Anatomy fundamentals and human body systems

Anatomy

Major cavities of the body and their organs:

Our body is made up of solid structures and many cavities. The organs are packed in these cavities and they fill these cavities. The major cavities in our body are: the ventral cavity, which is surrounded by the rib cage and the abdominal musculature and dorsal cavity, which is surrounded by the bones of the skull and vertebral column. (Introduction / Terminology)

Significance and Process of Protein synthesis:

The genetic material of life is DNA. It is present in all the organisms on the earth and it has genetic information, which the organism uses for producing the protein essential for life. The DNA, whether it is in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, it is in the iconic form of the double helix, and it uses the same common genetic code that permits it to be converted to proteins. The procedure of forming proteins from DNA, which is known as transcription and translation are the same in all organisms. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated to amino acid chain of polypeptide. (Lesson 1: From Genes to Proteins)

3. Glycolysis and ATP:

The transformation of food to energy by the energy molecule of the cell called Adenosine Tri Phosphate - ATP is called Glycolysis. ATP is a nucleotide. Glycolysis makes use of the energy from two ATP to carry out a series of enzymatic reactions ending up in the production of four ATP. Glycolysis also forms two three-carbon compounds called pyruvate that still has energy. Glycolysis ends in the addition of two hydrogens onto the energy carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - NAD to form NADH. Though glycolysis permits the formation of four ATP, two ATP are used in the process. This results in a net profit of two ATP from the process of Glycolysis. Glycolysis does not need molecular oxygen, as it is an anaerobic process. (How organisms convert food to energy)

4. Types of Muscle:

There are three types of muscles. They are: Cardiac muscle, which is represented by centrally located nuclei, and muscle fibers made up of many cells connected by intercelated discs; skeletal muscle represented by no nuclei located within the tissue, but are pushed to the sides; Smooth muscle, which has varied sizes of nuclei, but is not highly structured. (Lander's tips)

5. Human Skin Color:

In humans, the formation of the skin coloring agent melanin is regulated by two pairs of genes. It can be designated as Aa and Bb, in which the capital letter stands for dominant genes and the small letters the recessive genes. A and B. produce melanin very well, and a and b produce lesser levels. For example, if a person is born with AABB, then the person has the darkest coloration, as all the genes are dominant and has no genes for lightness. If that person marries a person with likewise genes, the resulting offspring will lose the ability to be white. Likewise, a person with aabb, is married to a person with similar genes, the offspring produced will have the lightest possible coloration. The ability to produce sufficient melanin is lost in this case. (The origin of races)

6. Bones of the axial and appendicular skleton:

The skeleton is made of bone and cartilage. There are two major divisions to the skeleton: the axial and the appendicular. The axial skeleton has bones that make-up the body's center of gravity and the appendicular skeleton have bones that make-up the appendages. (Human anatomy and physiology)

7. Three types of Joints:

Bones cannot work alone and need support from the joints and the muscles. Muscles pull the joints thereby permitting us to move. Some joints open and close like a hinge like knees and elbows, while others permit for more complex movement - a shoulder or hip joint, for instance, allows for backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movement. Three types of joints are: Fibrous joints do not move. An example would be the dome of the skull. Cartilaginous joints move partially, and an example would be the cartilage in the spine. Synovial joint indicates which are freely movable like the hip, shoulders etc. (Bones, Muscles and Joints)

8. Muscle Tone: