Comparison and contrast of concepts

Greek Heroes

Heroic Warriors

The subject of heroism is biased according to the cultural lens through which it is viewed. Greek heroes, such as Gilgamesh, Achilles, Hector, and Odysseus were considered heroes in their time. However, if one were to view them in a modern context, they may not appear as heroes, but rather ruthless and murderous villains. The following will compare Achilles and Odysseus in terms of their warrior abilities and heroic deeds. It will support the hypothesis that Achilles is representative of youthful exuberance, whereas Odysseus is representative of the wisdom that comes with age.

In the Illiad, Achilles and Odysseus are viewed as arch rivals. Their modes of gaining and maintaining power are opposites. Odysseus is renowned for his cunning and wisdom in war. Whereas, Achilles is renowned for this physical might and ferocity. Achilles displays a hot temper and an all-consuming wrath. One could consider Achilles as representative of a young, physical hero and Odysseus as representative of the old wise hero emphasizing spiritual power. Both are considered to be key characters in Greek mythology, but they represent different attributes of the hero complex.

Odysseus' spirituality and commitment to the Gods is highlighted at the feast table of Achilles the night before the battle. Achilles simply serves the meat to the people. However, before Odysseus will take a bite he, "told Patroklos to make an offering to the Gods" (Illiad IX, p. 139). Odysseus wishes to attend to spiritual matters. Achilles seems more concerned with satisfying his own hunger, with neither the time, nor the inclination to address the wishes and needs of the Gods.

It appears that Achilles respects Odysseus' wisdom when he addresses him, "Odysseus, master soldier and mariner" (Illiad IX, p. 141). However, one must wonder if he would have taken the same action if he were not in the company of dignitaries. This may have been a strategic move, rather than a genuine act of respect. Achilles is later described as, "unmoved by the affections of his friends who made him honored above all others on the beachhead. There is no pity in him" (Illiad IX, p. 151). The public honor and respect shown for Odysseus is more than likely a political move rather than an act of true respect. Often Achilles' actions and words do not match his true feelings and intentions.

In Book XIX, the differences between Achilles and Odysseus are highlighted when Achilles attempts to send his warriors into battle without being fed. Achilles says, "Let us recover joy of battle soon, that's all! No need to dither here and lost our time," (Illiad XIX. P. 176). Achilles feels that eating is a waste of time. He feels that the excitement of the battle will sustain his warriors.

Odysseus reminds him, "Do not send Akhaian solders into the fight unfed! Today's melee will not be brief," (Illiad XIX, p. 176). In this passage, Odysseus shows foresight and planning. He is thinking ahead. Achilles is consumed by the energy of the moment and is not thinking about the future. In modern times, he would be considered an adrenaline junkie, one who is out for the thrill of battle. This is a key difference that supports the youthful exuberance of Achilles and the wise restraint of Odysseus.

Odysseus admits that Achilles is a physically stronger warrior and that his own strength lies in his head, not in his abilities in battle. Odysseus addresses Achilles saying,

Akhileus, flower and pride of the Akhaians, you are more powerful than I am - and a better spearman, too - only in sizing matter up I'd say that I'm just as far beyond you, being older, knowing more of the world" (Illiad XIX, p. 178).

This statement summarizes the difference between the abilities of Odysseus and Achilles. A part of wisdom is knowing one's own strengths and weaknesses. Odysseus clearly recognizes his own strengths and those of Achilles. Although, he recognizes the value of youthful strength, he tries to convince Achilles of the value of wisdom. Odysseus is old enough to understand these concepts. Achilles is not mature enough to understand the real meaning of what Odysseus is trying to tell him.

Odysseus was the mastermind behind the Trojan Horse. It would be difficult to imagine Achilles being capable of devising such as plan. The plans of Achilles involved might and strength, rather than cunning and skill. Achilles' sudden rage and anger can be self-destructive, as when he drags Hektor's body behind his chariot without regard to the repercussion that this action may evoke from Priam. Odysseus demonstrates much more diplomacy and consideration for the consequences of his actions.