Alzheimer's disease prevention strategies

Research Article Chart
Criteria and Defining Characteristics
Article 1:
Abraham, R. P., Denton, D. A., Al?Assaf, A. S., Rutjes, A. W., Chong, L. Y., Malik, M. A., & Tabet, N. (2015). Vitamin and mineral supplementation for prevention of dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).
Article 2:
Kwok, T. C. Y., Lam, L. C. W., Sea, M. M. M., Goggins, W., & Woo, J. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of dietetic interventions to prevent cognitive decline in old age hostel residents. European journal of clinical nutrition, 66(10), 1135.
Article 3:
Dangour, A. D., Whitehouse, P. J., Rafferty, K., Mitchell, S. A., Smith, L., Hawkesworth, S., & Vellas, B. (2010). B-vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's disease, 22(1), 205-224.
Abstract
After reading the abstract what do you expect to learn from the article?
What I expected to learn from the article is whether supplements in the form of minerals or vitamins facilitate in preventing dementia.
What I expected to learn from the article is whether dietary interventions promote intakes of fish, fruit, vegetable, as well as lower salt intake were effective in the prevention of cognitive decline in older men and women.
What I expected to learn from the article is whether B-Vitamins and Fatty Acids facilitate the prevention as well as treatment of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Introduction: Summarize the following in paragraph form.
· What is the purpose of the study?
· What is the scope of the study?
· What is the rational for the study?
· What is the hypothesis or research question?
· What key concepts and terms are noted?
· Is a review of the literature provided?
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of dietary interventions for prevention of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
The scope of the study is randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials, published or unpublished, reported in any language
The rationale for the study is that forthcoming prevalence and financial consequences of dementia are such that minor effects on cognitive decline or on the incidence of dementia may have a significant impact on healthcare costs and the general encumbrance of dementia
There is no hypothesis or research question
The key concepts and terms noted include mild cognitive impairment and dementia
A review of the literature is provided
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dietary interventions promote intakes of fruit, vegetable, fish and lower salt intake were effective in preventing cognitive decline in older people
The scope of the study is older people with an average age of 83 years
The key concepts and terms that are noted include cognitive decline, dementia, and dietary intervention.
The rationale of the study is that dietary factors have been linked to cognitive function in older individuals.
There is not hypothesis or research question delineated in the article
A review of the literature is not provided in this particular article
The purpose of the article was to determine the strength of the available evidence that serum nutrient levels, dietary consumption, or nutrient supplementation were associated with the primary prevention or treatment of dementia
The scope of the study included a large range of nutrients; in this review we report on folate (either as folate in food or serum or as folic acid dietary supplements) with or without other B-group vitamins, serum homocysteine concentration, polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and fish as these nutrient/food groups have been highlighted as potentially important in previous reviews on nutrition and cognitive function
There is no hypothesis or research question
A review of the literature is not provided
Methods: Summarize the following in paragraph form.
· What is the population being sampled?
· What data collection procedure is presented?
· What other procedures are described?
The population included is people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), according to internationally accepted and validated classification
The procedures used include recording definitions. Where studies properly delineate the age of participants among their inclusion criteria, this was employed as in the classification. In the event that this was not available, the median and range or mean and standard deviation will be utilized to assist in placing studies with a wide age range into the most appropriate review category.
The population being sampled included 429 non-demented subjects in 14 old age hostels, with an average age of 83 years.
The data collection procedure was through a structured questionnaire that was administered by the research assistant
Health related quality of life was measured by making use of SF 12, a version from China
The population being sampled included healthy older persons or persons with cognitive impairment/decline or any kind of dementia irrespective of nutritional status
In regard to data collection, prospective and pertinent studies were identified by searching the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, accessed July 2007. Search terms used included both Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free text terms
Results: Summarize the following in paragraph form.
· What are the given findings?
· How was data collected?
· Are the findings supported by graphs and charts?
· What does the analysis of data state?
The study included studies making a comparison of the effects of the delineated interventions with control interventions that are not expected to have specific risk-modifying effects
The findings are not supported by graphs and charts
At the baseline, the findings of the study indicated that there were more men within the intervention group, and lesser intake amount for fish.
In comparison to the control group, the intervention group has substantially less decrease in intakes of fish and fruit.
The data was collected using Chi-square tests
Tables and charts were used to present the data
The analysis of the data states that there were no significant changes in the intervention group and the control group in secondary clinical results.
The given findings is that there is an inconclusivity and therefore there is a need for additional data for more extensive analysis
The way in which the data was collected was that studies were eligible for inclusion if they were reports of randomized or non-randomized clinical trials or prospective cohort studies, where cognitive function was measured at both baseline and follow up
The findings were supported by graphs and charts
The analysis of the data state that that higher dietary intake or elevated serum levels of folate and fish/fatty acids and low serum levels of homocysteine had an association with a declined risk of incident AD and dementia, whereas other studies reported no correlation
Conclusion: Summarize in paragraph form.
· What is the summary of the study?
· What is the conclusion of the hypothesis?
· What are the questions for future research?
Summaries and conclusions are not included
In summary, the trial carried out showed that dietary interventions in older persons under institutional care has an effective impact in maintaining the intake of fish and fruit.
The conclusion of the hypothesis is that dietary interventions within older male and females were effective in sustaining the intake of fish and fruit. However, this did not give rise to a significant decrease in cognition decline.
The questions for future research are whether the inclusion of placebo control and also not having a restricted budget for dietary improvement would bring about different outcomes.
In summary, the results of intervention studies inbvestigating the effects of folic acid or fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function are inconsistent
In conclusion, the attainable evidence is not sufficient to come up with clear and comprehensive conclusions on the correlation between B vitamins and fatty acids with cognitive decline or dementia
The questions for future research is whether longer term trials will being about different outcomes.
References
· What are the total number of references used in the study?
· List two of the references used.
There are 110 references
Al-Assaf AS, Denton DA, Abraham RP, Rutjes AWS, Chong LY, Anderson JL, Malik MA, Tabet N. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015.
Denton DA, Abraham RP, Rutjes AWS, Chong LY, Al-Assaf AS, Anderson JL, Malik MA, Tabet N. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for the prevention or delaying of cognitive impairment and dementia in mid life. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015.
There are 24 references in total.
Emerson Lombardo NB, Volicer L, Martin A, Wu B, Zhang XW. Memory preservation diet to reduce risk and slow progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In: Vellas B, Grundman M, Feldman H, Fitten LJ, Winblad B (eds). Research and Practice in Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognitive Decline, 2006; vol. 9, 138–159
Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3–10
In total, the article included 101 references.
Mohs RC, Knopman D, Petersen RC, Ferris SH, Ernesto C, Grundman M, Sano M, Bieliauskas L, Geldmacher D, Clark C, Thal LJ (1997) Development of cognitive instruments for use in clinical trials of antidementia drugs: additions to the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale that broaden its scope. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 11(Suppl 2), S13-21
Sun Y, Lu CJ, Chien KL, Chen ST, Chen RC (2007) Efficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer’s disease: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patients. Clin Ther 29, 2204-2214.
The problem is centered on a single clinical question, which comprises of four key constituents: Patient (population), Intervention, Comparison, Outcome – PICO Question. The main problem in question is the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, also referred to as dementia, which is a debilitating syndrome with major impact on persons and disease. Prevention of the illness’ onset or advancement would give rise to public health and societal benefits. The four key constituents are:
P (Patient): Men and women with normal cognition or minor mental impairment
I (Intervention): Nutritional interventions, for instance, supplements in the diet
C (Comparison): Usual care or no intervention
O (Outcome): Preventing Alzheimer’s disease or any progression of cognitive decline
For men and women with normal cognition or minor mental impairment, are nutritional interventions, for instance, supplements in the diet, have greater effect as compared to usual care or no interventional at all in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease or any progression of cognitive decline.
References
Abraham, R. P., Denton, D. A., Al?Assaf, A. S., Rutjes, A. W., Chong, L. Y., Malik, M. A., & Tabet, N. (2015). Vitamin and mineral supplementation for prevention of dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).
Kwok, T. C. Y., Lam, L. C. W., Sea, M. M. M., Goggins, W., & Woo, J. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of dietetic interventions to prevent cognitive decline in old age hostel residents. European journal of clinical nutrition, 66(10), 1135.
Dangour, A. D., Whitehouse, P. J., Rafferty, K., Mitchell, S. A., Smith, L., Hawkesworth, S., & Vellas, B. (2010). B-vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's disease, 22(1), 205-224.
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