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By enacting the Black Codes, starting in 1865, following the 13th Amendment, however, and by giving birth, in 1866, to the Ku Klux Klan and its reign of terror over the freedmen, the southern states successfully circumvented the actual enjoyment by blacks of most of the freedoms granted them by the 13th Amendment.
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Ed. Harry J. Carman et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf, 1960. 776.
Hill, Elias. "Testimony before Congressional Committee Investigating the Ku Klux Klan, 1871." Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents. Ed. Michael
Johnson. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Bedford, 2002. 9-13.
Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. A History of the American People.
Ed. Harry J. Carman et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf, 1960. 759.
Mississippi Black Code, November 1865." Reading the American Past: Selected Historical
Documents. Ed. Michael P. Johnson. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Bedford, 2002. 2-5.
Secondary Sources
Black Codes in the Former...
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Brinkley, Douglas. History of the United States. New York: Viking, 2002. 237-8.
Carman, Harry J. et al., Ed. A History of the American People. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York:
Knopf, 1960. 738.
Civil War, reconstruction, and Jim Crow Timeline." Civil War Timeline. Dec. 14, 2004. http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/cwtimeline.html.4 pages.
Congress Shall Not Have the Power." Reconstruction. Dec. 14, 2004. http://tempknak home.att.net/Reconstruction.html>.
Dred Scott Case: The Supreme Court Decision." Africans in America.
Dec. 11, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/whbh/aia/part4/4h2933t.html.
Johnson, Michael P., Ed. Reading the American Past: Selected Historical Documents. 2nd ed.
Vol. 2. New York: Bedford, 2002. 1-15.
Judgment Day." Dred Scott Case. Dec. 12, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part44h2933.html>.
Ratification Debate on the U.S. Constitution" the Constitution and Slavery. Dec. 13, 2004.
A wysiwyg://5 / http://www.crf-usa.org/lessons/slavery_const.htm.3 pages.
Sources
Black Codes in the Former Confederate States." December 15, 2004. http://www.civilwar home.com/blackcodes.htm>. 5 pages.
Brinkley, Douglas. History of the United States. New York: Viking, 2002. 237-8.
Carman, Harry J. et al., Ed. A History of the American People. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York:
Knopf, 1960. 738.
Civil War, reconstruction, and Jim Crow Timeline." Civil War Timeline. Dec. 14, 2004. http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/cwtimeline.html.4 pages.
Congress Shall Not Have the Power." Reconstruction. Dec. 14, 2004. http://tempknak home.att.net/Reconstruction.html>.
Dec. 11, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/whbh/aia/part4/4h2933t.html.
Judgment Day." Dred Scott Case. Dec. 12, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part44h2933.html>.
A wysiwyg://5 / http://www.crf-usa.org/lessons/slavery_const.htm.3 pages.
The fact that the local police authorities and local governing officials (like the mayor) were all of the same mindset as the perpetrators and that a deputy sheriff was involved first-hand in the murders virtually ensured that the crimes would remain unsolved unless the investigating authorities deviated from the normal guidelines for criminal investigations. Nevertheless, the specific tactics used by the FBI agents were themselves criminal actions that, in other
Mississippi Burning The 1988 film Mississippi Burning depicts the total infestation of Mississippi government and civic society by racist rednecks. The Ku Klux Klan serves as a quasi-governmental and paramilitary authority that defies federal law. Their total infiltration into local governments makes the KKK an incredibly dangerous and powerful organization. Civil Rights legislation presents real threats to Klan authority. The KKK have no respect for the mandate of the federal government and
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Mississippi Burning is an evocative movie that arouses horror over racial hatred. In fact, Director Alan Parker, in an interview, stated that the film's objective was precisely to "...cause them to react...because of the racism that's around them now..." (King, 1988, para.7). Parker does this by questioning the origins of the hatred through the characters in the film. Ward, the by the book FBI agent, expresses it eloquently when he
The efforts of the FBI to solve this case were certainly in the greater good, and they did solve the case, even though the trial was a mockery. It seems the FBI could have done more to have the case moved to a more neutral location to help ensure a fair trial, which certainly did not happen. Indeed, the FBI gave high priority to the case, and even opened an
" The rebel army thought nothing of stealing food and good drinking water from the citizens of Vicksburg. The rebel army authorities put 100 men in charge of securing homes and lives, but "over seventy-five of the men selected" for the policing duty were Creoles who spoke little or no English, and the troops pretty much took what they wanted. Many people became refugees and moved into tent cities outside