Comparing the Dick & Carey Method and Jerrold Kemp Model

¶ … educational technologies and online learning, instructional design methods are being revised, thus evolving into new models. Two particular methods are the Dick & Carey Method and the Jerrold Kemp Model. This paper will explain these two methods and compare and contrast them.

The Dick & Carey Method

The Dick & Carey Method of Instructional Design uses a systems approach for designing instruction. One of the best known models, its approach to designing instruction is similar that of software engineering. The design model describes all the phases of an iterative process that starts by identifying instructional goals and ends with summative evaluation. This model prescribes a methodology for designing instruction based on a reductionist model of breaking instruction down into smaller components. Instruction is specifically targeted on the skills and knowledge to be taught and supplies the appropriate conditions for the learning of the outcomes.

There are ten complete elements that make up the Dick & Carey Model. The first element is to determine the instructional goals. What should the learners be able to do when they have completed the instruction? The second element is to analyze the instructional goals. This is a step-by-step determination of what people are doing when they perform the goal and what entry behaviors are needed. The third element of this model is to analyze the learners and the contexts. This is a description of the context in which the skills will be learned and the context in which the skills will be used. The fourth element is writing the performance objectives. This element describes the specific

ISD Comparison 2 behavior skills to be learned, the conditions under which they must be performed and the criteria for successful performance. The objectives must be something that can be physically evaluated. The fifth element of the Dick & Carey Model is the development of assessment instruments. The assessment instruments will be based on the lesson objectives. The sixth element is the development of the instructional strategy. In this element, various strategies are identified to achieve the terminal objective; there is an emphasis on presentation of information, on practice, and feedback, and on testing. The seventh element of this model is the development and selection of instruction. This element uses the stated strategy to produce instructional materials. The eighth element is to design and conduct formative evaluations. This is the actual testing of the instructional materials in one-to-one, small groups, or field evaluation so that the materials can be evaluated with learners and then revised prior to distribution. During the eighth element, any and all necessary changes will be made to the materials. This is the most important element of this model because it will determine if there are any parts of the design that are not correct. The ninth element is the revision of the instructional data obtained from the formative evaluation. All areas of difficulty and deficiencies are addressed. Finally, in the tenth element is the summative evaluation. The summative evaluation is an independent evaluation used to judge the worth of the instruction.

In general, the Dick & Carey Model stresses the importance of the student's past experiences. It explores the individual needs and interests of all students and promotes active participation. It stimulates higher order thinking skills and encourages life-long learning.

ISD Comparison 3

The Dick & Carey Model of Instructional Design can also be applied to distance education. However, there are a few changes that must be modified within the model so that the instruction fits the needs of the distance learner. The instructional design must be done well in advance. It will take time to devise a plan for the distance learner. The traditional content will need to be re-tooled and more visual presentations will have to be included in the plan. These visual presentations will need to illustrate key concepts or topics using tables, figures, and other visuals. The plan will need to be designed in a way that engages the learner and it should be very interactive. The distance learning student is very different from the traditional classroom student and the instructional designer must know the difference between these two types of learners and address the different needs within the design model. The educational backgrounds and levels of the distance learner varies and the delivery method of the educational materials for a distance learner will be very different that the delivery method for a traditional learner. Therefore, the Dick & Carey model can be used with distance learning with some modifications to better meet and exceed the needs of the distance learner.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Dick & Carey Model of Instructional Design and the Jerrold Kemp Model of Instructional design are both excellent models for developing both traditional and distance learning materials. However, the differences among the types of ISD Comparison 6 learners must be clearly identified and defined in order for either of these models to be successful. With technology changing the face of education, instructional design models will also need to change in order to best educate and meet the needs of the different types of learners.