Biological, psychosocial, and developmental theories of aging

¶ … Aging

Biological, Psychosocial, & Developmental Theories of Aging

Biological, Psychosocial, and Developmental Theories of Aging

Aging is a manifestation of events that occur over a span of time. This is not a uniform process, individuals' age differently, and there are major differences between normal, optimal, and pathological aging. As one ages the balance between gains and losses, such as becoming more intelligent and becoming less healthy, is thought to become less positive.

Biological Theories of Aging

Biological theories of aging classify aging as genetic (heredity) and non-genetic (wear and tear). Most believe that several mechanisms are operating at the same time to cause aging and there is probably not a single cause of death, but many causes. Current thinking includes 1) the vital substance theory -- we are all born with a certain amount of substance and as it is consumed we age and die, 2) the genetic mutation theory -- several types of gene mutations are known to occur, some are good and some are harmful, and 3) the reproduction exhaustion theory -- the idea that there is a burst of reproductive activity then a period of rapid aging followed by death.

Developmental Theories of Aging

Developmental theory endeavors to understand the changes one goes through from their birth to their death. This perspective is continuous and recognizes the various developments that occur during specific age periods and is utilized in studies in many areas of science such as psychology and anthropology. Another attribute of this perspective is that it is contextual; an individual constantly acts and reacts to situations based on past events, biological makeup, physical environment and social and cultural events (Hernandez, 2008).

Three main developmental domains are recognized in this perspective (Boyd and Bee, 2006). The physical domain encompasses the bodily changes an individual experiences including transformations in height, weight, shape as well as puberty. Also included in this domain are an individual's perception of self and the world. The cognitive domain deals with events such as thinking, the process an individual goes through during while making decisions and memory. All cognitive functions are categorized within this domain. The third domain is social. This social domain encompasses the flux associated with relationships between the individual and others. Studies of social skills and research on individual differences in personality fall into this category.

Reflection

None of the theories proposed can claim sufficient evidence to account for the aging effects that are witnessed and experienced in humans. Though we do not know why we age, we do know that longevity has increased and by that the possibility that the aging process has slowed. In all of these perspectives the common theme is change.

Healthcare professionals need to communicate and collaborate across disciplines, as well as use a uniform common language to enhance communication. It is imperative that nurses analyze these theories and place emphasis on the quality of life of older adults. Furthermore society should develop a positive view of older adults and their potential within society. Older adults are unique individuals with valuable life experiences that should be utilized. Society must change or eliminate stereotypes about older adults.