After reading The Death of Ivan Illyich Hedda Gabler and Lady With the Dog write a paper considering the manners and customs of the characters and the times they lived

Victims of Social Mores or Victims of Character? Three Character Studies from 19th Century Fiction

Does society make the man -- or woman -- or does the character of the individual determine his or her fate? On one hand, it is possible to read the protagonists of the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" and "The Lady with the Dog" as well as the title heroine of Ibsen's drama "Hedda Gabler" as pawns of social forces beyond their control, mere victims of the circumstances of the times. Ivan Ilyich spends his life in a miserable, bureaucratic environment and devotes himself to social-climbing and impressing his superiors. He is encouraged, almost from birth, to play the role of a fawning, sycophant to succeed in his career and to provide for his family. He does so without question, allowing himself to be swept along by the tide of custom, rather than resisting it. As early as his days "at school he had done things which had formerly seemed to him very horrid and made him feel disgusted with himself when he did them; but when later on he saw that such actions were done by people of good position and that they did not regard them as wrong, he was able not exactly to regard them as right, but to forget about them entirely or not be at all troubled at remembering them" (Tolstoy, "The Death of Ivan Ilyich," Chapter II).

Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Dog" has a female protagonist named Anna who is married to a man she does respect, a man very similar to Tolstoy's unattractive central character, a man she calls a flunky. She unexpectedly falls in love with a man while she is on a seaside vacation in Yalta who is not her husband, a man who is also trapped in a loveless marriage named Gurov. Anna and Gurov married before they knew what love truly could feel like, but the live in a society where divorce is a kind of social death. Ibsen's the gun-brandishing Hedda Gabler seems to regret that she was not born a man and chafes at the societal and biological constructs of her society that instruct women that their greatest purpose in life is to serve their husbands and have children. Hedda desires to serve a man as intelligent as she is, but also wishes to conform to societal dictates. Her sense of propriety is so strong she willingly slights her in-laws, the Tessmans, when they transgress mild social customs and thus do not meet her aristocratic standards. Then, Hedda, upon hearing that her husband's academic rival has produced a brilliant manuscript, manipulates the man into thinking his manuscript is lost, encourages him to turn to drinking again, and because she does not tell him she has the manuscript, indirectly causes him to commit suicide.

Tolstoy seems to endorse the idea that society plays a guiding role in shaping the moral life of human beings, as he begins his tale of Ivan Ilyich's life: "Ivan Ilyich's life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible" (Tolstoy, Chapter II). Living life according to societal norms of what it means to lead a good, wealthy, materially prosperous and socially admired life is a path to misery for all the protagonists of Tolstoy, Chekhov, and Ibsen. However, it would be inaccurate to say that these authors' different characters do not have a role in their own destruction. Ivan Ilyich chooses and initially takes delight in behaving in the way he does, and seeks material success as proof of his spiritual worth. "Ivan Ilyich felt himself abandoned by everyone, and that they regarded his position with a salary of 3,500 rubles as quite normal and even fortunate. He alone knew that with the consciousness of the injustices done him, with his wife's incessant nagging, and with the debts he had contracted by living beyond his means, his position was far from normal." (Tolstoy, Chapter III). Not everyone thinks Ivan Ilyich's salary is meager, and he chooses to live beyond his means, thus although he is ordinary, his world is not absent of examples of how it is possible to live differently. Likewise, the married lovers of "The Lady with the Dog" could theoretically leave their spouses, although divorce is difficult in 19th century Russia. What impedes them seems to be the fact that openly leaving their spouses and children will make them societal pariahs, and result in a loss of financial and social status. At the end of the tale, their resolve to begin their life anew rings hollow, and they may very well remain willing to tolerate personal unhappiness and marriages that are a lie for the sake of maintaining a comfortable existence, as they have for some time. "And it seemed as though in a little while the solution would be found, and then a new and splendid life would begin; and it was clear to both of them that they had still a long, long road before them, and that the most complicated and difficult part of it was only just beginning" (Chekov, "The Lady with the Dog"). There is also the nagging suspicion in the reader's mind that, perhaps if their love was not forbidden it would not feel like 'true' love after all. Gurov only falls in love with Anna from a distance, after he leaves Yalta. During their first meeting he is rather contemptuous of her, and Anna is very young and inexperienced.