Cold War and post-9/11 eras. We will use a common format so that at the end of the day we can compare a large number of states. This translates into a number of sections for each case study.

Sections of the Case Study: The cases will vary widely, because the approach to internal security is different for every country. Each case should have the following elements and in this order:

Structure and Content for Country Case Studies

1)Nature of the state

Explanation of Israeli Democracy (Exec, Legislative, Judicial Branches)

salient facts (CIA Factbook info)

2)Threats to the state (both historical and contemporary)

What do the leaders consider the principle threats to be

What are the recognized threats

Short contemporary history of the threats

3)Description of known terrorist activity (both groups and incidents)

Organizations

Bombings / attacks (charts and graphs are a plus here)

Financing of terror groups

4)Description of important internal security policies, laws, legal definition of terrorism, etc.

5)Description of principal law enforcement and intelligence organizationsextent, powers, oversight, etc.

These three principle organizations on the Federal level (Mossad, Shin Bet/Israel Security Agency (ISA), Aman (Military Intelligence of Israeli Defense Force) must be described but not exclusive to these three groups.

How they function

How coercive are they

Extent of their powers

6)History of internal security organizationsincidents, evolution, etc.

Incidents that have defined the organizations (charts and graphs are a plus here)

How have they changed

7)Internal security relationship with the US (if none, describe relations with the US more broadly)

Counter terror

What is the broad relationship with the USA

8)Internal security relations with other states (other important elements of international relations).

9)Relations with International police/security organizations (e.g., Interpol), etc.

10)Sources used (very important, at least 30)

The major assignment for this course is an original research paper (roughly 20-25 pages in length) that examines some aspect of United States foreign policy with respect to a particular country and a particular situation. One of our texts for the course, John W. Creswell?s Research Design, will guide you through the stages and steps of doing standard social science research. In the remarks that follow, I want to add some comments?philosophical, conceptual, and practical?that might be helpful in approaching this assignment. I assume that you have had a standard IAS education in one of the concentrations, but maybe not had the opportunity to apply your knowledge, skills, and abilities in a project of original research. Here is that opportunity, and for those who have had the chance, here is another occasion to hone those skills and abilities. What follows is not a fully-developed essay, but rather some thoughts and talking points. I welcome your comments and ideas.
Your first and most important job will be to ask a question that no one knows the answer to, and then proceed to provide that answer. At first glance, it might appear that someone at some time has written something about everything, but that is not the case. Scholars and writers have written about only a minuscule fraction of what could be investigated and described. This is true for a host of reasons but the most significant are two: the world is enormously complex and the world is constantly changing. This does not mean that there aren?t patterns and generalities in human behavior and the institutions that attempt to organize it, but the patterns are not automatic. In other words, we can?t say that a particular life or situation is an example of a pattern until we investigate. This is a plea for research at the micro-level and to avoid the grand claims to universal truths.
The second job is taken care of for you by the subject matter of the class; namely, anything you investigate with respect to human rights matters. It is something significant because it is about human suffering or inequality or justice or dignity or freedom. Applying one?s mind, now made sharp as a tack by your IAS education, to things that matter is the responsibility of all intellectuals, but especially publicly-trained ones. The public has paid for most of your education and now you have a responsibility to give something back in the form of research that matters to the common good, in this case, represented by common knowledge.
Avoid seeking angles that promise to make the task easier. Choose hard cases and tough assignments and work at them. The rewards will be greater both in terms of your own learning and in terms of what matters. Choose issues and situations that reveal the world as it actually is, and not as it ought to be according to some ideology, including mine. That children are exploited in many parts of the world is true, but that does not mean that a particular child in Bangladesh who works in a factory is having her human rights violated. That must be demonstrated through argument and evidence.
Knowledge is social, that is, knowledge is knowledge when a group of people says it is. No matter how confidently I know that I saw Bigfoot on my camping trip, it isn?t knowledge until I can convince others. And to convince others I must use the tools that have been approved of by my society or subgroup within that society, in this case, the academic community. Those tools are of two kinds: evidence and argument. Evidence is what other scholars will accept as the facts of the case. They will only ?allow into evidence,? to use the legal way of expressing this, facts which have passed some tests: relevance, corroboration, representativeness of the whole. Irrelevant stories, isolated comments or anecdotes, heart-wrenching emotions, or isolated bits of information do not constitute evidence. Think of prisoners exonerated by DNA or the search for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.
Evidence must fit into an argument, which does not mean debate, but rather a crafted series of statements connected by an acceptable logic. By logic we don?t just mean formal logic but rather an acceptable form of human reasoning. Take for example the precautionary principle which states that, given our current state of lack of knowledge, we ought not to do something. We cannot prove that continuing to heat up the earth?s atmosphere will have catastrophic effects, but we probably should act as if it is the case, in order to be safe. The precautionary principle is not a part of formal logic, but it is probably a prudent form of human reasoning.
The ultimate goal and highest compliment for a piece of research is that it is convincing. No argument will be perfect because of that complexity issue, again, not to mention the fact that time will not allow all possible research or the gathering of all possible facts. In the back of your mind, all research should be accompanied by the thought ?Based on what I?ve discovered so far . . . .? But at the same time, one must play fair and push the discovery as far as possible. That is how we make progress in what we know about the world. We are trying to convince each other that what we have discovered is important and true, knowing perfectly well that the latter two qualities can never be absolute.
Every piece of research, indeed, any claim about the world, is grounded in theory and you should actively work at identifying and interrogating your theories. I use the plural because we always use more than one in approaching a topic or issue and sometimes they are coherently linked, and sometimes not. At a bare minimum, we should all be familiar with what theories we use to explain the following: reality, the world, social behavior, political behavior, human psychology. A theory of reality forces us to ask about what is and what isn?t:
? Is happiness possible? Should we count on it? Is it the ultimate reality? Do rights exist? If so, where do they reside? What is morality? Does evil exist?
? What causes the world and its institutions?states, markets, cultures?to act the way they do? What?s driving the big shifts in globalization and world power? Why don?t countries respect the human rights of their own citizens and why don?t they intervene in acts of genocide?
? Why do people form into groups and why to these groups act the way they do? Why does one ethnic group or religion hate and fear another? Why, in general, do we find differences in how men and women act toward each other? Can human rights change these relationships? How, exactly?
? How is power distributed? Who has most and why? Can power be opposed, harnessed, co-opted, abandoned? What are the ways that people organize themselves into relations of power? Do organizations like Amnesty International really make a difference?
? Why would one person torture another? What is it in human psychology that makes this possible (and the evidence is that we?re all capable of it)? What is the difference between dignity and humiliation? How do you get someone to do the right thing? Is it even possible?

Whether you know it or not, you have theories that answer these questions, either because you?ve constructed them over the course of your life, consciously and unconsciously, or because you?ve been exposed to, and been convinced by, arguments advanced in your formal education. These theories can be more or less sophisticated, more or less helpful, and more or less correct; theories are not just speculation or guesses, but an interrelated set of concepts that claim to explain some phenomenon. Some do better than others. Any piece of research assumes theories. For your paper, I want you to identify the relevant theories that ground your argument. Sometimes you?ll just have to assume these theories and sometimes you?ll have to explain and defend them. The Dunne and Wheeler book is mostly about theories.
The earlier you choose your topic the better off you?ll be because you?ll have more time to read and think about it and more time to pay attention to other instances and related issues. Do not be too fussy about choosing a perfect topic?virtually any country will reveal a host of potential human rights problems or solutions (your paper can be about a human rights success). Remember that your paper is about U.S. human rights policy, so you must include an element of policy in the paper, namely, what is the U.S. doing to help or hinder the problem. For example, that child working in the factory; how is U.S. policy affecting her? Is it making her life better or worse? How and why?
Yes, the United States is guilty of human rights violations within its borders (the potential violation of habeas corpus at Guantanamo Bay is a recent example, but also endemic racism and domestic violence), but we will be looking outward to the relation between the United States and other countries, therefore, you cannot choose the U.S. as your focus for this project.
The next step after choosing a country is to choose a problematic case. This should be one that has a concrete and specific case as the focus, a case that tests the theories and arguments employed. The case can come from a newspaper article, a human rights report, or a legal case. For example, Mohammed Mahmoud Osman died two days after being released from a Cairo police station with extensive bruises over his body. Is it a human rights violation? Or just a civil matter? How should U.S. policy react to this, if at all? Should the President, the Congress, the American public get involved? Can they? What would the repercussions be? What?s realistic? Why? Where does the Osman case fit into the larger picture? Who is responsible?
The crucial thing here is not just to document suffering or purported violations, but to examine a complex case that can be analyzed from more than one point of view. In human rights work it is tempting to identify with victims and just write from one?s moral outrage over violations of the innocent. But in this class we are focusing on policy, and policy is a complex phenomenon that is not the simple application of morality to power. Choose a case that will not have an easy answer

There are faxes for this order.

Topic: How does public policy helps Dubai's tourism industry. Support by tax free shopping, airport expansion, metro, port expansion, and how most of the constructions are private public partnership.

Comment: The introduction in the final draft should give a summary of your conclusions after stating your working hypothesis ? which I take it from the last item is that perhaps the strong euro has slowed down export growth and economic expansion for both Spain and Portugal. In general, you seem to lump the two countries together, but I think there are interesting differences in how they have responded to the EU and the euro. Spain, in particular, has had a more restrictive monetary policy before the euro, so the change in monetary policy has not been such a shock to it as it has for Portugal, which ran into difficulties with the Stability and Growth Pact.
Further, Spain has found some interesting investment opportunities in Latin American, especially in the banking sector, which should be analyzed in contrast with Portugal. I like focusing on the changed pattern of trade ? find the Direction of Trade statistics from either eurostat or the OECD or the IMF (I prefer the OECD in general as more complete than eurostat and less confusing than IMF presentations, but you decide which you like best for this paper).

Outline


I. Introduction

A. Overview of Spain and Portugal?s economic history in the last 50 years.
B. Decision to join the European Union
C. Expectations for the futures of each country.

II. Changes in general performance and structural economy of Spain and Portugal prior to and
after joining the EU.

A. Annual Growth Rate before EU and since the EU
B. Change in structure of the economy
D. Export GDP Ratio and Import GDP Ratio
E. Trade within the EU and outside the EU
1. The structure of both countries? exports and imports (commodity structure and
geographical structure).
a. The effects of importing too much from outside the EU. Geographic
distribution of Exports (where do they go)
b. The effects that occur when exporting to U.S and dollar-tied economies
2. In general all of Europe is having a tougher time exporting.

III. The impact the Euros appreciation has had on both economies

A. Appreciation of Euro makes imports of Spain and Portugal from outside cheaper and exports less competitive.
B. Investment Flows
1. Effects on Foreign Direct Investment
a. Two types of investments; receipts and non-official (private)
b. How much is coming from within and outside the EU.

IV. Expectations for the Future
A. Economies more European oriented.
B. Given that both countries have cheaper labor maybe it would be better for
multinational corporations to invest more in them.
C. The richer economies of the EU might want to investment more outside of the EU.
a. Assets in the U.S. are cheaper and might be more attractive than investing in Spain and Portugal.

VIII. Conclusion


Sources

As for sources here are a few sources I found and was hoping to use. One thing that is a requirement for the paper is to use an article from the "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" website.

Baer, Werner & Leite, Antonio (2003). The economy of Portugal within the European Union: 1990-2002. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 738-752.

Joumard, Isabelle (2002). Tax Systems in European Union Countries. OECD Economic Studies, 34, 92-145.

Martin, Carmela & Herce, Jose & Rivero, Simon & Velazquez, Francisco (2002). European Union Enlargement Effects on the Spanish economy. Economic Studies Series, 27, 21-64.

Neal, Larry & Iglesia-Garcia, Maria (2003). The economy of Spain without & within the EU: 1945-2002. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 755-772.

Portugal Overview (2003). Portugal Offer. Retrieved February 9, 2005, from http://www.portugaloffer.com/about_us/portugal.html.

An answer of this question is required:

What roles did the emperor (Meiji, Taisho and Showa) play in Modern Japanese history to 1945?

I intend to employ straightforward principles - developing an argument, backed up by evidence that answers the question. Original or ?groundbreaking? theories and ideas are nice but are not at all required.

In the paper that I will eventually write, I intend to show that, 1) Meiji?s roles for the populace were initially ill defined and ultimately manufactured by his keepers (the genro et al.) to be the ?father of the people? ? a paternal symbol, a warrior leader and spiritual figurehead. His close advisor?s actions are key in this argument.

And, 2) his role for his keepers was as, initially, a political tool used to carve out power an authority for the new, fledgling government and eventually once governmental authority was solidified and operational he was used first and foremost for propaganda (not necessarily negative) in the creation maintenance of ?national sprit?.

Meiji himself, however, was a strong and intelligent character. His personal attributes should not be underestimated despite his circumstances.

Taisho?s roles are a bit problematic. His physical and mental ill health reduced him to being a caretaker emperor, during a socially transitional period. The myths and scaffolding propping up Meiji?s roles were maintained as best and for as long as possible until his son, Hirohito, assumed the throne as regent ? prior to Taisho?s death. Taisho?s ?roles? (how the government used him) in ?Taisho democracy? should be investigated.

Hirohito?s roles are numerous and complicated; encompassing the periods of ?Taisho democracy?, militarism, imperialism war and total defeat. Like his grandfather, Hirohito was strong and intelligent character. In my research, his role as a warrior and imperialist emperor are foci, however, his role as a ?god?, a descendent of the ?sun goddess? and how this role was used in social repression as well as military expansion is central to my argument that ?the people? were led astray by spiritual falsehoods, knowingly imposed by political and military maneuverers.

I do not intend to research Hirohito?s changed roles after 1945.

I intend to use these core sources:

Keene, Donald, ?Emperor of Japan?

Bix, Herbert, ?Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan.

Seagrave, Sterling and Peggy, ? The Yamato Dynasty?

Shillony, Ben-ami, ?Enigma of the Emperors: Sacred Subservience in Japanese History? (Not yet released)

Jansen, Marius B., ?The Making of Modern Japan?

Buruma, Ian, ? Inventing Japan, 1853-1964?

Van Wolfren, ?The Enigma of Japanese Power?.

Historical development of Unification ideas in Europe after World War II---THIS IS THE TOPIC.

Please you can use this material as well.
Chapter Overview
The dominant approaches to understanding the early phase of European integration came from
international relations (IR). In particular, the study of integration was dominated by the competing approaches of neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism. Although neofunctionalist theory
neatly i tted events in the 1950s and early 1960s, subsequent events led to its demise and the
rise of intergovernmentalist explanations. While theorizing European integration has moved on
signii cantly from these early approaches, much of what followed was either framed by this
debate or developed as a rejection of it. The debate about whether the EU is characterized by
intergovernmentalism or supranationalism still informs much of the academic work on the
subject.
?International theory? has been too readily written of by contemporary writers seeking to of er
theoretical treatments of the EU . . .
(Rosamond 1999: 19)
The signing of the Treaty of Paris in April 1951 by the governments of Belgium,
France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Chapter 6, p. 92) began
the process commonly referred to as European integration (see Insight 1.1). This process has meant that the economies of participating states, and subsequently other areas,
have been increasingly managed in common. Decisions previously taken by national
governments alone are now taken together with other governments, and specially created European institutions. Governments have relinquished the sole right to make
legislation (national sovereignty) over a range of matters, in favour of joint decision
making with other governments (pooled sovereignty). Other tasks have been delegated
to European institutions.
It was something of a surprise to academic theorists of IR when governments in
western Europe began to surrender their national sovereignty in some policy areas.
For the ? rst half of the twentieth century, the nation state seemed assured of its place
as the most important unit of political life in the western world, especially in Europe.
As such, the process of European integration constituted a major challenge to existing
theories and generated an academic debate about the role of the state in the process.
The two competing theories that emerged from IR to dominate the debate over early
1/29/2011 12:17:09 PMdevelopments in European integration were neofunctionalism (Haas 1958; Lindberg
1963) and intergovernmentalism (Hof mann 1964; 1966).
Before discussing these two main positions in the debate, it is necessary to consider
the intellectual context from which the idea of European integration emerged. Below
we look ? rst at the functionalist ideas of David Mitrany on how to avoid war between
nations, then at the ideas of the European federalists, and ? nally at the ?federal-
functionalism? of Jean Monnet. We then turn to look ? rst at neofunctionalism and
then at intergovernmentalism, before looking at two later contributions to this debate:
liberal intergovernmentalism and supranational governance.
The Intellectual Background
To understand the ideas that fed into the ? rst attempts to theorize European integration, it is useful to start with one of the approaches that was in? uential after the
Second World War about how to avoid another war. This ?functionalist? idea, which
Insight 1.1 European Integration
European integration has a number of aspects, but the main focus of Chapter 1 is on political integration. Ernst Haas (1968: 16) provided a dei nition of European political integration as a process, whereby:
political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities toward a new center, whose institutions possess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing national states. The end result of a
process of political integration is a new political community, superimposed over the
pre-existing ones.
Implicit in Haas?s dei nition was the development of a European federal state. More cautiously, Lindberg (1963: 149) provided a dei nition of political integration as a process, but
without reference to an end point:
political integration is (1) the process whereby nations forego the desire and ability to
conduct foreign and key domestic policies independently of each other, seeking
instead to make joint decisions or to delegate the decision-making process to new central organs; and (2) the process whereby political actors in several distinct national
settings are persuaded to shift their expectations and political activities to a new
center.
The i rst part of this dei nition refers to two ?intimately related? modes of decision making:
sharing and delegating. The second part of the dei nition refers to ?the patterns of behaviour shown by high policy makers, civil servants, parliamentarians, interest group leaders
and other elites? (Lindberg 1963: 149), who respond to the new reality of a shift in political
authority to the centre by reorientating their political activities to the European level.

was particularly associated with the writings of David Mitrany, informed the United
Nations movement. It was a theory of how to achieve world peace, rather than a theory of regional integration, and it took a very dif erent approach to the question from
the European federalists, who wanted to subordinate national governments to an overarching federal authority. The ideas of both the functionalists and the federalists were
brought together in the ?functional-federalism? of Jean Monnet, which in turn provided one important source of intellectual inspiration for the neofunctionalist theory
of European integration.
Mitrany and Functionalism
David Mitrany (1888?1974) was born in Romania, but spent most of his adult life in
Britain and the United States. He was not a theorist of European integration. His concern was with building a Working Peace System, the title of his Fabian pamphlet (Mitrany
1966; ? rst published 1943). For Mitrany, the root cause of war was nationalism. The
failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression prompted debate about a new
type of international system even before the outbreak of the Second World War. For
those who blamed the failure of the League on its limited powers, the response was the
development of an international federation. In other words, the League had not gone
far enough and the same mistake should not be repeated: henceforth, nations should
be tied more closely together.
Mitrany did not agree with the idea of federation as the means of tying states
together. He opposed the idea of a single world government because he believed that it
would pose a threat to individual freedom. He also opposed the creation of regional
federations, believing that this would simply reproduce national rivalries on a larger
scale. Any political reorganization into separate units must sooner or later produce the
same ef ects; any international system that is to usher in a new world must produce the
opposite ef ect of subduing political division.
Instead of either of these possibilities?a world federation or regional federations?
Mitrany proposed the creation of a whole series of separate international functional
agencies, each having authority over one speci? c area of human life. His scheme was
to take individual technical tasks out of the control of governments and to hand them
over to these functional agencies. He believed that governments would be prepared to
surrender control because they would not feel threatened by the loss of sovereignty
over, say, health care or the co-ordination of railway timetables, and they would be
able to appreciate the advantages of such tasks being performed at the regional or
world level. As more and more areas of control were surrendered, states would become
less capable of independent action. One day, the national governments would discover
that they were enmeshed in a ?spreading web of international activities and agencies?
(Mitrany 1966: 35).
These international agencies would operate at dif erent levels depending on the
function that they were performing. Mitrany gave the example of systems of communication. Railways would be organized on a continental basis; shipping would be
organized on an intercontinental basis; aviation would be organized on a universal
basis. Not only would the dependence of states on these agencies for their day-to-day
functioning make it dii cult for governments to break with them, but the experience
THEORIES OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
1/29/2011 12:17:11 PMof the operation of the agencies would also socialize politicians, civil servants, and
the general public into adopting less nationalistic attitudes and outlook.
Spinelli and Federalism
A completely dif erent approach to guaranteeing peace was devised during the war in
the ranks of the various Resistance movements. It was a speci? cally European movement, and whereas Mitrany aimed explicitly to depoliticize the process of the transfer
of power away from national governments, federalists sought a clear transfer of political authority.
The European Union of Federalists (EUF) was formed in December 1946 from the
war-time Resistance movements. It was particularly strong in Italy, where the leading
? gure was Altiero Spinelli. Federalism appealed to the Resistance groups because it
proposed superseding nationalism. It is important to bear in mind that whereas in
Britain (and Russia) the Second World War was a nationalist war (in the former Soviet
Union, it was ?the great patriotic war?), in countries such as France and Italy it was an
ideological war. Resistance ? ghters drawn from communist, socialist, and Christian
democratic groups were in many cases ? ghting their own countrymen?Vichy supporters in France, Italian Fascists in Italy.
While being held as political prisoners of the Fascists on the island of Ventotene,
Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi (1897?1967) produced the Ventotene Manifesto (1941),
calling for a ?European Federation?. It argued that, left alone, the classes ?most privileged under old national systems? would seek to reconstruct the order of nation states
at the end of the war. While these states might appear democratic, it would only be a
matter of time before power returned to the hands of the privileged classes. This
would prompt the return of national jealousies and ultimately, to renewed war
between states. To prevent this development, the Manifesto called for the abolition of
the division of Europe into national, sovereign states. It urged propaganda and action
to bring together the separate national Resistance movements across Europe to push
for the creation of a federal European state.
The EUF adopted the Ventotene Manifesto, and began agitating for an international
conference to be called that would draw up a federal constitution for Europe. This
ambitious proposal was designed to build on what Milward called ?the wave of hope
for a better world and a changed future for the human race which had swept across
Europe? and which included an ?extraordinary wave of enthusiasm for European federation? (Milward 1984: 55).
The strategy of the EUF was to exploit the disruption caused by the war to existing political structures in order to make a new start on a radically dif erent basis
from the Europe of national states. They aimed to achieve a complete break from
the old order of nation states, and to create a federal constitution for Europe. Their
Congress took time to organize, though. It eventually took place in The Hague in
May 1948 (see Chapter 5, p. 83). By that time, the national political systems had
been re-established, and what emerged from the Congress was an intergovernmental
organization, the Council of Europe, not the new federal constitutional order for
which the federalists had hoped. Many federalists then turned to the gradualist
approach that was successfully embodied in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
THEORY
6
1/29/2011 12:17:11 PM7
Monnet and Functional-Federalism
The plan for the ECSC was known as the Schuman Plan because it was made public by
the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, but it is generally accepted that it was
drawn up within the French Economic Planning Commission (Commissariat du Plan),
which was headed by the technocrat Jean Monnet. It was the task of the Planning
Commission to guide the post-war reconstruction and modernization of the French
economy, and it was through his experiences in this task that Monnet came to appreciate the economic inadequacy of the European nation state in the modern world. He
saw the need to create a ?large and dynamic common market?, ?a huge continental
market on the European scale? (Monnet 1962: 205). He aimed, though, to create more
than just a common market.
Monnet was a planner: he showed no great con? dence in the free-market system,
which had served France rather badly in the past. He placed his faith in the development of supranational institutions as the basis for building a genuine economic community that would adopt common economic policies and rational planning procedures.
Coal and steel were only intended as starting points. The aim was to extend integration to all aspects of the western European economy?but such a scheme would have
been too ambitious to gain acceptance all at once. There had been a clear indication of
this in the failure of previous ef orts to integrate the economies of France, Italy, the
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
There was also a new factor in the equation, the key factor prompting Monnet?s plan:
the emergence in 1949 of a West German state. For Monnet, the existence of the
Federal Republic of Germany posed two problems in addition to that of how to create
an integrated western European economy. The ? rst problem was how to organize
Franco?German relations in such a way that another war between the two states would
become impossible. To a French mind, this meant how to control Germany. The pooling of coal and steel production would provide the basis for economic development as a
? rst step towards a ?federation of Europe?. Stimulating the expansion of those industries
for peaceful purposes would provide an economic alternative to producing war materials for those regions of Europe that had been largely dependent on providing military
material. The second problem facing Monnet was the very practical one of how to
ensure adequate supplies of coking coal from the Ruhr for the French steel industry.
The idea of pooling Franco-German supplies of coal and steel would tie the two states
into a mutual economic dependency, in addition to taking out of the immediate control of the national governments the most basic raw materials for waging another war.
Mitrany (1966) described Monnet?s strategy as ?federal-functionalism?. It is not clear,
though, how far Monnet was a federalist at all. He might be seen as a supreme pragmatist who proposed the ECSC as a solution to the very practical problems described
above. To solve these problems, Monnet adopted a solution similar to that of Mitrany:
remove control of the strategically crucial industries?coal and steel?from the governments and put it in the hands of a free-standing agency. This was the High
Authority of the ECSC, and in Monnet?s original plan it was the only institution proposed. The development of other supranational institutions came from other pressures
(see Chapter 7). The High Authority was the prototype for the later Commission of
the European Economic Community (EEC), which became central to the neofunctionalist theory of European integration.