PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology: Annotated Bibliography 1

Paek, H., Nelsion, M.R., & Vilela, A.M. Examination of gender-role portrayals in television advertising across seven countries. Sex Roles, 64, 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9850-y

The authors of the article have extensively researched gender roles on a cultural, country-wise, and practical level for the selected countries and their advertising strategies. The prime time TV commercials for seven countries were chosen in which China and the United States were also included. In China, it was revealed that very few female models in the advertisements are portrayed as homemakers, and this image was changed from strict role classification under Confucianism to less stringent female-gendered role under Communist reign. In contrast, United States advertisements have shown women as more homemakers, and the high masculinity factor has been associated with mens role. In contrast, women are more of the product users only.

Gupta, T., Way, N., Hughes, D., Jia, Y., Chen, X., McGill, R.K., Santos, C., Yoshikawa, H. & Deng, H. (2013). Gender-typed behaviors in friendships and well-being: A cross-cultural study of Chinese and American boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00824.x

The social and psychological adjustments must be made when conformations to gender-typed roles become mandatory, especially in friendships. The authors of the selected article have investigated that boys in the United States having high depressive symptoms had stronger associations with a gender-typed role in their friendships and their quality. In China and the United States, if the depression is high, self-esteem is low, and the friendship quality for both gendered roles and their respective adherence is low. As the study was conducted among middle school students, the masculine and feminine cultural ideologies in both cultures depended on feeling confident inside, which was less evident in men if they had depression, directly influencing their friendship adherence.

Koenig, L.R., Blum, R.W., Shervington, D., Green, J., Li, M., Tabana, H., & Moreau, C. (2021). Unequal gender norms are...…families were meant to be run on the set segmentation by age, work assigned to specific genders, and the inherent nature of the gender for its suitability for the tasks to be performed in a family. However, in modern societies, industrialization and more need of work for the families have changed this notion conveniently as a wife can also now earn money outside the house, and parenting is an equal job for the father as it is for the mother. Particularly for women in China and the United States, hard work is associated with womens gendered role even though both cultures have presented women alongside gender equality and negating gender discrimination in workplaces. It is still observed that women are paid lesser than men, which is a conspicuous portrayal of gender inequality and the gendered cultural roles for both.