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Medical Research Funding - Government vs. Private
Most research funding comes from two major sources: corporations and government. Some small amounts of scientific research are carried out by charitable foundations, especially in relation to developing cures for chronic diseases.
Government funding for medical research amounts to approximately 36% in the U.S. The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities. Similarly, with some exceptions government provides the bulk of the funds for basic scientific research. In commercial research and development, all but the most research-oriented corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialization possibilities rather than ideas or technologies.
Government-funded research can either be carried out by the government itself, or through grants to academic and other researchers otside the government. Critics of basic research are concerned that research funding for the sake of knowledge itself does not contribute to a great return. However, scientific innovations often foreshadow or inspire further ideas unintentionally. For example, NASA's quest to put a man on the moon inspired them to develop better sound recording and reading technologies. NASA's research was furthered by the music industry, who used...
Audio cassettes, being smaller and able to store more music, quickly dominated the music industry and increased the availability of music.
An additional advantage to government sponsored research is that the results are publicly shared, whereas with privately funded research the ideas are controlled by a single group. Consequently, government sponsored research can result in mass collaborative projects that are beyond the scope of isolated private researchers.
Funding of research by private companies is mainly motivated by profit, and is much less likely than governments to fund research projects solely for the sake of knowledge. The profit incentive causes researchers to concentrate their energies on projects which are perceived as likely to generate profits.
An often-quoted case study is the first sequencing of the human genome, which was carried out in two competing projects, the United States government-managed Human Genome Project (HGP) and the private venture capital funded Celera Genomics. Celera Genomics used a newer, albeit riskier technique, which some HGP researchers claimed would not work, although that project eventually adopted some of the same methods. However, it has been argued by some genomics researchers that a simple efficiency comparison for such programs is not…
The various members of HHMI that are filling key staff positions include: Robert Tjian (President), Craig Alexander (Vice President / General Council), and Sean Carroll (Vice President for Science Education). Robert Tjian has formal training as a biochemist and has been the President of HHMI since 2009. He received a Bachelor Degree from Berkeley and a PHD from Harvard University. The greatest contribution that Tjian has made to medical research is through his groundbreaking work, regarding how genes are turned on and off. Craig Alexander has acted as legal counsel for HHMI since 1994 and has been the Vice President since 2006. He has a Law Degree from the Georgetown University Law Center. Sean Carroll is in charge of Science Education for HHMI. He has been working as an HHMI investigator at the University of Wisconsin Madison, where he is a world famous biologist.
Partnerships and cooperating agencies include: 18 Nobel Prize winners, the National Academy of Sciences, and 335 HHMI investigators around the world. The various board members include: James Baker, Garnett Keith, Fred Lummis and Paul Nurse. All of the different individuals made annual contributions to the foundation.
HHMI Personnel Budget
This large amount of program funding must necessarily be further broken down, of course, into the various programs and program needs that the Children's Defense Fund engages in. Food costs are highly volatile, meaning that accurate projections for the nutritional programs that the Children's Defense Funds are quite difficult to achieve; due to this volatility, approximately three million dollars of the above-mentioned seven-and-a-half should be devoted to purchasing food to
Rank VI personnel: senior technician; supervisory staff, chief technician, assistant to specialists, 1 senior secretary, graduate trainee. Rank VII personnel Senior clerical staff technician senior clerk, senior switchboard, security supervisor. A junior trainee mgrs. Keeping only Sr. switchboard, Jr. trainee mgrs Skilled grade: craftspersons salaries clerk computer operator security men. Keeping 1 craftsperson, salaries clerk, and 3 security guards Semi-Skilled Grade: general driver general clerk typist/receptionists. Entertainment and publicity budget Limited events with volunteer help, donated food, drink and entertainment Total Employees Before = 55) After cuts) 34 Total
Therefore, we have selected two individuals each from the accounts receivable, accounting, customer service, human resources and production departments and given them the duty of communicating the priorities regularly dictated by the Sustainability Team. Project Staffers would be selected for their inherent leadership skills and their relative social prowess within the context of the company. This returns us to the earlier-noted consideration that such changes will often come about
Security Plan Target Environment Amron International Inc. Amron International Inc. is a division of Amtec and manufactures ammunition for the U.S. military. Amron is located in Antigo, Wisconsin. Amron also manufacturer's mechanical subsystems including fuses for rockets and other military ammunitions as well as producing TNT, a highly explosive substance used in bombs. Floor Plan Target Environment The target environment in this security plan is the manufacturing operation located in Antigo, Wisconsin, a
Federated funding is a financing option used by non-profits whose mission and vision are more clearly defined and easier to implement. An example of a federated fund is the March of Dimes charity. The benefits of using a federated fund include the ease of making and accepting employee contributions via the inclusion of payroll deductions. Charitable dollars can also be aggregated to more than one group or to target more
Human Resource Planning for Automobile Showroom will assist in information gathering, setting objectives and making decisions that will enable the management achieve the desired goals. Human Resource planning process includes; strategic analysis, forecasting, job Analysis, recruitment and selection. This paper will outline the importance of Human Resource Planning process as well as assessing relevant information in relation to the Automobile showroom. Strategic Analysis The work environment needs to be conducive for business