Postmodernism Post Modernism and Individualism and Responsibility

Postmodernism

Post Modernism and Individualism and Responsibility

Introduction and Postmodern Definition

Understanding the postmodern paradigm is a little like looking in to a bowl of spaghetti, and without using any utensils, trying to determine how many individual pieces of spaghetti are present, and what is their average length. The postmodern thought process which now dominates our culture is inter-twining, complex philosophy which is the combination of failed modern thought, along with the new demands of individuals who seek to find personal meaning in an increasingly high speed, individualized, yet meaningless and impersonal digital world.

The term postmodernism has its original understanding in architecture, and art. The postmodern artist grew tired of the traditional means which were accepted as means to produce and express art. The artist evolved to the view that all values and boundaries are baseless, that nothing is knowable or can be communicated beyond the experience of life itself. Extreme postmodern artists accepted the premise that life itself was meaningless.

Postmodernism artists did not reject Modernism, but sought to revise its premises and traditional concepts. Postmodernism attempted to erase all boundaries, to undermine traditional legitimacy, and to dislodge the logic of the modernist, 'establishment' state. In it's disassociation from the traditional, postmodernism claimed to offer a new unity of ethical, and aesthetic intuitions. As a theory, it did not reject science as such, but only decided that scientific approach, in which only the data of the modern natural sciences are allowed to contribute to the construction of our worldview, were inadequate to the understanding and experience of life. Artists who grew tired of the classical ways of painting, and constructing paintings choose to take elements of one period, and interject them into a work which was drawn in the style of another period. The strikingly unique combination of elements defied description of the modern critics, so the term postmodern was created to describe the intents of the artists.

In the same way, postmodern sociology, and postmodern culture has arisen from the after effects of modern thought. In the same way values clarification and situational ethics were watch words of the 1980's, postmodernism has become the self identification moniker of the 21st century. The postmodern ideologue has, in many ways, rewritten the paradigm of personal selfhood. The individual is now defined in terms which are important to the individual, rather than in terms of his relationship to the surrounding culture. As a result the concept of the individual is changing, as are the premises of personal responsibility within the social order.

As this world view has ascends to center stage, postmodern thought has affected the overall national conscious, and become a new means by which to critique and understand ourselves, and others. We no longer view ourselves from the paradigm of our previous generations, or that our identity has been formed by the experiences of previous generations. Postmodernism has attempted to cut the ties between social influences and the forces which shape the identify of self, which anthropologist and sociologists have painstakingly built over the past decades.

Postmodern sociology, and the resulting Contradictions

Previous generations have sought to bring order and organization to the understanding of self, individualism and personal identify. The postmodernist revels in disorder, and a lack of consistent structure. The postmodern thought system has tired of looking for consistency and meaning in everyday life. Through disappointments with society, and with self, postmodern critical thinkers look to self for guidelines for life. No longer is the goal of a unified culture held as a workable, or even desirable goal. Because too many people groups have varied desires and experiences of that same culture, the idea of a homogeneous self-identify within the larger social order has been disguarded. The upper middle class business person can never have the same experiences of life as the inner city child growing up on welfare. The disjointed, self indulgent teen can never understand the paradigm of older generations who fought and won wars in order to secure the freedom the teen enjoys. So culture, in its ever-flowing conscious trek toward meaning and purpose has thrown off those elements which create disjunction just as the postmodern are was a potpourri collection of disjointed elements. As a result, Postmodern thought looks to find meaning by celebrating the lack of the same.

According to Schneekloth, (1998) "The trend to engage in critical work without proposition for what may become is a characteristic of postmodern criticism. The power of this standpoint is that it has profoundly uncovered the modernist utopian fantasy. The impotence of the postmodern perspective is related to its unwillingness to offer any other standpoint from which to create culture. Rushing and Frentz echo the critical evaluation of postmodern thought "If postmodernism offers no way out of our current condition, we must now ask why. Why is postmodernism unable to get beyond the fragmentation it critiques so compellingly?" (Rushing and Frentz, 1995: 23). Rushing and Frentz suggest that the answer is that postmodern writers endorse many of the foundational beliefs of modernism and therefore, cannot "see through" to an alternative vision.

As a dominant cultural understanding, postmodernism is also a reaction to modernity, (and hence derives its name from the same). The modern era, ushered into the American dream through the scientific process and critical thinking constructs of the 60's and 70's, carried the promise of a better life through scientific progress.

By breaking down problems into their basic components, and engineering those individual pieces, culture, the economy, and business could be improved. The advances in business through this practice brought success and economic expansion. Because of the economic progress, culture was also able to expand and grow. We traveled, dined out, and created an entire entertainment industry through the economic expansion, and increased disposable income. While the social times were good, what happened to the person? Did the engineered expansion in business, economy and culture change the person, and usher in the utopia which was anticipated? During the 80's, the latent cynical rebelliousness from the 60's reappeared. The economy was roaring, and money was thick for some people, but what about those in the city who could not enjoy the baby boomer lifestyle? They were no less important and their experience of American culture no less valid just because they did not have their hands in the economic prosperity, and as such their experiences also contributed to shaping postmodern America.

So the utopia which was expected through the hands of modern thought and modern methods did not only become a reality for the masses. In response, the majority of society, refusing to be overlooked in a media driven age, made their voices heard. Clothing styles, music, attitudes and images that were previously part of a fringe of disenfranchised citizens forced their way into the main stream Rebellious and angry messages that were previously limited to grassy fields such as Woodstock, NY were carried across the country on modern music stations. The counter-cultural music of the 60s became the counter-cultural culture in the 90's. With disenfranchisement, the promised of modernity were called into question, and replaced with a more cynical, and chaotic way of understanding life. This is the heart of what has been termed post-modern thought. In the same way that postmodern artists grew tired of snobbish evaluations of their paintings by outdated standards, postmodern thought has risen as a reaction to the outdated modernism which promised utopia through universalism and micro-engineering of social order.

Postmodernism, as a reaction against failed modern thought, without a clear goal for future direction, is a complicated term, or set of ideas. Having emerged as an area of academic study since the mid-1980s, postmodernism is hard to define because it is a concept that appears in all areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology and life in general. It's hard to locate a temporal initiation because it's not clear exactly when postmodernism begins. Perhaps the easiest way to understand postmodernism is by thinking about modernism, the movement from which postmodernism emerged. Modernism has the following facets which are relevant to understanding postmodernism. From a literary perspective, the main characteristics of modernism included:

1. An emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity (in writing, and visual arts); an emphasis on HOW seeing (or reading or perception itself) takes place, rather than on WHAT is perceived.

2. A movement away from the objectivity provided by omniscient third-person narrators, or fixed narrative points-of-view, and clear-cut moral positions.

3. A blurring of distinctions between genres, so that poetry seems more documentary recounting of experiences, rather than personal interpretations from specific poets.

4. An emphasis on fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, and random collages of different materials.

5. A rejection of the distinction between "high" and "low" in popular culture, both in choice of materials used to produce art and in methods of displaying, distributing, and consuming art.

Postmodernism, like modernism, follows most of these same ideas, rejecting boundaries between high and low forms of art, rejecting rigid genre distinctions of individual classes of people, and instead emphasizing parody, irony, and playfulness. Postmodern thought favors reflexivity, individual responses, and self-consciousness, fragmentation and discontinuity ambiguity, simultaneity, and an emphasis on the destructured, decentered, dehumanized subjects.

Modernism tended to present a fragmented view of human subjectivity and history, but presented that fragmentation as something tragic, something to be lamented and mourned as a loss. Many modernist works tried to uphold the idea that works of art can provide the unity, coherence, and meaning which have been lost in most of modern life. The postmodernism, in contrast, doesn't lament the idea of fragmentation, provisionally, or incoherence, but rather celebrates the same. The world is meaningless to the postmodernist, therefore we need not pretend that our lives can make meaning then, let's just play with nonsense.

The postmodern ideas of individualism also grow from the same root. The individual is the highest determinant of right and wrong, and of what is good for the person. The postmodern person often does not consider his actions in light of the larger social order, but rather celebrate how his experience of his actions contribute to the overall social experience of individualism. Power, as will be discussed later, that ascends from any locus of control other than the individual is perceived as corruptive, coercive, and destructive. Therefore power centers, whether they are institutional, cultural, or social, should be devolved to the individual.

The Self as Social Construction in the Postmodern world

The previous foundational understanding of postmodernism and the roots of postmodern thought is necessary in order to understand the direction which postmodern thought is heading. By understanding the past and the implied direction we can then discuss the force of postmodernism on the individual, and in the idea of personal responsibility. Unfortunately, postmodern thought is much like the farmer who plows which fields while looking in the over his shoulder.

Postmodern thought that began as a reaction against the modernism, has little proprietary directional motivation which it can call its own. Modern thought was the belief that with new tools, social order could be built, improved, and better understood. Postmodern thought is still anchored to modernism in some ways because postmodernism is a reactionary response to the perceived failure of modernism. Postmodernism has taken down the previous buildings constructed by modernists, but are left arguing over how to rebuild the social order that was no longer self serving. As argued by Gergen:

For many constructionists the hope has been to build from the existing rubble in new and more promising directions. The postmodern arguments axe indeed significant, but serve not as an end but a beginning. (Gergen,1999, p. 30)

In terms of the self, postmodernism has rejected previous answers, but has proposed few workable new understandings of personal identity that is based on a set of unchanging principles. Rather postmodern understanding of the individual is that the self, and the individual is ever changing, ever evolving, and constantly determining its own reference points.

One proposed frameworks with which to understand the self, and the construction of self-identity is that the self is both a social product and a social force (Rosenberg 1981). In the first instance, the self is examined as a bounded, structured object that is created by the forces of society with which it interacts. In the second part of this understanding, the self is understood as a fluid identify, which is ever changing and is a creative response to the fluid currents of changing social order. This distinction captures the core principle of a socially constructed self, namely that the self is a combined accomplishment which is neither completely determined by the social world nor created as a predetermined identity at birth. Following this understanding, most research in this tradition has focused on self-understandings, self-meanings, and self-concepts as the social products of interest.

This framework is central to, and has supported the postmodern thought. Through postmodernism, the emphasis has been on the social production of the personal self rather than the self as a reference to unchanging social priorities. As the social influences on the person change, the person also changes. Yet one cultural identify is no less of more valuable than the other. The social construction of selfhood is about the meanings and understandings associated with the public self, the self that is visible and known to others. Drawing on the work of Durkheim, who also postulated a framework for understanding the collectively created conceptions of the public self and the means by which these conceptions are produced, Callero notes, "the public person is not made in the image of a unique self; rather, an interpretive picture of a unique self is made in the image of the public person" (Callero, 2003).

This suggests that a full understanding of self-meanings, self-images, and self-concepts requires a broad understanding of the context from which the individual arises. The postmodernist wants to believe that the individual is a product of personal experiences. The individual experiences and priorities of the individual compose, and affect the creation of the individual. However, research has supported that the individual is a product of forces that extend beyond the immediate environment of the cultural situation, and that the individual is also affectively composed by the historical and cultural settings which also bound the society.

Postmodern Individualism as Products of Self-Construction

In the fourth edition of the two-volume Handbook of Social Psychology (Gilbert et al. 1998) there is, for the first time, a separate category devoted exclusively to the self. This chapter covers 60 pages and containing over 300 references. The explosion of interest in the self which has been evident in the humanities and social sciences is now also occurring via postmodern influence on psychology. For example, Baumeister's (1998) review of the field contains discussions of self-enhancement, self-deception, self-monitoring, self-efficacy, self-regulation, self-handicapping, self-presentation, self-guides, self-verification, self-knowledge, self-control, and self-image. (Callero, 2003) As these products of the self-construction process have come to be employed as predictors of behavior, there is a tendency to focus on stability, unity, and conformity, as was an assumed product of modern thought, and de-emphasize the sociological principles of social construction which is predominantly a postmodern understanding.

The self that is socially constructed may congeal around a relatively stable set of cultural meanings, but these meanings can never be permanent or unchanging. Similarly, the self that is socially constructed may appear centered, unified, and singular, but according to postmodern leanings, this symbolic structure will be as multidimensional and diverse as the social relationships that surround it. Finally, the self that is socially constructed is never a bounded quality of the individual or a simple expression of psychological characteristics. According to postmodern theory, the individual is a fundamentally social phenomenon, where concepts, images, and understandings are deeply determined by relations of power.

Power and the postmodern self

The individual is not the vis-a-vis of power; it is, I believe, one of its prime effects. (Foucault 1994, p. 214)

For well over two decades, an expanding chorus of postmodern critics has proclaimed the death of self as a unique and permanent perception of the individual. Postmodern theorist seem to be as intent of declaring the death of a self-identity that is permanently moored to a set of unchanging social, religious, or cultural principles as the existentialists were determined to declare the death of God. The idea that individuals are in possession of a core, rational, unitary self, endowed with an essential nature and an independent consciousness, is considered simply a political artifact left over from the European Age of Enlightenment. The postmodern self is considered to be the direct consequence of power and individual's experience of the same. Therefore the individual can only be apprehended in terms of historically specific systems of discourse. In the postmodern paradigm, rationality, reason, and scientific knowledge, which were the cornerstones of modern thought, and the singular approaches which modern theorists approached the world, are rejected as progressive sources of emancipation. Instead, these values and systems of thought which arose during the Enlightenment are understood to be the foundation of disruptive control over our lives because they now have their roots in the established power structure of social order. In order for the postmodern self to find it's identity, the person must be free from social expectations, and constructs of control to determine it's own course, and choose it's own experiences. Without this freedom, the postmodern idea of the individual dies, because the individual is no longer free to determine his or her own direction, and choose his or her own set of experiences.