Family History and Hypertension

¶ … Yu et al., 2014

Non-targeted research, quantitative

996 males

Kruskal-Wallis H Test

Obstructive sleep apnea correlated with males (but not females) with hypertension

None stated

Scheers-Anderson et al., 2015

Secondary Research/Literature Review

Review of governmental data

9,816 males (4,908 sets of brothers)

Generalized estimation equations and adjusted regression models

No discernible link between gestational weight gain and blood pressure issues, including hypertension

Military draft only applies to men, exams of men decreased in rate over 2000's

Lakshman, Manikath, Rahim & Anilakumari, 2014

Quantitative and Cross-Sectional

Data collected from bus drivers (exercise, tobacco use, etc.)

179 bus drivers aged 21 to 60 years old

Statistical analysis (binary logistic regression

Blood pressure tends to increase with age

They did not measure abdominal circumference

Chang et al., 2013

Age-matched case-control study design

Recruited healthy males without hypertension present from local clinic

80 males -- 40 with hypertension and 40 without

Measure of cytokines in body (to compare those with and w/o hypertension)

People with hypertension had higher BMI, higher cholesterol, etc.

Study was not prospective and small scale (per authors)

Padma et al., 2013

Quantitative

Statistical analysis of medical data

SPSS

High correlation with family history and obesity for hypertensive patients

None stated

Summary of Literature

There are several diseases and disorders that are fairly to very prevalent in the United States and these illnesses lead to higher healthcare costs, poorer quality of life and a pervasive pattern of having to manage and deal with the effects of the disorder or disease in question. Among those disorders are diabetes, high cholesterol and hypertension. The last of those three has been and will continue to be the focus of the author of this brief summary in this report. Just as with the PICOT question done before, the sources consulted in this report pertain in whole or in part to the prevalence and incidence of high blood pressure in males. While there are always exceptions and outliers, it is clear that both the interventions and correlations (if not causalities) related to hypertension are quite easy to see and are proven in study after study.

Analysis

A total of five studies were consulted for the table that is listed above and those same sources are cited in APA format at the end of this document. All five of the sources related to the antecedents, comorbidities and confluences that commonly exist with hypertension and the interventions and patterns that are seen in preventing or at least limiting the same. One example would be BMI, which is short for body mass index. It is an imperfect measure in that people that are of abnormal body type or that are overly muscular as compared to the rest of the people in the same group will show BMI numbers that appear to be unhealthy but such a moniker does not really apply to the person in question. However, such people are typically outliers and thus the BMI scale is usually at least a rough guide that can be used when actual body fat measurements are not available or practical to get. With that being said, one of the themes and outcomes that was present in more than one of the studies covered for this brief literature review revealed that, for the most part, people with no presence of hypertension were more likely to have BMI scores that were in the proper range and that people with hypertension, treated or not, tended to be higher on the BMI scale. The same was true when it came to cholesterol scores. Once again, people with lower or no hypertension issues tended to have lower cholesterol than people with hypertension issues. If one were to look at other body metrics and levels such as blood sugar, bilirubin and so forth, the patter would likely hold in many, but not all, cases and patients.