The Battle of Shiloh represented a turning point in the Civil War, both for the Union and in the number of dead such battles would produce. The Armies of General's Beauregard and Grant met at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River in order to determine who would control the strategically important railway junction in nearby Corinth. Although the Confederate troops almost beat Grant's army, General Buell and the troops under his command joined Grant during the night and the Union troops forced a retreat the next day. As a result, the Union gained control of the Tennessee Valley west to the Mississippi River.
CIVIL WAR
UNDERSTANDING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
The American Civil War represented the largest loss of life in the West during the 100-year period between the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and World War I in 1914 (McPherson, 2013). The number of Americans who lost their lives in this war is equivalent to the total American lives lost in all other conflicts in this nation's history. Any conflict of that magnitude is bound to reveal the worst and the best traits of its country's citizens.
The two main issues that led to the Civil War was states rights and slavery, with the latter representing the dominant issue by far (Holzer, 2011; Finkelman, 2011). At risk was whether the United States would remain an undivided nation or be broken up into different countries. The issue creating the conflict between states and the national government was the ability to legally engage in human bondage. At the time, the federal government under the recently-elected president Abraham Lincoln wanted to prevent the expansion of slavery into the Western territories, while the slave holding states of the South sought to expand their economic system.
The battle over how a state could treat its own citizens continued after the war was over. Until just a few decades ago, Jim Crow was the law of the land in the former slave-holding states (Norton, 2001). Segregation was everywhere, from water fountains to seating arrangements in restaurants to voting booths. After the Supreme Court ruled public segregation unconstitutional in 1954, the next three presidents used their power to desegregate the South. These actions eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965, respectively, not unlike the Emancipation Proclamation eventually led to passage of the 13th Amendment.
The battle over state rights was also resolved to some extent during the war. As Frank Williams (2011) points out, Lincoln expanded the powers of the executive branch in order to 'suppress the rebellion.' The Emancipation Proclamation was effectively the first executive order issued by the President of the United States in the country's history (Finkelman, 2011). President Obama recently issued an executive order allowing the children of illegal immigrants to remain in this country (Cohen, 2012), thus taking sides in the hotly debated immigration issue. In response, Governor Jan Brewer of Arizona signed her own executive order denying the beneficiaries of Obama's executive order state public benefits, including the issuance of driver's licenses (Weinger, 2012). The battle over a state's ability to govern its own citizens therefore continues to be waged today.
The Civil War under Lincoln's leadership established a strong federal government sufficient to contain the secessionist aspirations of individual states or a confederacy of states. It also imposed the end of slavery on these same states. The 'American character' Foote referred to therefore probably represents the never-ending struggle between majority rule and individual rights, or in the case of the Civil War the struggle between the federal government, state rights, and individual rights.
Hyperbole and Winning the Civil War
Joseph Rich, a member of Company E. Of the 12th Iowa Regiment, was present during the two-day battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in April of 1862 (Rich, 1911). He later assisted Major Reed, the secretary of the Shiloh National Military Park Commission, with his eyewitness accounts of the battle. At the beginning of his book on the battle he expounds at length upon the numerous inaccuracies and hyperbole contained in other accounts of what happened on April 6 and 7, variously favoring one side or the other. During the war, these inaccuracies could be considered propaganda designed to demoralize the enemy, but much of these over-exaggerations, omissions, and outright lies appeared after the war was over. Hyperbole of this kind could be forgiven if it merely represented an attempt to avoid painful truths, but many of these inaccurate accounts were written by academic historians and 'investigative' journalists.
President Lincoln, if he was serious about keeping the Union intact and ending slavery, could hardly engage in hyperbole or inaccuracies. He recognized that the South was a region with a great deal of wealth, which was provided by its international trade in agricultural products (Surdam, 2001). The cotton it produced dominated the world market, in part because the labor costs were so low. The amount of beef being produced in Texas was claimed to be sufficient to feed the world.
Since the world, especially Western European countries, were so dependent on the agricultural products produced by the slave-holding states, Lincoln could not prevent these trading partners from diplomatically recognizing the South (Woldman, 1952). He could, however, establish a naval blockade along the coast to prevent the export of these goods and the arrival of weapons and other goods that could help the confederate war effort (Surdam, 2001). While the South believed that cotton starvation would impel European countries to run the blockade, thus providing them with weapons and other critical industrial products, they underestimated how unfavorably these same countries viewed the practice of human bondage (Woldman, 1952).
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