see below

¶ … Industrialization and colonization in the early 20th century.How did that result in the concept of Manifest Destiny/David Livingstone's 3Cs?

Industrialization fueled colonization and vice-versa. Technological developments made mass production possible, and so large amounts of natural resources needed to be culled to meet demands. Colonized regions of South America, Africa, and Asia were ripe with the natural resources required to make mass-production possible. Moreover, industrialization led directly to urbanization. As populations shifted to urban centers, agriculture became less viable in places like North America and Western Europe. Colonized lands also became sources of food. Crops were no longer grown for local subsistence needs but also grown for the budding agro-business sector.

Colonization also stimulated industrial development. Booming businesses in the colonial hubs meant that inventors rapidly developed new machinery for factories, new modes of transportation, and new methods of long-distance communication. Demand for a globalized economy led to further industrial growth, which until the late 20th century went virtually unchecked. The concept of Manifest Destiny and the example set by Dr. Livingstone illustrate how deeply the colonial impetus was rooted in the European psyche. Manifest Destiny changed the geo-political boundaries of the United States and symbolized the sense of cultural superiority that colonization is based on. The early explorers and later, the industrial age pioneers, believed that technological progress signaled a more advanced civilization and as a result, trampled on indigenous cultures and peoples.

Q2. What were the land-based empires, and who replaced them and why?

Land-based empires were based on a pre-industrial model of colonial expansion. Based mainly on vast territorial expansion and centralized control of agricultural resources, a land-based empire would be replaced by a new imperialistic model of expansionism. The British Empire was in part based on territorial holdings such as its colonies in Africa and Asia and became one of the most notable sea-based empires. However, by the end of the 19th century a new model of imperialism demonstrated that land holdings alone did not make a strong empire. With localized colonial governments, world leaders demonstrated that empires could be founded on mastery of regional trade routes. At the beginning of the 20th century nations like Japan were at the forefront of the new model of imperialism.

Q3.Explain WWI? World War 1.

World War One was a natural outcome of the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the subsequent imbalance of power those downfalls entailed. Moreover, the First World War was a direct consequence of the ages of imperialism, colonialism, and industrialization. The war paved the way for emerging states to create a free market economy based on capitalism or on the other hand, a closed-market system based on state-controlled resources.

Q4.The Paris Exhibition had two famous sculptures: one of Paris in an evening gown and the other of Rodin's the Thinker. Elaborate upon the meaning of both and its lesson for us in the 21st century.

The Paris Exhibition demonstrated the power of art to provide enduring social commentary. Sculptures like Paris in an evening gown and Rodin's the Thinker symbolized emerging social trends such as the rise of the bourgeoisie or middle class and also the triumph of the individual. Their symbols continue to characterize Western civilization and the underlying tenets of capitalism.