Juvenile delinquency: historical approaches and intervention philosophies

Juvenile Delinquency

THE SHAPE OF THE FUTURE

Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Best Strategies, Interventions

The American Heritage Dictionary (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006) broadly defines juvenile delinquency as antisocial or criminal behavior by children or adolescents.

This has been a major, baffling and frustrating concern of the various sectors of society through the ages. It has become even more serious, baffling and frustrating today. The image of problem youths today has also changed: they have become both victims and offenders and at alarmingly increasing rates. The primary approach has been retributive incarceration, lately from juvenile courts to adult facilities. Studies have shown, though, that their detention leads to further victimization and greater exposure to criminal behavior. Despite praiseworthy strides in overall progress, juvenile delinquency in modern America has remained a big problem.

History of Juvenile Delinquency and Approaches

Reformists and other concerned individuals in the mid-1800s tried to understand the issue of these neglected and erring young people (Onwudiwe, 2004). Some of them believed that children are intrinsically good and do not deserve to be tried, sentenced and punished as criminals. These so-called "child savers" argued that young offenders suffered from some deep-rooted problems, which should, instead, be viewed with compassion and intervened into by society. Most of all, these advocates contended that, unlike adult criminals, young offenders are not completely responsible for their misbehavior or crime (Onwudiwe).

Historical efforts to curb and contain juvenile delinquency have, thus, been mainly rehabilitative in nature. The turbulence, damage and pain, which accompanied or followed juvenile acts and trends in the late 70s, disturbed criminologists and the criminal justice system in a new way (Onwudiwe, 2004). Statistics revealed that there were 72.6 million Americans below 18, or 300,000 more from the previous year. At this current pace, there will be 80.3 young people in the year 2020 (Onwudiwe).

Approaches to this social problem have been derived from theoretical assumptions to explain it. Two primary but opposite perspectives emerged to determine a young offender's culpability and view of his behavior (Onwudiwe, 2004). The classical approach sees all persons as possessing free will and free choice and thus must be responsible for their individual actions. This view puts strong emphasis on deterrence, incapacitation of the offender, and when feasible, his or her retribution. The positivist approach, on the other hand, applies rehabilitation and treatment of the young offender. It views his or her behavior as not of their own volition and, therefore, not his or her responsibility. It explains that responsibility away as due to biological and cultural factors, which largely control his or her actions. Most of the responsibility is placed on the offender's genetic make-up. But recent sociological views blame delinquency on the fast-paced collective transformation of today's society. That fast-paced transformation disables neighborhoods from directing their children properly. Pioneers of the ecological philosophy suggested that cities are natural human environments. If these environments were left alone to decay, gangs and delinquency will form out of weakening social control schemes (Onwudiwe).

About 2/3 of arrested juveniles are turned over to the courts for jurisdiction (Onwudiwe, 2004). But the satisfactory solution to the problem does not come only from the courts or the law enforcement systems. The courts only impose sanctions, which limit the liberty of the offender or sentence him or her to probation or a residential facility. That satisfactory solution can evolve only from a combination of institutions and organizations. These are the family, the community, the school, and essential government institutions. Knowing and understanding the root causes of juvenile delinquency, these groups and institutions can combine forces in addressing the problem (Onwudiwe).

Issues

Experts have made certain observations. Most delinquency cases begin before age 12 (Onwudiwe, 2004). Murders committed by American teenagers are six times higher than those in Canada. And females are murder victims more often than males and by someone known. The trend somewhat changed with the America's Children Report. It said that violent crime by those aged 12 to 17 had gone down by 67% since 1993. The 2000 Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Report said that adolescent accounted only for 12% of all arrests for violent crimes. The arrests were 5% for homicide, 12% for forcible rapes, 12% for aggravated assaults, and 12% for robberies. These figures were the lowest for juveniles since 1988, a trend, which persisted in the 21st century. But tainting the improving situation is the increase in female juvenile crime. Of all juvenile arrests of female juveniles in 2000, 23% were for aggravated assaults and 59% for running away (Onwudiwe).

MTFC Model

Strong evidence exists that associating with delinquent peers puts a young person at risk for delinquency and substance-related activities (Leve & Chamberlain, 2005). The Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care or MTFC is a community-based alternative to incarceration of seriously delinquent boys and girls. Originally funded by the Oregon Youth Authority in 1983, the model was chosen by the U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention as a national blueprint program and as an exemplary program for safe, disciplined, and drug-free school by the U.S. Department of Education. It was endorsed twice in the U.S. Surgeon General's report. Investigative studies on the effectiveness of MTFC showed that boys under the program had lower rates of official and self-reported delinquency within a 12-month follow-up than group care. They also had lower rates of violent offenses within a 24-month follow-up. Studies on girls under the program showed similar results. Girls generally had fewer days in locked-out settings, fewer parent-reported delinquent behaviors, and fewer arrests within a year's follow-up (Leve & Chamberlain).

The MTFC youth had fewer associations with delinquent peers within a year's follow-up than those in group care (Leve & Chamberlain, 2005). The delinquency levels of MTFC youth were significantly reduced. Findings of the two trials showed that peer aggregation increases in deviant peer association in those who are at-risk (Leve & Chamberlain). This condition was controlled at the MTFC.

Early Intervention

Chicago longitudinal study investigated the educational and social development of more than 1,500 low-income young people (Mann & Reynolds 2006). The purpose was to establish the relationship of preschool intervention with the severity of juvenile delinquency by age 18. The intervention included childhood classroom adjustment, special education placement for emotional or behavioral problems and school mobility. Findings revealed the importance of early intervention and other schooling factors in reducing delinquency. They also emphasized the benefits of early intervention as one effective measure in preventing delinquency (Mann & Reynolds).

The study established the connection between a large-scale preschool program and reductions in the incidence, frequency and severity of juvenile crime (Mann & Reynolds, 2006). The connection is between early social functioning and severe behavioral problems. Social functioning measures include the teacher's rating of the young person's classroom adjustment. Social skill problems include difficulty in developing social relationships with either the teacher or peers or an inability to interact well with adults. Adults include police and other authority figures. Children with extreme behavioral problems are likely to become delinquent. Current special education services may not be sufficient to meet their needs. Otherwise, already existing social and learning situations prevent incline them to develop behavior problems. These realities prompt for early social intervention for children with these apparent or persistent behavior problems. Moreover, children who frequently make school transitions are not likely to participate in school activities. They are, therefore, not likely to know school rules or follow them (Mann & Reynolds).

Recreation Programs (Munson 2002)

The best approach to reducing juvenile delinquency is a combination of comprehensive strategies among all the participants - and recreation (Munson, 2002). Social reforms in the mid and late 19th century already thought that recreation could combat this social ill. One of them, Jane Addams, advocated for wholesome activities by public recreation organizations to break the monotony of an intense and unwholesome life. With adequate adult guidance, recreation activities could "promote initiative, build character, discourage delinquency and provide... For training in citizenship (Larson, 1994 as qtd in Munson, 2002). Control theories hold that delinquent acts are likely to be performed when a young person's link with society is weak, broken or threatened. They also argue that delinquency is reduced when the person experiences strong attachment, commitment, involvement or belief. Some theorists also suggest that organized and pleasurable activities can enhance attachment and commitment to conventions and reduce the likelihood of delinquency. These theorists' study showed that the time spent in organized leisure activities, passive entertainment and non-competitive sports was negatively related with delinquency. The conclusion was that attaching or bonding to conventional norms occurs best through participation in such organized activities, passive entertainment and non-competitive sports (Munson).

Predictions on Juvenile Delinquency in the Next 20 Years

The recorded 100,000-child boom already troubling schools will move over to juvenile courts with child welfare and juvenile delinquency cases by 2010 (Thalman 2003). Utah courts have been doing valuable work in containing the wave of cases, but the impending juvenile population blob could neutralize their gains. The reality is that the welfare system is already loaded and overwhelmed as it is. It is already clogged with approximately 20,000 child abuse calls per year. About a third of these must be tried in court. Unsettling statistics disclosed that 30% of all children aged 10 to 18 have interacted with the court (Thalman).

More troubling are substantial cutbacks on drug treatment programs (Thalman, 2003). The situation is devastating, considering that more than 75% of juvenile cases involve parents with substance abuse records, according to the state Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health. These cuts on treatment options and the loss of the Salvation Army's residential treatment center will score huge difficulty in getting parents' help. These parents may not cooperate or stay if they can acquire treatment only for a few months (Thalman).

Current Laws on Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

The House and the Senate agreed to fund a Department of Justice bill, which included the reauthorization of this Act and the authorization of the Juvenile Accountability Block Grant Program (Parks & Recreation, 2002). The Act would authorize five existing federal programs into five existing programs. Recreation is an eligible activity for the grant program. $500 million would be allotted by the bill for the Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant Program to fund juvenile justice court judges and juvenile incarceration facilities. Park and recreation entities could work with the authorities to develop appropriate programs with this bill (Parks & Recreation).

Urban and Rural Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Act of 2002

This Act would provide grants and loans to develop disease prevention as well as health promotion centers in the urban and rural areas throughout the U.S. The disease prevention center would be used mainly as an indoor recreational facility. It would provide services, programs and activities to enhance disease prevention and health promotion. These include recreation services for persons and groups, public and personal information on health and wellness, health screening and other needed services for public and private health professionals and other concerned entities (Parks & Recreation).

Conclusion

Fervent and praiseworthy efforts have been expended to contain increasing rates of juvenile delinquency. The image of 72.6 million Americans under 18 in 2001 alone can be daunting. If this trend continues, there will be 80.3 million young Americans by 2020. There will be more young offenders to handle. More resources and fervent commitments will be needed to catch up. But as yet, this does not appear to be occurring. The problem itself is getting more and more complex for society's structures to cope with. Despite praiseworthy strides in overall progress, juvenile delinquency in modern America has remained a big problem.