This is a Descriptive Paper (I'm not even sure what that means). However below are the instruction from the Professor:

"The paper will be in your own words and will describe how biologists say Natural Selection works. It should be a straight-forward descriptive paper.You may use any resources you want as long as you cite them, but NO DIRECT
QUOTING. That means no paragraphs of quoted material. You need to read and digest the information before you put it on the page in your own words."

"Somewhere in there, your paper should address the following question directly:"

"What part of the process of Natural Selection is random and what part isn't?"


"Like I always say, you don't have to believe in NS, but you do have to attempt to understand it for this class. We already had our debate, so please don't include any content on whether you believe it or not."

Please keep posted on your progress.

Thank you, Carol

I would a 2 page paper written on Natural Selection. Here are my guidelines: DEFINE the concept of natrual selection. Discuss WHY understanding the basics of natural selection is important in understanding the ramifications (both for the environment and humans) of humans attempts to eradicate bacteria (through the use of unwanted antibiotics),unwanted insects (through the use of pesticides) and unwanted plants ( through the use of herbicides). In the paper be sure to note how humans are "causing" natural selection to occur in bacteria, insects, and weeds, and you must discuss both the benefits and drawbacks of humans attempts to control the environment in these manners. In the long run, is the use of antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, and similar products will be more beneficial than detrimental to humanity, or will the opposite occur. Because it is more of a "discussion" type of paper no citations, quotations or footnotes are needed. Basically "In your own words" Thank you very much. In the past I have had a writer named "sunshine" I believe. Mary

FUndamentals of ecology
1/2 page or so per question, each answer must be numbered. no sources needed just right answers


1. What do you consider to be the essential distinction between natural selection and evolution?.
2. What is a ?natural field experiment?? Why are ecologists keen to take advantage of them?
3. Describe how plants? requirements to increase the rate of photosynthesis and to decrease the rate of water loss interact. Describe, too, the strategies used by different types of plants to balance these requirements.
4. Define the fundamental niche and the realized niche. How do these concepts help us to understand the effects of competitors?
5. Describe the various changes in climate that occur with changing latitude, including an explanation of why deserts are more likely to be found at around 30o latitude than at other latitudes.
6. The tropical rain forest is a diverse community supported by nutrient-poor soils. Account for this.
7. Some experiments concerning interspecific competition have monitored both the population densities of the species involved and their impact on resources. Why is it helpful to do both?
8. Account for the decline in virulence of the myxomatosis virus in European rabbits after its initial introductions into Europe and Australia.

I need a research paper written with the following information. COMPARE and CONTRAST the idea of "Intelligent Design" and Natural Selection. On the last page of the paper I need a viewpoint on both issues. Use a 1/2 page for each viewpoint. In other words a 1/2 page indicating that Intelligent Desgin is the "right" answer and a 1/2 page indicating that Natural Selection is the "right" answer.
I will be faxing over an artical from Wired Magazine (October 2004 issue) This artical has some information on the topic and can be used for works cited. Please note that in a science paper the YEAR,not the page number is given. Page number is only used when it is a quote.

Thank you

I would like sunandmike to write this if it is at all possible.
There are faxes for this order.

A Review and Analysis of the book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", 1st edition, by Charles Darwin. No more than 100 words can be used for quotations.

Each of the five questions should be answered on its own page. The length for each answer is 1 page double spaced. There is no need for citations.

1. We examined many macroevolutionary events and transitions during the class. Explain our current understanding of the transition of Cetaceans back to the sea. Please include features as well as lineages.
2. Explain the process of phylogenetic reconstruction including types of data and analyses.
3. Compare-contrast the different types of natural selection and explain the changes in the offspring in terms of genotype frequencies.
4. Explain genetic drift as an evolutionary force and the aspects that contribute to its stochasticity.
5. Explain the process of genetic mutation and its role in evolutionary change.

This is for the writer Isak. This quest will require some labs to be taken and I will give you the websites and the information you need in order to complete them. So here is the assignment:

(01) Biomes and Diversity

Extinction is a natural selection process. Should humans strive to preserve a representative sample of all biomes or aquatic zones? Why should humans be concerned with the extinction rate? (01 page) Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with at least two references in addition to your text in support of your position. Cite your sources in APA format.

(02) Trends in the Environment

In the 1980s a popular environmental slogan was "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" and now "Go Green," is a popular message. Consider the Reusable Grocery Bags sold in markets everywhere. What are the pros and cons that you see in this latest trend? Give examples of the potential environmental impact. (01, page).

Population Biology

Visit Population Biology and complete the virtual lab. This lab gives you the opportunity to explore the affects of competition on population growth. Follow the instructions on the Population Biology Submission Form. Using this worksheet, you will answer the lab questions and fill in the table on the Population Biology Submission Form. Save it as a Word document and submit it.

Population Biology

Visit Population Biology and complete the virtual lab. This lab gives you the opportunity to explore the affects of competition on population growth. Follow the instructions on the Population Biology Submission Form. Using this worksheet, you will answer the lab questions and fill in the table on the Population Biology Submission Form. Save it as a Word document and submit it. I believe will be a one page questionnaire that will have to be turned into word (01 page)

Define evolution, What is natural selection? What is artificial selection? Explain how evolution works according to Darwin's Theory. How does natural selection work to produce evolution? What is the role of individual variation(genetic Variability)in evolution by natural selection? Select some triat of an animal or human and explian how the trait might have evolved from earlier, less extreme version of the triat which may have existed in the species evolutionary past. Use principles of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.(so prof. knows we undestand)Give example:what is important is that your explanation of the trait shows the steps involved in how n.selection works.
(Make up a story of your example) do not use Lamarckian theory. Finally, list the three basic types of biological adaptation and describe each briefly. Which type forms the subjectmatter of psychology? Why do we study evolution in a psychology course.

book name
The Moral Animal, Robert Wright, Vintage, 1994





Answer each CHAPTER in 2 full pages.
2. Must be in 1 inch margins on all sides only. Larger margins will cost you points.
3. Font must be Times Roman or Ariel and minimum 10 point and
maximum 12 point.
Smaller or larger than these sizes will cost you points.
Black print only









Chapter 1. Darwin Comes of Age
1. Wright speaks of how natural selection works. Explain this.
2. Explain how he relates this whole process to the development of the modern mind


Chapter 2. Male and Female
1. Wright uses an example of how evolutionary forces (natural selection) may have influenced the differences of male-female bonds, sexual fidelity and production of offspring. Explain these.



Chapter 3. Men and Women
1. Wright discusses the development of male ) in humans. a. What are his explanations of why this developed?
b. How does this relate to his discussion of what women want and what men want?

Chapter 4. The Marriage Market
The subject of this chapter is monogamy, polygyny (multiple wives) and serial monogamy.
1. Discuss how (author's view) each of thise would favor men versus women in both egalitarian societies (everyone with roughly same wealth) and in stratified societies (poor, middle income, rich).
2. What are some of the possible social problems that might derive from widespread polygyous marriages?

Please be careful in changing words, and citing references. Many of the questions on this exam dont have definitive answers. I am looking for how you apply evolutionary theory to problems that have been discussed. Your answers should be between 3-4 pages double spaced per answer. You are limited to a maximum of 20 pages total for the exam. You should include references cited placed at the end of each question (do not count towards page totals).
PLEASE BE VERY THOROUGH IN THE ANSWERS! I APPRECIATE IT AND IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE LET ME KNOW! THANK YOU!

THE QUESTIONS ARE LISTED BELOW!
1. Please discuss the pre-biotic conditions on planet earth. Why did it take approximately one half billion years before the earliest bacteria-like life evolved? Why did the formation of oxygen by photosynthesizers make such a difference on the planet? Specifically, why does it appear that the aerobic metabolic pathway is a mirror image of the photosynthetic pathway? What would have happened to this system if oxygen had been present on earth 4 billion years ago?

2. Biologists have found that the majority of genetic code in higher animals appears to serve no function. These large sequences appear to be the result of mutations that led to insertions. Logically, there should be a cost to having extraneous DNA. What is this cost? Why does natural selection not act by favoring organisms without these extra sequences of nucleotides? How do you interpret the data on bacteria that tend to have small genomes and lower amounts of junk DNA? Do extra copies of genes offer organisms any advantages? (hint: in your answer discuss Hox-gene complexes and their importance in the evolution of animal).

3. The Cambrian explosion is the first and only time in the fossil record that complex highly diverse organisms appear without much evidence of ancestral forms. How do you explain this? In Origin of the Species, Darwin was a little unclear as to how he envisioned changes from one species into several. In some areas he spoke of a gradual change over a long period, but in his illustration, he implied that some species remained almost constant for a long time before a radical change. The debate has continued with two views being expressed as gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Which view do you think has more data and why? In your answer, please refute the view that you think has the least evidence.

4. There are a number of invertebrates that switch sex during their life span. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this life cycle? Why do we not see more species that can switch from sexual to asexual reproduction and why do so few possess the ability to undergo sex changes during their lifespan? What are the limits, selective advantages and selective disadvantages to sex switching?


Customer is requesting that (RESEARCHPRO) completes this order.

This paper is for a psychology of women course. it needs to include a reference page and I need to have sources that can be checked. It needs to include thse principles- 1. domain specificity 2. environmental factors regarding genetic heterozygous potential, and 3. adaptation. The paper also needs to include the theory of natural selection, and parental investment, may want to include sexual strategies theory and social learning theory. The topic of this paper is about modern reproductive choices and the current status of women in our culture, from an evolutionary psychology perspective.

Topic: The Darwinists Must Be Crazy: Essay format 3 pages , Times News font 12, single spacing.

When treated as a Law, natural selection and survival of the fittest can be applied in novel situations, we see social Darwinism, economical Darwinism, and even political Darwinism. Choose an area where Darwinism has not been classically attached and determine whether the laws of natural selection and survival of the fittest can be applied. Make sure you reference Charles Darwin.

Question:
Sickle Cell Anemia is a hereditary disease which kills all who have it, yet it is still prevalent
in certain human populations. How is this possible? Why hasn?t the gene responsible been
eliminated from the human gene pool?
In order to discuss this issue intelligibly, it will first be necessary to explain what Sickle Cell
Anemia is and how it is inherited. You should begin your essay by describing in detail the Sickle
Cell mutation, the genotypic and phenotypic expressions of the Sickle Cell and normal alleles,
and the pattern of inheritance of Sickle Cell Anemia. This will provide the necessary
background for your discussion of the main question: how natural selection acts to maintain the
Sickle Cell allele at a relatively high frequency in some human populations. Also, how does
natural selection act to increase and decrease the Sickle Cell allelic frequency in different
environments? For example, suppose that in a population with a history of Malaria, Malaria was
finally eradicated. What would happen to the frequency of the Sickle Cell allele in that
population? Why?

Make sure the esssay includes the following important points:
Origin of the Sickle Cell mutation-

Brief, but detailed and clear, explanation of the mutation and the change
in amino acid sequence in hemoglobin molecule.

Mode of Inheritance-

An explanation of the 3 possible genotypes matched with the 3 possible
phenotypes. An example of the expected proportion of genotypes in the
offspring of any mating pair.

Selection and Sickle Cell-

An explanation of how malaria acts to maintain the presence of the Sickle
Cell allele in certain human populations via natural selection. Should
include an explanation of heterozygote advantage, balance polymorphism
and expected effect on allele frequencies.

Explanation of how allele frequencies are expected to change in human
populations recently released from selective pressure due to malaria.

Let me write down original my essay question
-- Natural selection is an important mechanism of evolution that relies on, among other things, th presence of variation, write a 300 to 400 word essay that explains this concept, the orgins of heritable variation in natural populatins, and why variation is important to natural selection.


HELPFUL ESSAY WRITING HINTS

Ask yourself the following questins before turning in your essay:
1.Does the first sentence introduce the subject of the entire essay(does the essay have a descriptive topic sentence)?
2.Is the last sentence of teh text a concluding statement taht summarizes the subject of the essay?
3.Does the essay contain errors in grammar that reduce the readability of the essay(e.g.,run-on sentences, sentence fragments, missing articles, subject-verb disagreements, etc.) and/or any errors in spelling?
4.Does the text or sections of the text read like a list of answers as opposed to an organized essay in which ideas are related to each other?

EXAMPLES OF COMMON GRAMMAR ERRORS THAT REDUCE THE READABILITY OF A TEXT:

1.Missing articles
"Enzyme A is larger than enzyme B,but they act by same mechanism."
2.Subject-verb disagreement
"The enzymes has different shapes."
"If one of these are not present,..."
3.Repeated or missing words
"...So you to label with different colors to show the different enzyme."
"These two enzymes are both are acctive."
"When you construct a model,see the active sites."
4. Sentence fragments
"Called enzyme pair."
"Although it is common."
5.Run-on sentences
"The enzymes function similarly, the enzymes make different products."
"Since emzyme A is larger, it produces more product than enzyme B,and it ends up processing more substrate than enzyme B,but enzyme B processes substrate more efficiently."

EXAMPLE OF THE TYPE OF ESSAY REQUIRED FOR ESSAY ASSIGNMENTS

There are many ways to write essays and many of you may be unfamiliar with science-style writing. Below is an example of the writing style expected for your essays. The first sentence introduces the subject of the essay and the last sentence summarizes the essay. The essay is concise, general statements are supported with evidence, ideas are stated directly rather than requiring the reader to make inferences,and there are no unnecessary sentences.

Expert consensus and regulatory legislation often diverge. For example, the EPA''s "hydrocarbon only" policy towards ozone smog reductin ignored data indication nitrogen oxides control the process. Several factors contribute to unsatisfactory regulatory laws: financial limitations,statutory deadlines, political expediency, and lack of the latest scientific input. Rapidly changing analytical capability also causes problems. Since th 1950''s,when the best methods reported ppm(parts per million). we have developed instruments with ppt(parts per trillion) detection sensitivity. This increase in analytical capability causes unintended consequences for some laws. The 1958 Delaney Amendment, which bans all detectable carcinogens from food, provides an example. At ppm sensitivity, this regulatin caused few problems, but at the ppb(parts per billion)level a dilemma arises. For example, nickel and selenium, which are essential nutrients at the trace level,are also carcinogens. Today, regulators must define an acceptable level of carcinogens that provides safety margin. Public perceptin such as dioxins heightens public interest in regulatin and impedes sensible legislatin. Scientists and engineers communicate well among themselves, but they have not communicated their knowledge to legislators. Workable, regulatory legislation requires the best scientific dataa, methods, and conclusions;scientists, engineers, and legislators must communicate.

STUDENT INSTRUCTIONS:

You meed to find yor own outside sources to use as references when writing your essay. Sources may include but are not limited to : journal articles, web-sites, or text books. Suggestions for locating source material include searching a Biomedical Liberary database suing Melvyl via the web (http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed) or using an internet search engine(http://www.google.com is one of the best). Choose your online resources carefully and stick to science-based sites. You do not need to cite your sources within the text of your essay but do need to include a reference section that lists the top 3 sources you used to write the essay. This list should incluld full citations with web addresses,page numbers,etc. where applicable.
Also include word count!

For your last essay of this semester, I'd like you to do some research on Charles Darwin and his well-known Theory of Evolution. As always, start with a general overview of this--or ANY--TOPIC and then go deeper in your research, using the library databases and scholarly [minimum 3] articles to get the highest grade. Shallow research gets shallow grades.

What I am looking for in this assignment is for you to take a side and construct an argument. In other words, make a CASE for one side or the other.

The BASIC QUESTION here is this: Is Darwin's Theory of human evolution TRUE or NOT TRUE [notice I did not say FALSE; more on this to follow]. A better way to say this is as follows: Is the evidence for the theory strong [i.e., VALID] or weak [INVALID]?



Read through the info you have gathered paying some attention as you go to the the debate as it is shaped by the two sides. At this point, I want you to read with an eye toward evaluation of the writer's evidence, and demonstration. But BEWARE...

...You are NOT making a case for [or against] RELIGION, CREATIONISM, THE BIBLE or anything else. You must confine yourself to the idea of DARWIN'S CASE: is it strong or weak. Please do not load up your essay with your personal opinion until the final paragraph, in which you may expatiate at length on your personal beliefs on the TOPIC.



THE PROBLEM with DARWIN"S THEORY

What I read in Darwin is a planted axiom that he believes, but he really does not present much empirical evidence that directly demonstrates his theory. What I mean is that he does not convince me. If I am nothing but an ape with a better haircut [some days!] or a monkey's cousin in clothing, what proof of that assertion do I find in HIS--or anyone else's-- writings?

When Darwin wrote Origin of Species in 1859, modern science was in the midst of its third century. If you don't know the story of where we got science, it's a beaut, and you ought to give it some heed. It goes thusly.

In 1543, Copernicus died, leaving behind a cold corpse and a hot theory that the earth was not the center of the universe or even, for that matter, the solar system. This new helioicentric idea was no more than an interesting THEORY lacking proof, and so it lingered for the next sixty or so years.

Enter Galileo around 1600. It's the Renaissance [and the Reformation] and Shakespeare and Bacon [Francis, not Roger] and Cervantes and Kepler are all alive. Queen Liz One dies in 1603, and four years later John Smith will help lead the first permanent English-speaking settlement at Jamestown, named for the same king who will lend his name to the world's most famous and influential translation of the Bible [the KJV of 1611].

It is January 1610 [that's 400 years ago for the math challenged]. Galileo is looking through the newly invented telescope--which he helped perfect--and he's eyeballing Jupiter, being a good empiricist, and writing down his nightly observations. [Empirical method basically deals with observations, sort of like what you did in Chemistry class or Bio.]

Each evening he records the positions of four odd-looking "stars" which seem to be, unlike the fixed stars, moving every time he sees them. In short, as he watches them changing places, he concludes that they're GOING AROUND JUPITER.

So what? Well, this is the "missing link" of sorts [sorry, Chuck], the proof that Copernicus was right and that his theory was not just a foolish speculation.

At this point you may be asking what my point is here, but lest you miss out, this is the real birth of what is termed "modern science". Born around 1600, true science can only be done when we have a workable cosmology, such as that given to us by the Copernican Revolution, as it's rightly known. After all, if we believe that the earth is a giant, flat, shield-like structure resting on the back of a huge turtle [or elephant or crocodile--yea, people actually believed this once upon a time], we cannot do real science. Knowledge, which is what the word "science" means in Latin, can only be pursued when truths such as those given to us by thinkers such as Copernicus are made the basis for the edifice the will arise later.

Fast forward to November/December, 1859. Lincoln [who, amazingly!, was BORN ON THE SAME DAY AS DARWIN in February of 1809 (tell me God doesn't't have a sense of humor)], is about to capture the Republican nomination for president as Darwin publishes his earth-,and heaven-shaking book. The game is afoot. If Darwin is right, slavery is no big deal since we are just bags of protoplasm whose expiration date is written by the strongest, meanest guy on the block. [Sorry, Mssr. Rousseau.] In the jungle if life, it is the "war of all against all" as Hobbes said, with the survival of the fittest the only possible outcome. If there is no soul and no God and no survival after death, then ANY MORALITY IS AS GOOD AS THE NEXT BECAUSE THERE IS NO DIVINE AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH WHAT TRUTH OR RIGHTEOUSNESS IS [thanks a lot, Dr. Singer; if an atheist like you can dictate morality, why not that Adolf guy?] But back to our sponsor.

Darwin believed in his theory but you don't have to. I want you to read his piece with a skeptical eye, asking for the sort of proof that a Galileo provided for Copernicus. To this end, I want you to structure your final writing as follows:

1. Read and highlight the selection as needed, looking for the presentation of evidence that supports the theory. [As Darwin himself said, the proof of his assertions would be found in the FOSSIL RECORD. Is that so? HELPER: Find out if you can what Darwin said about the human eye and how it could effect his theory; very revealing!]. Do some research, this time beyond Wikipedia, though you may begin there and collect some definitions for the terms mentioned below in #2. Use MLA style for in-text citations of your sources [available on-line]. Most of the BODY of your paper will be looking at Darwin's assertions and writing your critique of them, either for or against.

2. You may wish to define some terms here. What is EMPIRICISM and what is meant by its opposite idea RATIONALISM? After the definition [you may use multiple sources], include some EXAMPLES so that your DEFINITION is clear and complete. This can be done in one or two paragraphs.

3. Look up ARGUMENT. You should devote ONE PARAGRAPH to what it is and what it does. What are some components of this type of writing? Define the term EVIDENCE, and see if you can find anything about DIRECT and/or CIRCUMSTANTIAL types. One paragraph most should form your discussion here, and you may, if you wish, devote some space to the role of logic in argumentum.

4. Biographical detail should be avoided in this paper. See if you can find some critics of Darwinism and the theory of natural selection. You may choose either to write in support of or in opposition to Darwin's ideas, but do so from reputable scientific bases. If you wish to look at the ideas of Creationists or the theories behind Intelligent Design you may do so with the proviso that these notions are generally not accepted as meeting the criteria of being true science. [Really, they represent a whole separate controversy on their own.]

5. Some names of the opposition include Philip Johnson and George Gilder, both of whom are associated with the Discovery Institute. As always, a fast trip to Wikiland will fill in some of the details. You may explore ideas here if you so desire. Are their criticisms valid? Beyond these two, Michael Behe has written extensively on Darwin and problems with his theory.

6. If you wish, look up Karl Popper and his scientific/philosophical critique of Darwin. [Popper drew in his horns when he himself became the object of Darwinist derision.]

7. If you want to go there,you may read some Wiki articles on the links in the article on EVOLUTION. How is it defined? Are there problems? What was the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION and what implications does it have for Darwinists?

8. Lastly, for the bold of soul, you may explore the murky waters [!] of SOCIAL DARWINISM, the likes of which arose some decades after Origin of Species, but which critics insist is the logical consequence of a materialist belief that trashes God and morality based on Absolutes. For some thinkers, the inevitable outcome of Disarming is the Nazi death camps wherein one superior race has decided that it must obliterate a lower, mongrel strain in the name of racial purity. Is the logical consequence of a belief that humans are the product of some slime that got lucky a few billion years ago a return to the jungle and a sanction for murder. Yes, this is a moral question, but sooner or later, all philosophies and beliefs must address the moral and ethical dimension. Both Plato and Aristotle understood that the end of man in the state depended upon how said state was constituted. If Darwinism is true, must we adjust the social order to reflect this view. You may write as much or as little as you decide on this question.

9 LENGTH: 4 to 5 pages of text [do not count the Works Cited page], double spaced [PLEASE!!!], 12-point, Times New Roman

Answer the following Biology questions, please keep the numbers to each question and answer in tact. Format does not matter. Thanks.


1. What are the characteristics of living things?
2. What does the science of biology encompass?
3. What is evolution?
4. What are atoms and molecules?
5. Why is water so important to life?
6. What are carbohydrates?
7. What are lipids?
8. What are proteins?
9. What are nucleic acids?
10. How does energy flow in chemical reactions?
11. What are enzymes?
12. Draw prokaryotic cell and label all organelles:
13. Draw Eukaryotic cell and label all organelles:
14. How is light energy converted to chemical energy?
15. How is chemical energy stored in glucose molecules?
16. How is glucose metabolized?
17. Describe glycolysis:
18. What is the composition of chromosomes?
19. What is the structure of DNA?
20. How does DNA replication ensure genetic constancy?
21. How are genes and protein related?
22. What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?
23. How do mutations in DNA affect the function of genes?
24. How are genes regulated?
25. What are the events of the prokaryotic cell cycle?
26. What are the events of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
27. What are the phases of mitosis?
28. What are the events of Meiosis?
29. What are the events of Cytokinesis?
30. How did Gregor Mendel lay the foundations for modern genetics?
31. How are single traits inherited?
32. How are multiple traits on different chromosomes inherited?
33. How are human disorders investigated?
34. How are human disorders caused by single genes inherited?
35. What is biotechnology?
36. How does DNA recombination occur in nature?
37. What are some methods of biotechnology?
38. What are some application of biotechnology?
39. How do we know that evolution has occurred?
40. What is Darwin theory of evolution?
41. How are populations, genes, and evolution related?
42. What causes evolution?
43. How does natural selection work?
44. What causes extinction?
45. What is a species?
46. How do new species form?
47. How is reproductive isolation between species maintained?
48. How did life begin?
49. What were the earliest organisms like?
50. How did multicellularity arise?
51. How did life invade the land?
52. How are organisms named and classified?
53. Which organisms make up the prokaryotic domains?
54. Which organisms make up the protista domains?
55. What are the main adaptations of fungi?
56. What are the key features and evolutionary origin of plants?
57. What characteristics define an animal?
58. What are the tissues and cell types of plant?
59. Roots:
60. Stems:
61. Leaves:
62. How do plant acquire nutrients and water?
63. How are flowers structured?
64. How do seeds and fruits develop?
65. How do seeds germinate and grow?
66. How do animals maintain internal constancy?
67. What is adaptation?
68. What are the functions of circulatory systems?
69. What are the functions of blood?
70. What are the functions of lymphatic system?
71. What are functions of respiratory system?
72. What nutrients animals need?
73. How do human digest food?
74. What are the functions of urinary system?
75. What are the key characteristics of the immune response?
76. How are threats recognized?
77. List diseases of immune system:
78. What are the characteristics of animal hormones?
79. What are the functions of endocrine system?
80. What are the functions of nervous system?
81. What are the structure and functions of neuron?
82. How do sensory receptors work?
83. How is sound sensed?
84. How is light sensed?
85. How are chemicals sensed?
86. How do animals reproduce?
87. How can fertility be limited?
88. How do innate and learned behavior differ?
89. How do animals communicate?
90. Can biology explain human behavior?
91. How do populations grow?
92. How is population growth regulated?
93. How are populations distributed?
94. What are the ecosystems?
95. What are the pathways of energy and nutrients through ecosystems?
96. What is causing acid rain and global warming?
97. What factors influence Earth?s climate?
98. What are requirements of life?
99. How is life on land distributed?
100.How is life in water distributed?

I WOULD LIKE Jillbee7 TO RESEARCH THIS TOPIC IF POSSIBLE
Be sure to site sources and I have provided the sources.

1. Find five web sites that discuss Sociobiology, including some sites that support and some that refute the
concept. Find an additional five sites that discuss plans for educational reform. Submit an annotated bibliography of 100-150 words describing the content of each of the ten sites. http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/selfish.shtml
http://www.rubinghscience.org/memetics/dawkinsmemes.html
http://www.marxist.com/science/selfishgene.html
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sociobiology/
http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2126 Against sociobiology
http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=15 Against sociobiology

Jonathan Kozol websites

http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29285&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html This is a pdf
http://www.edreform.com/index.cfm?fuseAction=document&documentID=2691§ionID=122&NEWSYEAR=2007 This is a pdf
http://www.johntaylorgatto.com/underground/prologue.htm
http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-3/reform.htm
http://www.mathematicallysane.com/analysis/mathedreform.asp
http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000000/00000028.asp
http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EdReformStudies/SysReforms/fullan1.html


2. Prepare a single integrated critique of the two assigned texts, including the web sites you have found. Include discussion of the validity of the perspectives presented in the sites you have identified. Your critique should follow the outline given for this assignment in Unit 2 of the course web site.
3. The assignment should be 9-12 pages in length (approximately 2000 words).
If you can get the books great if not just use these websites
http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/selfish.shtml
http://gmarketingcoach.com/memes.htm
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World_US/JonathanKozol_page.html
and or any others you can find.
Richard Dawkins The Selfish Gene and Jonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools.

These are some questions to answer from the books/websites.
1. A discussion of Dawkins evidence for the evolution of animal behavior through natural selection of the selfish gene. Include material from the Web sites.

2. Discuss the concept of the meme as Dawkins describes it. How does the meme concept relate to the inequalities in educational resources described by Kozol?

3. To what extent do the educational reform plans from your Web sites require cultural evolution through meme selection as described by Dawkins?

4. What kinds of cultural value changes would have to occur if this evolution of value memes is to take place?


Okay so you will use the 10 websites and review those sites
between 100-150 words each site. I have provided the sites. Feel free on the very large pdf's to use the site or some of the site in your review. Indeed if you do not want to use the
site because it is to large then don't use it. You do not have to include everything about a document that has 60-120 pgs. Just 100-150 words about the site is all that is necessary.

Next you will review the 2 books Richard Dawkins The Selfish Gene and Jonathan Kozols Savage Inequalities: Children in Americas Schools. If you can't not find or pick up the books then use the websites I provided for the books. The books are widely available but if you can't not find them then don't worry.
Next you will critique the books and the websites. Plus answer these questions

1. A discussion of Dawkins evidence for the evolution of animal behavior through natural selection of the selfish gene. Include material from the Web sites.

2. Discuss the concept of the meme as Dawkins describes it. How does the meme concept relate to the inequalities in educational resources described by Kozol?

3. To what extent do the educational reform plans from your Web sites require cultural evolution through meme selection as described by Dawkins?

4. What kinds of cultural value changes would have to occur if this evolution of value memes is to take place?
Again here are some websites for this part.
http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/selfish.shtml
http://gmarketingcoach.com/memes.htm
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World_US/JonathanKozol_page.html
and or any others you can find.


Any questions just email
There are faxes for this order.

DISCURSIVE CHALLENGE 3: Schools of Evolutionary Computation
Reading Materail: EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN BY COMPUTERS, by Peter Bentley, Morgan kaufmann, San Francisco (1999). Read chapter 1 (pages 1-35). (attaching with email)

Compare and contrast these three different schools of EC:
GAs(Genetic Algorithm), originated by John Holland.
GPs(Genetic Programming), originated by John Koza. www.sigevo.org
EPs(Evolutionary Programming), originated by Lawrence & Gary Fogel www.natural-selection.com
World Congress on Evolutionary Computing (CEC). http://www.wcci2010.org/topics/ieee-cec-2010
Use as some of examples, problems from original resources and conference proceedings, problems that are particularly amenable and best suited to each of the three approaches.
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Reading: Western civilization
Charles Darwin, The Origin of the Species and the Descent of Man
Emmanuel Kant''The idea for a Universal History with Cosmopolitan Intent.
WHEN answering the question please support your answers with quotes/ or details.
1.
Explain Darwing's theory of Natural Selection.
2.Compare and contrast the role ''competiveness''plays in Darwin theory with the role antagonism ''plays in Kant's.
3.According ,what is the origin of the human species? Why is his account so controversial (two reasons)

Book required: Biology - A Guide to the Natural World 5th edition, David Krough, 2011 (from chapter20 to chapter 30)
Answer the following questions and please labeled the questions clearly:
1. a) What's a Punnett square? b) How many alleles for each trait go into a gamete? c) what goes on the outside of the boxes? d) what goes inside the boxes? e) how do you figure out how many squares or boxes you need in your punnett square?
2. a) what is the Law of segregation? b) what is the law of independent assortment? c) what is the significance of each?
3. a) what is a test cross? b) what would you determine with one? c) what kind of organism do you cross with what? d) how do you interpret the results?
4. a) what are the purpose of pre-natal diagnostic testing? b) what's done in ultrasound imaging? c) amniocentesis? d) chorionic villus sampling?
5. Explain how the following provide evidence that supports the evolutionary theory: a) biogeography? b) comparative anatomy and c) biochemical?
6. a) what is Darwin's process of natural selection and how does it work? b) what does being "fit" mean on an evolutionary sense? c) be able to use an example to explain it
7. a) what are the five potential forces that impact microevolution b) what is the impact of each?
8. How do mutations and sexual recombination help produce genetic variation?
9. what kinds of reproductive barriers are there, and how do they impact speciation?
10. a) what is a population? b) what is the definition of a biological species? c) what is the smallest unit the can evolve?
11. what are the challenges that must be met to be successful on land rather than in the water?
12. a) where does man fit into the primate picture? b) what are prosimians? c) anthropoids? d) hominids? e) how are monkeys, apes and man different/ similar?
13. what impact do the three stages of culture have on the enviornment? a) scavenger-gathering-hunting, vs. b) agriculture vs. c) the machine age?
14. Be sure you understand and can distinguish between the following terms: a) energy flow& chemical cycle b) community & ecosystem c) habitat & ecological niche d) coevolution & symbiosis
15. Be able to explain the forces that tie communities together: a) competition b) predation c) mimicry d) symbiosis
16. a) what is a keystone species? b) why are they important?
17. a) Explain the process of community succession b) what is a climax community? c) be able to give an example and explain changes
18. a) what are the trophic levels we find in most ecosystems b) discuss energy flow through them and c) the ecological energy pyramid
19. what is the study of ecology?
20. a) Distinguish between exponential (J-shaped), b) logistic (s-shaped) models of population growth
21. what are the characteristics of a) equilibrial versus b) opportunistic species
22. a) compare age structures for human population with stable vs. b) explosive growth rates
23. a) what are the factors that have influenced human population growth in the past? b) at present?
24. why is human overpopulation the basic problem with enviornmental issues?
25. Discuss the cause of loss of biodiversity on the planet
26. what do we mean by biological magnification? why are top carnivores the usual victims?
27. How have man's activities negatively impacted ecosystems?

Essay Prompt: Describe the current economic crisis, or a specific aspect of the crisis, in terms of Darwinian evolution. Make specific analogies between the two paradigms using the following terms (put these terms in bold or capital letters in your essay):
-Species
-Selection
-Survival
-Competition ( for limited resources)
-Chance events
How is the current economic situation an example of a "tragedy of the commons?" What would Darwin think about this situation? ANY ESSAY LACKING DISCUSSION OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION WILL HAVE TO BE RE-WRITTEN.
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An essay should be 2 pages in length, typed, with the following formatting: 11 point Arial, double spaced, 1 inch margins.

Resources from class and section will be helpful in writing your essays, and you are encouraged to do additional research as necessary. Use in-text citation and include a list of references on a seperate page for each essay and use standard formatting. Note that only copying a URL for a website is NOT sufficient. You must cite any idea that is not your own, as well as any assertions that beg for supporting evidence. However, you should avoid stating the newspaper or author of the article you are citing in the main body of your essay.

DO NOT waste space by restating the essay prompt in your own essay.

Use a minimum amount of quotes. The purpose of essays is for you to demonstrate understanding, so use your own words. A two-page essay should have no more than two very short quotes.

Do not simply state the existence of controversies. This is obvious. You must analyze the situation, state your decision (it doesn't have to be all one side or the other), and defend your statements.

You MUST demonstrate understanding of genetics concepts and use proper terminology. This is a genetics class. Explicit discussion of genetics should constititue the majority of your essay.
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The deadline is crucial. It says on the granding evaluation criteria that Essay addresses all questions raised in the prompt and explicitly addresses genetic concpts will get an A.

(I think, the application of the theory "Tragedy of the Commons" by Garlin on Current economic situation well-applied to the essay as a whole is one of the important things. That I can show my understanding of the theories and its application.)

Essay Prompt:
Genetic load can be defined as the frequency of lethal alleles in a population. The genetic load of the human species could therefore be increasing, as many present-day societies/cultures, and the medicines they have developed, keep people with otherwise lethal alleles alive well past child-bearing ages. What, if anything, does this mean for the future of human evolution? Consider the question of whether the human species is still evolving at all. What, if anything, 'should' be done about the possibility of increasing genetic load in humans, taking ethics into consideration? If nothing 'should' be done,explain why not in evolutionary terms. What kinds of things are 'already' being done actively and/or passively, and what 'could' be done in the future (technically,scientifically,socially), to limit genetic load?

ANY ESSAY LACKING DISCUSSION OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION WILL HAVE TO BE RE-WRITTEN.

Please remember this is a class about 'genetics' first and foremost and you will be graded mainly on your discussion of genetics rather than ethnics.

-----------------------------------------------------------
Essay should be 2 pages in length, typed, with the following formatting: 11 point Arial, double spaced, 1 inch margins. Use in-text citation and include a list of references on a seperate page for an essay and use standard formatting. Note that only coping a URL for a website is NOT sufficent. You must cite any idea that is not your own, as well as any assertions that beg for supporting evidence. However, you should avoid stating the newspaper or author of the article you are citing in the main body of your essay.

Do not Waste space by restating the essay prompt in your own essay.

Use a minimum amount of quotes. The purposes of essays is for you to demonstrate understanding, so use your own words. A two-page essay should have no more than two very short quotes.

Do not simply state the existence of controversies. This is obvious. You must analyze the situation, state your decision (it doesn't have to be all one side or the other), and defend your statements.

You MUST demonstrate understanding of genetics concepts and use proper terminology. This is a genetics class. "Explicit discussion of genetics should constitute the majority of your essay."

The deadline is crucial and please write creatively (I dont want the essay to be boring and obvious.)
-----------------------------------------------------------

The Deadline is Crucial.
Just let want to let you know that this essay is for Plant Molecular Biology Class.

Prompt: In 1859, when the Origin of Species was published, Charles Darwin ignited the passionate evolution-creation debate that rages on to this very day. Recently a new card, intelligent design, has been dealt in the argument. in this paper answer where has the evidence led you? Are you convinced that all life forms came into existence through the process of evolution? Or do you believe that life is the product of intelligent design by a creator. Support your argument with evidence from your readings (resources) and use logical, non- fallacious reasoning.

-make thesis clear, make your stand clear, use correct grammar and punctuation

-to argue effectively, you need to clearly understand some of these essential concepts and subjects: scientific theory, scientific hypothesis, natural selection, mutation, survival of the fittest, fossil records, microevolution and macroevolution.

There are faxes for this order.

Accorging to Kurt Vonnegut, nature is about to fix the human problem, a problem humans can''t seem to fix themselves. They seem ti be a danger not only to themselves but to all life on Earth. Nature''s tool is natural selection, and it doesn''t play favorites. Since the big brains of humans are the single cause of evil in the world, natural selection will solve the human problem by evolving humans into just anothre small-brained sea mammal, like a seal. humanity in thes way will survive, and so will the rest of life.

Vonnegut wants us to do something. If we don''t, he threatens, we will lose our hands and most of our brains. Not that bad a deal, he implies, but if we choose not to like, how does he suggest we avoid it?

I prefer this paper to be written by (jowriter63)
All references provided below are available in Questia database with whom I have membership. Should the writer need my password and user name, please let me know?

Background Objectives
My major objective is to understand the root-cause of the structural inequality with the aim to become a change agent by helping some of the third world countries revamp their education systems so that they provide equal opportunities for their children.

My paper will be organized into two chapters. Chapter one will be devoted to the root cause of the structural inequality, social stratifications and the disasters that Social Darwinism brought to humanity; especially the racial oppression against aboriginal and the black people in the United States. In chapter two I will examine the role of corporate influence in deciding the fate of our children's education.

Goals
My goals for this KA area are in alignment with the overall course goals which are:
1. To understand the mechanisms by which systemic oppression is produced and reproduced.

2. To gain a broader understanding of various forms of oppression and structural inequality in education and/or other social systems.

3. To gain strategies for transforming inequality in education and/or other social systems.

4. To understand the experiences of oppression through the voices of those who live it.

5. To examine how structural inequality impacts our lives and work.
Learning Goals for the Overview & the In-Depth Study
My focus is to conduct comprehensive overview of the history of structural inequality to:
? Gain deeper understanding of how inequality is created and maintained in society.
? Gain a broader understanding of various forms of oppression and structural inequality in education.
? Gain strategies for transforming inequality in education.
? To understand the experiences of oppression through the voices of those who live it (example, aboriginal people).
? Examine the role of corporate influence in deciding the fate of our children's education.
Learning Goal for the Applied Project
Since I am leading the establishment of four schools and a university in Saudi Arabia based on the Canadian education system, I will present my views on the subject of inequality to selected Saudi education leaders. This is a unique opportunity to stress the issue of the women rights in a society characterized by gender inequality.
Goal:
Apply some of the gained strategies to inspire educational leaders to embrace change
Possible Readings

Books

A Nation Divided: Diversity, Inequality, and Community in American Society
Book by Phyllis Moen, Donna Dempster-Mcclain, Henry A. Walker; Cornell University Press, 1999

Unlearning the Language of Conquest
http://books.google.ca/books?id=Z2ZGB8Ow_cQC&dq=unlearning+the+language+of+conquest&pg=PP1&ots=3WH0ud2r7b&sig=-CUSEuZ3atRaWM4OUzfCgXPfiFA&prev=http://www.google.ca/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DUnlearning%2Bthe%2BLanguage%2Bof%2BConquest%26meta%3D&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail#PPT1,M1


Darwinism: Critical Reviews from Dublin Review, Edinburgh Review, Quarterly Review
Book by Alfred Russell Wallace, Thomas Henry Huxley, James Rowland Angell, J. Mark Baldwin, Francis Galton, Daniel N. Robinson; University Publications of America, 1977
Subjects:
Darwin, Charles--1809-1882, Evolution, Psychology, Comparative
...Darwins The Descent of Man": A Review by John Mivart...John Mivart entitled "Darwins The Descent of Man" has been reprinted from the...and more significantly The Descent of Man 1871 , such "convulsions...


Darwin: Competition & Cooperation
Book by Ashley Montagu; Henry Schuman, 1952
Subjects:
Darwin, Charles--1809-1882, Natural Selection
...year after the publication of The Descent of Man which appeared in 1871...anywhere in his letters. Yet in The Descent of Man the idea of co-operation as...66 The Descent of Man , Chap. IV, p. 161. solitary...

Knowledge and Power in the Global Economy: Politics and the Rhetoric of School Reform
Book by David A. Gabbard; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000
Subjects:
Critical Pedagogy--United States, Curriculum Change--United States, Education--Economic Aspects--United States, Educational Change--United States, Politics And Education--United States
...Politics and the Rhetoric of School Reform Knowledge and Power in the Global Economy Politics and the Rhetoric...Gabbard David A. Knowledge and Power in the Global Economy: Politics and the Rhetoric of School Reform>/edited by...


Education as Enforcement: The Militarization and Corporatization of Schools
Book by Kenneth J.Saltman, David A.Gabbard; RoutledgeFalmer, 2003
Subjects:
Commercialism In Schools--United States, Education And State--United States, Educational Sociology--United States, Militarism--United States
...corporate involvement in public schooling and higher education at multiple levels. The phrase Education as Enforcement attempts to explain these merging phenomena of militarization and corporatization as they are shaping not only...



Education, Inequality, and Social Identity
Book by Lawrence Angus; Falmer Press, 1993
Subjects:
Education--Social Aspects--Australia, Educational Equalization--Australia, Sexism In Education--Australia
Education, Inequality and Social Identity Education, Inequality and Social Identity Edited by Lawrence Angus...throw light upon particular aspects of education and inequality. Educational inequality has been a major focus of researchers...


The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights: A Documentary History
Book by Bain Attwood, Andrew Markus; Allen & Unwin, 1999

The Origin of the Inequality of the Social Classes
Book by Gunnar Landtman; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1938


Giving Kids the Business: The Commercialization of America's Schools
Book by Alex Molnar; Westview Press, 1996
Subjects:
Commercialism In Schools--United States, Education--United States--Marketing, Industry And Education--United States
...THE BU$INESS The Commercialization of Americas Schools Alex Molnar Westview...involvement in the reform of Americas public schools. The enthusiasm with which...improve the performance of Americas schools. The people reading such...


Journals
Evolutionary Feminism, Popular Romance, and Frank Norris's 'Man's Woman.'
Journal article by Paul Civello; Studies in American Fiction, Vol. 24, 1996
Subjects:
American literature--19th century, Norris, Frank--Criticism, interpretation, etc.
...conclusions Darwin had reached in The Descent of Man, using the same evidence he...representations struggle. In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin elaborated his...136. (2) Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to...

Border Trouble: Shifting the Line Between People and Other Animals
Journal article by Harriet Ritvo; Social Research, Vol. 62, 1995
Subjects:
Social Sciences
...Charles Darwin put it in the Descent of Man , If the anthropomorphous...sadly noted at the end of The Descent of Man , written a decade after the...1993 ). Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to...


Colonizing Our Future: The Commercial Transformation of America's Schools
Journal article by Alex Molnar; Social Education, Vol. 64, 2000
Subjects:
Advertising media--Usage, Corporations--Moral and ethical aspects, Public relations--Usage, Public schools--Social aspects, Schools--Moral and ethical aspects, Students as consumers--Analysis
...Market Goes to School New York: Garland Publishing, 1998. Molnar, Alex. Giving Kids the Business: The Commercialization of Americas Schools. Boulder, CO: Westview/HarperCollins, 1996. Alex Molnar is a professor in the Department of Curriculum...


The Origins of Intergenerational Inequality
Journal article by Robert A. Margo; Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 65, 1998
Subjects:
Altruism--Analysis, Equality--Analysis, Income distribution--Analysis, Mulligan, Casey--Criticism, interpretation, etc., Parental Priorities and Economic Ineqality (Book)--Criticism, interpretation, etc.
...cross-state, cross-region (in the U.S.), and cross-country inequality is also reviewed. Chapter 7 explores the panel study of...Mulligan infers that the rich derive consumption value from education (such as from expensive private schools). Part Three, composed...


The Basics: What's Essential about Theory for Community Development Practice?
Journal article by Ronald J. Hustedde, Jacek Ganowicz; Journal of the Community Development Society, Vol. 33, 2002
Subjects:
Community development--Research
...theoretical frameworks: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and...modalities, conflict theory, structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism...structure is known as structural functionalism. It is also called systems...


Gender and Social Inequality: The Prevailing Significance of Race
Journal article by Doris Y. Wilkinson; Daedalus, Vol. 124, 1995

Immigration and Ethnic and Racial Inequality in the United States
Journal article by Mary C. Waters, Karl Eschbach; Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 21, 1995


Women and the Paradox of Economic Inequality in the Twentieth-Century
Journal article by Michael B. Katz, Mark J. Stern, Jamie J. Fader; Journal of Social History, Vol. 39, 2005