Webster, C. (2005). The New

Webster, C. (2005). The new institutional economics and the evolution of modern urban planning: Insights, issues and lessons. Town Planning Review, 76 (4), 455 -- 502.

Planning, also called: urban, city or regional planning; is a dynamic profession that improves the welfare of people and their communities. as, this is creating more: convenient, equitable, healthy, efficient and attractive places for future generations to live (Bremer, 2008, p. 35). Webster (2005) found that urban planning is continuously facing increasing amount of scrutiny and constantly evolving. As it is re-inventing itself and it seeks to understand how cities develop the boundary between: market forces and government policy (p. 455).

He further emphasized that it is important to determine the role of the market and the government in the allocation of property rights (over limited land-related resources). Moreover, he examined the theoretical insights of urban planning from the New Institutional Economics and he drew insights, based on the modern British town. The issues, on the institutional design problems that are present in urban planning were also addressed, which included the controversy on: whether or not rights should be distributed between the states / and the private property owners.

At which point, the article focused on the practice of urban planning, in stimulating new ways of thinking of the ideas, in assisting those who are the in profession of conceptualizing what they do. While, seeing possibilities for what could be accomplished (Webster, 2005, p. 456)

However, Webster failed to discuss the historical background of: urban planning and its impact on various controversies. The relation of the development of urban planning, to its issues should have been discussed in: a context that causal relationships would be determined. This could have been accomplished, by providing more means of improvement that will help in avoiding certain issues.

This also, includes various disciplines that are associating, all elements that make up a town. Webster could have made improvements in his article, by providing a discussion on the beginnings of urban planning, in order to offer more information about: it and the details.

As a process of improving a city's ability to: make communication, living conditions, transportation and public facilities more efficient. as, urban planning has included: the communities and highways, as a part of its regional focus. In its earliest account, this is a vital element for the strategies of ancient cities like Babylon and Nineveh, where it served as the primary basis for their designs. The Chinese and the Greeks adopted a similar approach in the construction of their main streets. While, the Romans used it to solve their problems on: drainage and water supply.

Bremer, D. (2008). Planning tomorrow's urban world. International Educator, 17, 32 -- 39.

In Bremer's (2008) article, she provided a description of urban planners. These are people who usually work in rural / suburban areas, as well as in large cities around the world, for: nonprofit and nongovernment agencies. This is usually within the private sector for multidisciplinary consulting firms to: interact with national and local governments (p. 35). Bremer provided a detailed explanation of the nature of: urban planning and its development in the United States (which makes the article very detail-oriented).

Urban planning emerged in the United States and New England towns during: the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. Wherein, state legislation made it possible for cities to conceptualize their own planning commissions. In 1916, zoning laws in New York marked the impact of planning in most cities. As these laws were initiated to manage the uses of: every district in the city and the height structures of buildings in accordance to street width.

In modern urban planning, socioeconomic factors like population growth have created a great number of slums. This has given rise to the implementation of urban renewal programs in the 20th and 21st centuries. The renewal programs are intended to eradicate the slums by: demolishing unused buildings and replacing it with new structures. Despite these efforts, the problem in low income areas was not solved and it even increased in number, over the years.

Urban planning aims to enhance the physical facets of: buildings and structures in relation to the socioeconomic factors of life. as, there are number of different aspects that are always considered to include: aesthetic, functional / safety purposes, and it is concerned with centralizing the location of schools / hospitals. This is a part of an effort, to make city leaving easier.

Bremer (2008) further discusses how efficient highway planning is the most important part of urban renewal. As traffic needs are vital in a big city in: considering how the population and growth will affect traffic flows in the future (p. 33-34). In the internationalization of planning programs, the role that modern technology plays is considered to be an asset for planners. As they need technology in order to be: inventive / original in formulating designs and making changes in land use.

Furthermore, Bremer provided accounts of how urban planning came to be: an international profession and practice, with numerous countries having a long history of community planning. The evident shift in focus concerning global issues by: planning educators and professionals has an impact on national development (Bremer, 2008, p. 34), making urban planning a highly collaborative field.

Aside from the history and politics of urban planning, Bremer (2008) managed to discuss its effect on the countries that consider urban planning as: an international profession. As graduate education programs are: included in the curriculum, to enable future planners to work effectively in any part of the world (p. 33).