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Congress inserted the "under God" phrase in 1954, amid the Cold War when some U.S. religious leaders sermonized against "godless communists." (Gearan)
Works Cited
All Things Considered. "Interview: Dr. John W. Baer discusses the history of the Pledge of Allegiance" All Things Considered (NPR reprint) 6/27 (2002).
Baker, Tod a., Laurence W. Moreland, and Robert P. Steed. The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics New York: Praeger, 1991.
Canipe, Lee. "Under God and anti-communist: how the Pledge of Allegiance got religion in Cold-War America" Journal of Church and State March 22 (2003).
Chmielewski, Cynthia M. "Federal Appeals Court Bans Pledge of Allegiance in School." NEA Today Vol. 21 (2002).
Elvin, John. "High Court May Weigh in on Pledge...
"Pledge of Allegiance Case Taken" Wisconsin State Journal 10/15 (2003).
Guenter, Scot M. The American Flag, 1777-1924: Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification London: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1990.
Harris, Ron. "History of Pledge of Allegiance" Associated Press Writer June 26 (2002).
Johnson, Ellen. "From the President: Ruling About Unconstitutionality of Phrase in Pledge of Allegiance" American Atheist Newsletter July (2002).
Macedo, Donaldo. Literacies of Power: What Americans Are Not Allowed to Know Oxford: Westview P, 1994.
McWhirter, Darien a. The Separation of Church and State Phoenix: Oryx, 1994.
Paulson, Ken. "Inside the First Amendment: Pledge of Allegiance: one nation, truly divided." Gannett News Service [Arlington, Va.] 10 Mar. 2003.
Trillian, Calvin. "Uncivil liberties: Pledge of Allegiance" the Nation 10 Oct. 1988.
Unknown. "About that Pledge of Allegiance" the New Leader 10/31 (1988).
Ydstie, John. "Interview: Sheldon Nahmod Discusses the Constitutionality Questions Being Raised in the Pledge of Allegiance" Talk of the Nation (NPR reprint) 15 Oct. 2003.
Politics
Works Cited
All Things Considered. "Interview: Dr. John W. Baer discusses the history of the Pledge of Allegiance" All Things Considered (NPR reprint) 6/27 (2002).
Baker, Tod a., Laurence W. Moreland, and Robert P. Steed. The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics New York: Praeger, 1991.
Canipe, Lee. "Under God and anti-communist: how the Pledge of Allegiance got religion in Cold-War America" Journal of Church and State March 22 (2003).
Chmielewski, Cynthia M. "Federal Appeals Court Bans Pledge of Allegiance in School." NEA Today Vol. 21 (2002).
Gay and Lesbian Fight for rights based on \"One Nation Under God\" Documentary Heterosexism is very religious in the context where the people believe that God created people in pairs of the opposite sex, and involved within the same-sex people is considered highly sinful (Rzeznik, 1993). In this sense, heterosexism is considered a natural sexual orientation. At the same time, homosexuals are contrasted in this film in different ways, where people
At first, the passage in Romans seems unequivocal -- a rebellion against established authority seems to be the same as a rebellion against God. But a closer and more considered examination of the situation suggests that this is not the case. First, Romans was written with a very specific government in mind -- the Roman government, as a matter of fact. It considers authority as the earthly servant of
God and Creation Has the concept of God well and truly woven itself into the very psyche of the average American citizen? What exactly does the average American think about God? As a matter of fact, each and every American must take some time to sit back and think deeply about these issues, and also pay close attention to the power and influence of God in the history of America. Perhaps
Nation of Islam was originally a group known as the Black Muslims (Nation pp). This splinter group is faithful to the Black Muslims' original principles led by Louis Farrakhan (Nation pp). Members strive to improve their social and religious position in society, and the group has won praise for its work in deprived areas (Nation pp). However, its reputation has been tarnished by Farrakhan's anti-Semitic and anti-white beliefs (Nation pp).
It indicates that he is set apart form all that is creaturely and corrupt, that he is distinct from this physical and fallen world. It affirms that God is not like humans, angels, false gods, animals -- or anything in existence. In short, we may say that there is no one like God, even though that statement has the obvious limitations of a negative sentence -- it does not
The Stoic God was material, and therefore knowable to man, who is also a material being. They believed that all things which were knowable to us were of a material nature. St. Augustine took this idea of becoming close to the divine through knowledge of it, but expressed that this knowledge had always been within us. Through our memory, which is one of the only things we can trust as