al.; Sai).
One of the reasons for the lack of political success for any of the groups that support Hawaiian sovereignty is that there is no cohesive, united, group. Much as Russia in 1916 had over 100 parties, until Lenin and the Bolshevik/Menshevik groups coalesced, there was not enough entropy to bring about change. In the 21st century, and with the history of Hawaii, this is even more difficult. A broad overview of these groups would include: Due to some of the efforts of the movment, the United States has apologized for the overthrow of the monarchy and some of the promises it made in An Apology Resolution, November 1993, under President Bill Clinton (LIberty). Despit this public pronouncement, however, in Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs (2009), the Supreme Court ruled that the apology had no binding effect to modify or change the lands of the State of Hawaii (Hawaii, et.al. v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs, et.al.). And, although the debate continues, the economic impact of soverignty without severe reparations paid would likely result in a disaster for all sides, certainly not something the U.S. Congress is willing to address anytime soon.
Basic View
Platform
Misc.
Kingdom of Hawaii Exile
Royalist
1893-85, now defunct
Used as historical tradition for restoring the monarchy
Home Rule Party of Hawaii
Royalist
Extreme nationalism, popular early 1900s
Largely used as an historical basis for rule
Democratic Party of Hawaii
Royalist
Moderate version of Home Rule Party
Using land to secure benefit for natives
Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry (ALOHA)
Nationalist
Reparations for native peoples
Unclear if still in existence
Office of Hawaiian Affairs
Democratic/Nationalist
Legally represent interests of native Hawaiians; most well-funded organization
Respected group trying to redress past issues
Ka Lahui
Grassroots Nationalist
Lobbying United Nations to force decolonization
Trying to work through the system using the contemporary Native American model
Nation of Hawaii
Republicanism
Est. 1993, activism for native peoples.
Some of its leaders have been jailed.
Ka Pakaukau
Non-Violence
Wants U.S. To pay reparations and clean up polluted areas
Return Hawaii to more natural preserve
Poka Laenui
Nationalism
Complete decolonization
Use native democratization
Hawaiian Kingdom
Nationalism
Legally trained, leader Sai believes treaties were broken
Seeks legal means to redress.
Kingdom of Hawaii
REFERENCES
Budnick, R. Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy. Honolulu: Aloha Press, 1992.
Coffman, T. The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003.
Dougherty, M. To Steal a Kingdom. Oahu: Island Style Press, 2000.
Fein, B. "Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand." 15-16 June 2005. Hawaiian Congressional Record. .
Hawaii, et.al. v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs, et.al. No. 07-1372. U.S. Supreme. 31 March 2009.
LIberty, J and R. Hubbard. "The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century." March/April 1996. Perceptions Magazine. .
Loomis, I. "The Akaka Bill." July-August 2009. Maui Magazine. .
"Migration and Disease." January 2010. Digitial History. .
Okihiro, G. Island World" A History of Hawaii and the United States. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2009.
Sai v Hillary Rodham Clinton, et.al. No. 1:10-CV-00899. U>S. District Court for the District of Columbia. 7 July 2007.
Sai, D. "Information and Overview." 2010. The Hawaiian Kingdom. .
"U.S. Code 7512.Findings." 5 January 2009. Cornell University Law School. .
The Meller / Feder article substantiates what Banner asserted about the diseases brought by mainlanders that killed off large portions of the Hawaiian population. Indeed, between 200,000 and 400,000 native Hawaiians lived on the Islands at about the time Captain Cook (reportedly the first white visitor) arrived in 1778; by 1910, the time of the first official U.S. Census of the Hawaiian population, there were just 38,547 natives remaining. The
Empire The theme of gender and sexuality is related to social power. In Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico, Briggs shows how race, class, gender, and power are interrelated and interconnected. Puerto Rican culture has been sexualized, and the sexualization of Puerto Rico has been largely or exclusively the projection of white Anglo-Saxon Protestant values placed upon a darker-skinned, Catholic populace. The result has been the