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Males and females are socialized differently in that respect from their earliest years as toddlers, throughout their later childhood years, and especially, during adolescence and young adulthood. As a result, even after factoring out the influence of socioeconomic class, specific exposure to criminality, and other external influences on the behavior of the individual, males are involved in all types of crimes more than women, and the difference is even greater with respect to crimes of violence (Ogle, Maier-Katkin, & Bernard, 1995; Schmalleger, 2009; West & Zimmerman, 1987).
Different Pathways to Violence based on Gender
One of the most prominent differences apparent in data profiling violent criminals by gender is the manner in which males and females become involved in violent crime in particular (Ogle, Maier-Katkin, & Bernard, 1995; West & Zimmerman, 1987). Specifically, males typically become involved in violent crime habitually and in conjunction with numerous other closely associated aggressive behaviors....
By contrast, female perpetrators of violent crime tend to exhibit common patterns of psychological traumas such as parental physical abuse and sexual abuse (Ogle, Maier-Katkin, & Bernard, 1995). Moreover, whereas violent males victimize both family members and strangers, violent female criminals are much more likely to victimize their spousal partners than strangers. Furthermore, they typically do so, especially in the case of murder, after enduring patterns of physical and emotional abuse by their partners that precedes their violent retaliation.
References
Gerrig, R. And Zimbardo, P. (2009). Psychology and Life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Ogle, R., Maier-Katkin, D., and Bernard, T. "A Theory of Homicidal Behavior among
Women." Criminology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (1995): 173-193.
Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st
In that regard, Agnew's version of strain theory no longer explains the marked difference in male and female homicide rates, simply because it downplays the importance of the types of strains described by Merton. Whereas Merton's strains were associated more with the types of failures more likely to be experienced by males, Agnew's strains included many types of strains that, at least arguably, could be said to plague females
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) Abramowitz (2010) describes this phenomenon: But she is considered by many in the business to be more of an outlier, an exception to the rule as a woman who's made her name largely directing men in action films such as "Point Break" and "Strange Days." Most female directors have risen to power by directing (and often writing) films that appeal to women, whether or not that's their natural inclination. In other words --
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