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Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
Genetic testing is defined as a diagnostic process that is carried out on individuals suspected to be at high risks of some inherited genetic disease as evidenced in family history. This procedure is not carried out because the individual belongs to a high risk population and involves comprehensive analysis of gene products, chromosomes, and DNA. Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a diagnostic process that is utilized to predict the likelihood of a baby to have certain genetic disorder ("Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing," 2008).
Prenatal genetic diagnosis has become a common and important practice in attempts to predict and deal with certain genetic diseases in children. Since its one of the common practices during prenatal care, the techniques utilized in prenatal genetic diagnosis have challenged the traditional conception of justice (Denier, 2010, p.102). This is possible because PGD does not consider natural inequalities among individuals to be morally arbitrary. PDG challenges the widespread notion that justice is centered on agency with directing ability, with things under human control and with occurrences from individual or societal actions. In essence, PDG challenges traditional conception of justice on the premise that natural no longer needs to be something beyond human control.
Techniques...
This occurs in cases where prospective parents are faced with whether or not to terminate a pregnancy of a disabled child. If the parents choose not to terminate the pregnancy but develop capacity to care for the handicapped child, PDG techniques therefore change to brute luck situation of giving birth to a disabled child into an option luck situation that entails choice.
DTC Genetic Testing
Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Genetic Testing is a diagnostic procedure that has generated considerable attention in the recent past. This procedure has become a major issue among scientists, policymakers, professional groups, and the media. The demand for DTC genetic testing is seemingly fueled by increased public interest in personal genetic risk information though the reasons for public demand for these services is largely unclear. However, DTC genetic testing is testing that is provided to consumers through the Internet, television, and other marketing channels (Su, 2013, p.359). This testing is utilized for various purposes including identity-seeking, searching for better lifestyle, curiosity-oriented testing, and disease risk-testing. DTC…
References
Denier, Y. (2010, February 24). From Brute Luck to Option Luck? On Genetics, Justice, and Moral Responsibility in Reproduction. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 35, 101-129.
"Ethical Issues in Genetic Testing." (2008, June). The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Retrieved March 30, 2016, from http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Ethics/Ethical-Issues-in-Genetic-Testing
Skirton, H. (2015, April 29). Direct to Consumer Testing in Reproductive Contexts -- Should Health Professionals be Concerned? Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 11(4). Retrieved from http://lsspjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40504-014-0018-3
Su, P. (2013, September). Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Comprehensive Review. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86(3), 359-365. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767220/
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