Family Systems and Divorce Therapeutic Approaches

VL Addition

VL\'s behavior can be considered in the light of the DSM-5 criteria by contrasting the symptoms of ADHD and ASD versus those of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD). VL displays challenges in social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors, which align with ASD criteria of the DSM-5. His difficulties with focus, impulsivity, and hyperactivity suggest ADHD. These symptoms are rooted in neurodevelopmental factors rather than the deliberate, antagonistic defiance or violation of others\' rights seen in ODD and CD. ODD is characterized by angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior towards authority figures, which is not specifically mentioned in VL\'s behaviors (Burke & Romano-Verthelyi, 2018). Similarly, CD involves a pattern of behavior that violates societal norms and the rights of others, including aggression and deceitfulness, which does not align with VL\'s presented challenges (Frick & Matlasz, 2018). VL\'s behaviors reflect difficulties in social adaptation and self-regulation rather than oppositional or antisocial tendencies, distinguishing his diagnosis from ODD and CD.

Within the family dynamics of VL, the application of Minuchin\'s theory helps to show the patterns of enmeshment and triangulation (Dallos & Vetere, 2012). Enmeshment in VL\'s family is evident as boundaries between individual family members appear blurred, leading to an over-concern for each other\'s affairs and a lack of personal autonomy. This dynamic can inhibit VL\'s ability to develop independent coping mechanisms and exacerbate his stress, possibly contributing to his ASD and ADHD manifestations. Triangulation, another concept from Minuchin\'s theory, is observed in the way VL\'s parents may involve him in their disputes or use him as a mediator, further complicating the family’s emotional landscape. These patterns of enmeshment and triangulation can lead to a family environment where VL\'s needs might be overlooked or misunderstood.