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Kaplan, M.S., Crespo, C.J., Huguet, N. & Essay

¶ … Kaplan, M.S., Crespo, C.J., Huguet, N. & Marks, G. (2009). Ethnic/Racial Homogeneity Sexually Transmitted Disease: A Study 77 Chicago Community Areas. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32(2): 108-111. Knowledge of STDs around the world

Kaplan, M.S., Crespo, C.J., Huguet, N. & Marks, G. (2009). Ethnic/racial homogeneity and Sexually-transmitted disease: A study of 77 Chicago community areas. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32(2): 108-111.

The article "Ethnic/racial homogeneity and sexually-transmitted disease: A study of 77 Chicago community areas" by Kaplan (et al. 2009) examined the association between STDs, race, and poverty in America. Americans of color have historically manifested higher rates of STDs. To shed further light upon this phenomenon, the researchers studied 77 enclosed neighborhoods in Chicago. The findings were that communities that were majority African-American (60% or more of residents) had higher rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea than communities that were majority Hispanic, even when other influential socio-demographic variables were controlled. Overall, regardless of the ethnic composition, higher rates of the STDs were manifested in communities where persons were more likely to be poor, unemployed, less educated (lower rates of possessing a high school degree) and were younger. The researchers suggested...

(2013). Statistical modeling of social risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among female youths in Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries, 7(1):017-027.
The research article "Statistical modeling of social risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among female youths in Nigeria" by Adebowale (2013) was designed to determine the risk factors associated with contracting STDs amongst female youths in Nigeria. Nigeria, like many African nations, has been particularly hard-hit by the AIDS crisis. To sample a sufficiently large population, the study used the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2008 for data. It found that for women ages 20-24 had contracted STDs in greater number than ages 15-19 and the most significant factors associated with STDs were poverty (wealth index) and a lack of awareness of AIDS/HIV. Chi-square and logistic regression models were used. This suggested that targeting impoverished populations in public health campaigns, offering free condoms and focusing on education campaigns regarding condom use and abstinence were vital components in reducing the risk of young women contracting STDs in Nigeria.

Oncel, S., Kulakac, O., Akcan, A., Eravsar, K. &…

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The article "Apprentices' knowledge and attitudes about sexually transmitted disease" by Oncel (2012) was a study of 'apprentices' in Turkey, or students who did not go on to higher education but instead entered a trade (apprenticeship) school. An in-class questionnaire was used to determine attitudes about STDs. While 60.9% of the apprentices recognized the name of at least one STDs, 83.6% of the participants did not know about the symptoms of any STDs and only 28.1% were knowledgeable about effective protection methods. A significant majority believed incorrect information about STDs, such as the idea that healthy-looking people could not have an STD (51.4% of the tested population). Chi-square and regression models were used to assess the data. Turkey is a conservative Muslim country and the results are troubling regarding the state of knowledge of STDs amongst young people.

Which research studies seems to yield the most meaningful and valid results, and which seems to be the weakest or most questionable

The most comprehensive study was that of Adebowale (2013), using large scale numbers based upon statistical analysis of the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. However, the idea that poverty and ignorance increases one's risk of STDs is not a novel one, and no data was used to determine if the same predictors were true of males, and how male attitudes towards condom use might differ amongst various socio-economic groups, which could affect public education campaigns: if men are unwilling to use condoms, focusing on educating women might be less effective. The Kaplan (et al. 2009) study of Chicago residents was valuable in its contrast of African-American and Latino populations of similar demographic characteristics in terms of STD rates, although for all persons regardless of race, poverty and lower education levels were strongly associated with higher rates of STDs. Although it took the form of a relatively narrowly-based questionnaire, the Oncel (2012) offers interesting preliminary research about a failure to educate the majority of working-class Turkish youths about STDs. More demographic data on the participants would have been helpful to fully contextualize the results. Given that men, persons specializing in hygiene education, and graduates from STD education programs had higher rates of accurate knowledge, this suggests that religious and cultural attitudes may impede the dissemination of accurate information.
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