"And there is, above all, that whole sphere of music whose lifeblood is standardization: popular music, jazz, be it hot, sweet, or hybrid" (Adorno, 2004, p. 212). Taking this definition, then within the line of disdainful art we must place Shakespeare, Longfellow, even Hemingway; all of whom used a pattern to their writing, not simply for mass consumption, but as a skeletal structure of being. Within this rubric, then,

Authoritarianism vs. Democratic Leadership: Why People Choose Because politics is a social expression, it is natural for philosophers and political scientists to examine the sociology of a group of people regarding their choices of leaders whom they choose to support. In terms of choosing to support a democratic or non-democratic leader, the Frankfurt School of philosophers (Arendt, Adorno, Fromm, Nevitt et al.) show that society can be manipulated into choosing as

Authors From the Frankfurt and Birmingham Schools The Frankfurt School and the Birmingham School are similar in that both partake in a critique of popular culture. Both have roots in Marxism, as well, though the latter rejected the fundamentals of Marxist thought. In one sense, the Birmingham School grew out of the Frankfurt School and expanded or deepened the critical interpretation of popular culture begun by the Frankfurt School authors.

Frankfurt School is group of German-American theorists, 1920s-30s -- first neo-Marxiann theorists to examine the effects of mass culture/consumerism on working classes: they consist primarily of Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Lowenthal and Erich Fromm Devised theory of "culture industry" -- mass communication, media production -- the industrialization and commercialization of culture under capitalist relations of production: Hollywood, basically The School noted the social and ideological effects of mass media

1809, by Adolf Loos and raised numerous uprisings at that time. In this article Loos comments that the human beings go through all the phases of development from his childhood to his youth. During his childhood a person is immoral and his misconducts should be ignored but if any similar misconduct is done by a mature person then he/she should be punished. He relates this concept with symbolism and

The theory of culture industry, developed by the Frankfurt School (Horkheimer & Adorno, 1944), explains that popular culture is the result of a culture industry in the West that seeks to maintain control over the minds and hearts of the working class in order to prevent social uprising against the ruling elite. In effect, the culture industry is the tool of the ruling classes in that what is produced has