Paper Example Doctorate 4,946 words

Gang Growth and Membership, Characteritics

Last reviewed: February 4, 2013 ~25 min read

Abstract

Gangs have become a major concern to the policy makers, parents and the communities in the United States. The major factor leading to the growth of gangs is the growth of illicit drug trade in the United States. This research explores the gang's growth and the classifications of gangs in the United States. The paper also discusses various programs that have been implemented to address the gang's activities. Evaluation of these programs reveals that they have not gone so far in reducing the gang activities. The paper suggests that the government should wage a strong war on drug trafficking as well as implementing policies to generate employment opportunities for the youths.

GANG GROWTH and MEMBERSHIP, CHARACTERITICS of GANG MEMBERS & GANG

Gang Growth and Membership, Characteristics of Gang Members, Gang Programs

Current Status, Historical Growth, and Projected Trends of Gangs

Current Research on Gang Formation and its Implications

Identification and Classification of Types of Gangs and their Influence

Street Gangs

Prison Gangs

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs

Juvenile Gangs

Hispanic Gangs

Asian gangs

Internationally Gangs

Assessment of Programs Policies to Respond to Gang Activities

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References

27 sources cited in this paper

Esbensen, F., and Osgood, D.W. (1999). Gang Resistance Education and Training
(G.R.E.A.T.): Results from the national evaluation. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency 36(2):194–225.
Esbensen, F. A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Youth Gang Series.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Esbensen, F. Peterson, D. Taylor, T.J et al.(2011). Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program. Journal of School Violence, 10:53–70.
Egley, A., Jr., Howell, J.C., and Major, A. K. (2006). National Youth Gang Survey: 1999-
2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention.
Egley, A. Maxson, C.L. Miller, J. et al (2006).The Modern Gang Reader (Third Edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2012). 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends. National Gang Intelligence Center.
Gatti, U. Tremblay, R.E. Vitaro, F. et al (2005). Youth gangs, delinquency and drug use: A test of selection, facilitation, and enhancement hypotheses. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry .46:1178–1190.
Howell, J.C. & Decker, S.H (1999). The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive
Framework, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Howell, J.C.(2010). Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice.
Howell, J.C. (2012).Gangs in America's Communities. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Humphrey, K.R., & Baker, P.R. (1994). The GREAT Program: Gang Resistance Education and Training. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin :1–4.
International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. (2003).Gangs. International Encyclopedia. USA.
Klein, M. W. (2002). Street Gangs: A Cross-National Perspective. In C. R. Huff (Ed.),
Gangs in America III (pp. 237-254), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
National Centers for Educational Statistics (2011). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011 Indicator 8: Students' Reports of Gangs at School. US Department of Education.
Ruddell, R. & Gottschall, S.(2011). Are All Gangs Equal Security Risks? An Investigation
of Gang Types and Prison Misconduct. Am J Crim Just. 36:265–279.
Sheley, J.F. Zhang, J. Brody, C.J. et al (1995). Gang organization, gang criminal activity, and individual gang members' criminal behavior. Social Science Quarterly. 76(1): 53.
US Department of Justice (2011). “Highlights of the 2009 National Youth Gang survey;” office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; National Gang Center.

Esbensen, F., and Osgood, D.W. (1999). Gang Resistance Education and Training
(G.R.E.A.T.): Results from the national evaluation. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency 36(2):194–225.
Esbensen, F. A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Youth Gang Series.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Esbensen, F. Peterson, D. Taylor, T.J et al.(2011). Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program. Journal of School Violence, 10:53–70.
Egley, A., Jr., Howell, J.C., and Major, A. K. (2006). National Youth Gang Survey: 1999-
2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention.
Egley, A. Maxson, C.L. Miller, J. et al (2006).The Modern Gang Reader (Third Edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2012). 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends. National Gang Intelligence Center.
Gatti, U. Tremblay, R.E. Vitaro, F. et al (2005). Youth gangs, delinquency and drug use: A test of selection, facilitation, and enhancement hypotheses. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry .46:1178–1190.
Howell, J.C. & Decker, S.H (1999). The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive
Framework, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Howell, J.C.(2010). Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice.
Howell, J.C. (2012).Gangs in America's Communities. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Humphrey, K.R., & Baker, P.R. (1994). The GREAT Program: Gang Resistance Education and Training. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin :1–4.
International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. (2003).Gangs. International Encyclopedia. USA.
Klein, M. W. (2002). Street Gangs: A Cross-National Perspective. In C. R. Huff (Ed.),
Gangs in America III (pp. 237-254), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
National Centers for Educational Statistics (2011). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011 Indicator 8: Students' Reports of Gangs at School. US Department of Education.
Ruddell, R. & Gottschall, S.(2011). Are All Gangs Equal Security Risks? An Investigation
of Gang Types and Prison Misconduct. Am J Crim Just. 36:265–279.
Sheley, J.F. Zhang, J. Brody, C.J. et al (1995). Gang organization, gang criminal activity, and individual gang members' criminal behavior. Social Science Quarterly. 76(1): 53.
US Department of Justice (2011). “Highlights of the 2009 National Youth Gang survey;” office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; National Gang Center.

Esbensen, F., and Osgood, D.W. (1999). Gang Resistance Education and Training
(G.R.E.A.T.): Results from the national evaluation. Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency 36(2):194–225.
Esbensen, F. A. (2000). Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. Youth Gang Series.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Esbensen, F. Peterson, D. Taylor, T.J et al.(2011). Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program. Journal of School Violence, 10:53–70.
Egley, A., Jr., Howell, J.C., and Major, A. K. (2006). National Youth Gang Survey: 1999-
2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention.
Egley, A. Maxson, C.L. Miller, J. et al (2006).The Modern Gang Reader (Third Edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2012). 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends. National Gang Intelligence Center.
Gatti, U. Tremblay, R.E. Vitaro, F. et al (2005). Youth gangs, delinquency and drug use: A test of selection, facilitation, and enhancement hypotheses. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry .46:1178–1190.
Howell, J.C. & Decker, S.H (1999). The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive
Framework, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Howell, J.C.(2010). Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice.
Howell, J.C. (2012).Gangs in America's Communities. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Humphrey, K.R., & Baker, P.R. (1994). The GREAT Program: Gang Resistance Education and Training. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin :1–4.
International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. (2003).Gangs. International Encyclopedia. USA.
Klein, M. W. (2002). Street Gangs: A Cross-National Perspective. In C. R. Huff (Ed.),
Gangs in America III (pp. 237-254), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
National Centers for Educational Statistics (2011). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011 Indicator 8: Students' Reports of Gangs at School. US Department of Education.
Ruddell, R. & Gottschall, S.(2011). Are All Gangs Equal Security Risks? An Investigation
of Gang Types and Prison Misconduct. Am J Crim Just. 36:265–279.
Sheley, J.F. Zhang, J. Brody, C.J. et al (1995). Gang organization, gang criminal activity, and individual gang members' criminal behavior. Social Science Quarterly. 76(1): 53.
US Department of Justice (2011). “Highlights of the 2009 National Youth Gang survey;” office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; National Gang Center.