Introduction to sociology concepts and principles

¶ … sociologists argue that objectivity is essential to sound research? Why to other sociologists disagree?

Any form or research project can either be objective, subjective, or a combination of both. When objectivity is involved in research, the thing being measured can be tested independent from the individual researcher. The purpose of objective research is to avoid bias that could influence the results of the research. Typical methods of conducting objective research include random sampling and double-blind trials. Subjectivity, on the other hands, refers to an understanding of a research study that involves the researcher's individual perceptions, arguments and ideas into the interpretation of the results. For this reason, subject research will be influenced by the bias of the researcher.

Sociologist are divided on the issue of whether sound research necessarily requires objectivity. Those who argue that it does base their reasoning on the fact that, without objectivity, the results are not true and accurate reflections of reality but instead are reflections of the reality as perceived by the individual conducting the research. On the other hand, sociologist who disagree with this argument base their reasoning on the belief that no research can truly be free of bias. Regardless of how the research itself is carried out, even the planning of how to conduct an objective research study is influenced by the subjective thoughts and beliefs of the person planning and later conducting the study.

How do primary groups differ from secondary groups? Identify examples of each in your own life.

A primary groups typically consists of a small social group or organization. The membership of a primary group usually share close, personal and primary relationships. Primary groups are characterized by their member's remarkable concern for one another's well-being, along with common culture, shared interest and extended amounts of time spent with each other. Examples of primary groups in my life include my family and close friends that I have had throughout my childhood and early adult years. The reason we are close is because we spend a significant amount of time with each other, do to the fact that we enjoy each other's company and have numerous similarities in interests. Other samples of primary groups in my life include such important social groups as my club soccer team, whom I play with three times a week, and several academic related organizations I am involved in.

Secondary groups, on the other hand, are essentially the opposite of primary groups. Although members of a secondary groups do interact with one another, they tend to do so on a less personal level than the members of a primary group. Further, the relationships of the members of a secondary group are more typically temporary, as opposed to long lasting. Usually secondary groups are created to serve a specific purpose or function and the individual members' roles are interchangeable instead of fixed. An example of a secondary group in my life is my summer job, which is essentially a temporary group put together to complete the given tasks. Although we get along and interact at work, our relationships typically do not leave work and will most likely not carry on following the termination of the employment.

Why do analysts argue that economic development in low-income countries depends on raising the social standing of women?