Comparing the impacts and preparedness failures of 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina Disaster Evaluation

Review the Final Paper instructions in Week 5. Develop a thesis statement and outline, and identify at least five sources you intend to use for the Final Paper.

Develop a thesis statement. The thesis statement will be the point or claim you argue or prove in your paper.

9/11 and Hurricane Katrina Disaster Evaluation

9/11 and Hurricane Katrina Disaster Evaluation

Hurricane Katrina and the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks should never be forgotten, nor should the victims that were involved in these tragedies. Katrina, the storm that smashed into the city of New Orleans in August 2005, became to be known as one of the deadliest hurricanes in United States history. There were around 1,836 mortalities from the killer storm. The Sept. 11 campaign was the most dangerous terrorist incident in the history of the United States beside Pearl Harbor in 1941. Up until this day, 24 people are still documented as missing, with 2,973 death tolls. Sept. 11 is the outcome of an attack of terror and Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster, which of course brands them totally different. Together Hurricane Katrina and 9/11 still are calamities that have a profound effect on the people of this nation. The two tragic events have some likenesses. They both could have been conceivably evaded and conducted in a different way, and in both tragic incidents, there were high numbers of deaths.

Hurricane Katrina: Day of Confusion

September 29, 2005 appeared like a complete, beautiful day but this was the day that the world observed a catastrophe that would have lasting consequences on our economic system. People sat fastened to their television monitors as Hurricane Katrina tore through three states taking with it the households and lives of millions of people. In the aftereffects of this overwhelming hurricane, the people of the United States understood how appreciated their families, lives, and the market was to them. Something that we took for granted every day. As the days went by after that terrible September day, the economy plunged to an all-time low because of the oil factories that were torn through by mighty winds. The gas prices went up like crazy and hit a record $5.00 per gallon in a lot of states, which made it difficult for inhabitants of a rich people to move to their place of employment. It pushed individuals to use other methods of transport. At one time there had been some kind of a shock of running out of fuel which made trucking places shut down up until a substitute fuel source could be controlled.

Apart from the fuel shortage, there were also intensified wrong percentages in rural regions devastated by Katrina. A lot of people tore into stores and stole supplies for their loved ones, while looters took advantage of the situation and broke into places to get bourgeois substances for their desire. These offenders, when challenged by authorities, unlocked fire and killed a lot of officers. Because of the flood waters, several people got deadly diseases and expired because they were not able to use the correct prescription needed. A lot of people were left drifting and months later they still were not able to get there family members.

Psychological Problems after 9/11

What is it that we do now know regarding the mental health consequences of the happenings of September 11, 2001? The best proof challenges early entitlements that these occasions had enduring undesirable effects or that inspecting the proceedings on television imposed an effective trauma on the American people. Previous claims were overstated and could have been shown to be uncertain even at the time they were done. Imprecise evidence now shows to the resiliency of the American people.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Numerous people have studied if there is a relationship among PTSD and 9/11. Most people will not forget the events of September 11, 2001. Whether straight or indirectly uncovered to the September 11th (9/11) terrorist attacks, several people were influenced by the events on that horrible day. Purposely, studies have found that right after 9/11, a lot of people were feeling signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the closer people had been to the World Trade Center, the more they developed their risk for PTSD. In the interior of six months, though, the harshness of those PTSD symptoms was discovered to reduce significantly for many people. Not much is known, however, concerning the enduring effect of exposure to the 9/11 rebel assaults on the World Trade Center.

Substance Abuse Disorder

Survey results show that smoking and alcohol and marijuana usage amplified among people of Manhattan during the 5-8 weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Nearly one-third of the nearly 1000 persons questioned described an amplified use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes after the September 11th attacks. Alcohol was the largest increase. Around one-fourth of the people admitted that they were gulping down more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about 12% described a growth in smoking, and 3.2% admitted they had boosted their use of marijuana.

People who resided more closer to the World Trade Center had a bigger opportunity to increase their cigarette smoking, but other issues such as being relocated from home, losing properties during the attacks, or being tangled in the rescue exertions were not steadily related with enlarged substance abuse. Indications of panic attack were connected with an increase in the usage of all substances. A rise in substance abuse did not vary substantially between men and women or between ethnic or racial groups. Demographic influences such as age, marital status, and income appeared to play a more critical affair in regulating if the actions of September 11th guided to an escalation in substance use.

Acute Stress Disorder

The comparatively new introduction of ASD as a diagnostic group happened as a means of enabling identification of those persons most at peril for emerging longer term PTSD succeeding admission to a shocking stressor (Koopman, Classen, & Spiegel, 1994). Acute stress disorder defines posttraumatic stress responses that occur between 2 days and 4 weeks succeeding exposure to a stressful event and therefore varies from PTSD in conditions of programming and in its heavier influence on the growth of dissociative symptoms. The extrapolative power of this determination is uncommon. Researchers state, for instance, that 78% of torture survivors who meet standards for ASD suffer PTSD 6 months following the pain, and 60% of those who exhibit sharp posttraumatic stress symptoms (subclinical ASD) but no separation improves PTSD (Bryant & Harvey, 1998; Harvey & Bryant, 1998), and these rates continue even 2 years following the disruption (Harvey & Bryant, 1999). Therefore, the importance of evaluating for ASD succeeding a mass disaster or terrorist act cannot be ignored, especially when one reflects how extensive particular terrorist events can be. As in this situation, the consequences of terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, DC, stretched across the Atlantic Ocean and touched Americans living in a foreign country.

During the time of the September 11 terrorist confrontations, there were not many scales available to compute ASD, and each had its disadvantages. For instance, many investigators use procedures developed for PTSD to calculate facets of ASD, such as the usage of the Influence of Event Scale (Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979) to indicate keen interruptions and avoidance or the PTSD Symptom Scale (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993) to assess the capacity of disturbing, escaping, and awakening symptoms in the acute stage.

Psychological Problems after Hurricane Katrina

Even though the hurricane had an unfortunate impact on many people all through Louisiana and Mississippi, people with a pre-existing psychiatric disorder may have been at bigger jeopardy for being destructively disturbed by the hurricane. Further than these devastations, however, a lot of people in Mississippi and Louisiana were psychologically distressed by the hurricane.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

In an article that was presented to the 2007 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Annual Meeting, Professor Lisa D. Mills, MD, who was the Director, Section of Emergency Medicine Ultrasound, Louisiana State University at New Orleans, showed the world Post Traumatic Stress Disorder was examined in over 40% of the those inhabitants who came to an contingent Emergency Department attendance in New Orleans. This is near than ten times advanced than the 3.6% dominance in the general U.S. population. Bereavement of a loved one and just residing in New Orleans throughout the storm were connected with PTSD signs.

Substance Abuse Disorder

In the Gulf State parts disturbed by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the degree of past month marijuana use between adults aged 18 or older was not as strong in the year succeeding the hurricanes than in the year previous to the storm. There were no important alterations in the incidence of illicit drug use, binge alcohol consumption, cigarette use, mental health difficulties, mental health treatment, or unmet need for mental health administration in the same time span. Adults aged 18 or older who were relocated from their homes for two or more weeks succeeding the storm had higher past month degrees of illegal drug usage, marijuana consumption, and cigarette consumption and higher past year degrees of grave emotional strain, major painful episode, and unmet essential for mental health management or counseling in 2006 than those that had not been exiled in the influenced areas.

Acute Stress Disorder

Acute stress disorder (ASD) is an unsuccessfully comprehended and contentious recognition in the aftermath of Katrina (A. G. Harvey & R.A. Bryant, 2002). The only existing study ever used so far was with the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the expression arrangement of the most extensively used self-report amount of ASD, the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (R. A. Bryant, M.L. Moulds, & R.M. Guthrie, 2000), in an illustration of Hurricane Katrina refugees repositioned to a Red Cross emergency housing in Austin, Texas. It was reported that half of them suffered from acute stress disorder.

Organizations to the Rescue

The American Red Cross, throughout and after the Hurricanes Katrina, started 1,470 various housings across and listed 3.8 million existing stays. A review of 300,000 Red Cross labors, a lot that were just volunteer workers were employed to provide sheltering, casework, interaction and evaluation services all through these the hurricane. Nevertheless, five months after Katrina's made landfall, the American Red Cross showed that it had met its fundraising objectives, and would no longer want to enthral in new 2005 Hurricane relief fundraising. However, during 9/11, the American Red Cross required to distract funds to promote what they believed were "better things" for the community, such as a blood reserve. Since some of the donors differed with what the American Red Cross was backing, they altered their jurisdiction and made is publicly recognized that all of the donations would openly advantage the people touched by the disaster. These days, this is still their practice because they hope that they have to do morally for the people and they are devoted to show that to the donors and the community at large, regardless of what it takes.

FEMA got high dislike for its reply to the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in August 2005. FEMA had pre- located response workers in the Gulf Coast community. Nevertheless, numerous could not answer unequivocal support and were only able to report on the calamitous condition along the Gulf Coast, especially from New Orleans. During 9/11, FEMA did not participate in that much of key position as The Salvation Army was one of the first support agencies on the scene of the September 11 attacks in New York. They also delivered petition support for families of people gone missing. In Hurricane Katrina, the Salvation Army's correct response to Hurricane Katrina involved the deployment of more than 178 canteen nourishing divisions and 11 field kitchens which jointly have helped more than 6.7 million hot meals, 9.3 million sandwiches, appetizers and beverages. Hospitals were another device that played a leading role in 9/11. The went from being open and receiving to patients and visitors to taking a hard look at how they could safeguard everyone," Weeks before the disaster, the hospitals had a mock trial which kept them prepared.

Role of the Media

The News Media had a dominant position in pulling off the 9/11. The process concerned exposing on TV a supernumerary, computer- produced version of reality. The media had a sense of temporarily succeeding to sell to the world the terrible stories behind the 19 young terrorists who hijacked the plane. On September 11, 2001, did a good job in getting tens of millions of Americans clustered around various television sets, observing the sad terrorist assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In the anxious weeks and months that shadowed, the media was shrewd in making sure that the audiences and person who read remembered the attacks and their aftershock again and again on TV and in newsprints and magazines. Throughout hurricane Katrina, numerous agents of the news media reporting on the outcome of Hurricane Katrina turn out to be directly implicated in the developing events, as an option of simply reporting. Due to the conquest of most ways of contact, such as regular and cell phone systems, field reporters in so many different cases became channels for items between sufferers and specialists. On the other hand, numerous journalists also contributed to the level of false rumors of confusion among the victims, which may have been understood as an sample of yellow journalism.

Disaster and Its impact on Children

The September 11, 2001, (9/11) extremist bouts on the U.S. had and still continues to have an tremendous impact on countless people. Nevertheless, more often than not, we only know about the outcome of 9/11 on adults who saw the occurrences. A group of children were also displayed to the dreadful events of 9/11, and it is conceivable that some established signs of PTSD. In actual fact, children may be at predominantly high risk for emerging PTSD signs after a disturbing event, since they may not have formed adequate managing abilities. With that said, it is not alarming that reports really haven't discovered any changes in the degrees of PTSD among children and adults succeeding the 9/11 bomber attacks. Children may be largely susceptible to suffer posttraumatic stress succeeding admission to a natural disaster, such as Hurricane Katrina. They discovered that many children had skilled a countless deal of stress as an outcome of the hurricane. Most had been exiled by the hurricane, had seen their area demolished or impaired, and had lost certain possessions. Given the constraint that these children were displayed to, it makes perfect sense that several of them experienced severe indications of depression and posttraumatic stress. In truth, one particular study found that more than half of the children went through high levels of depression and posttraumatic stress signs.