Gingivitis Is a Mild Form of Periodontal

Gingivitis is a mild form of periodontal disease. It causes irritation, redness, and inflammation of the gums and can be so mild that individuals may not even be aware they have it (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). Many people have it to a varying degree because it often develops during puberty or early adulthood due to hormonal changes (Rosenberg, 2010). It is important to take gingivitis seriously, however, because, left untreated, it can lead to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease. Eventually, tooth loss can result.

Gingivitis is commonly caused by poor oral hygiene, but can result from a number of other conditions, including diabetes, depressed immune system (for example, as a result of HIV / AIDS or leukemia), certain viral and fungal infections, and hormonal changes such as those related to puberty, as already mentioned, or with pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives. Gingivitis can also result from unhealthy habits, including poor nutrition, substance abuse, and tobacco use. There is increased risk for gingivitis among older patients, particularly if they have ill-fitting dental restorations (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). Misaligned teeth, rough edges of fillings and unclean mouth appliances such as braces and bridges can also increase the risk of gingivitis (Rosenberg, 2010).

Gingivitis occurs when plaque forms and is not removed. Plaque is an invisible, sticky film composed of bacteria. Plaque forms when starches and sugars in food interact with normal oral bacteria. Plaque can be removed with brushing and flossing, but this must be done daily because plaque can reform within twenty-four hours. If plaque stays on the teeth for longer than several days, it can harden under the gum line. This hardened plaque is called tartar, or calculus. At this point, it cannot be cleaned by regular blushing and flossing. A professional cleaning by a dentist or dental hygienist is then required. Careful oral hygiene must be maintained after the cleaning to keep the disease from returning. This means a lifelong habit of good dental hygiene to prevent recurrence. The dentist or hygienist will instruct the patient in proper brushing and flossing techniques. For people who are particularly prone to gingivitis, brushing and flossing after every meal may be recommended. The dentist may also recommend special toothbrushes, water irrigation, or antiplaque toothpastes or rinses.

Left untreated, calculus increasingly irritates the gingiva, which is the part of the gum around the base of the teeth. The gums become swollen and bleed easily. Disease eventually spreads to underlying tissue and bone. For reasons that are not fully understood, periodontitis and poor oral health in general adversely affect overall health. Studies have linked periodontitis to an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and lung disease. Women with periodontitis may be more likely to give birth to premature babies or babies with low birth weight (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011).