Mainly Chemistry and Physics

Chemistry and Physics

(a) When an electrode is placed in the chloroplast, the nanoelectrode will have more activity because the chloroplast is the power-making part of a cell, as they capture the light energy and conduct photosynthesis for the plant cell. The electrons are the ions that expended during the process of photosynthesis, and by monitoring these ions then the nanoelectrode will respond more, as evident by the graphs. Electrons some of the light energy gathered by chlorophyll and then is stored in the form of ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. The rest of the energy is used to removed electrons from the water. The electrons are then used in reactions which turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds- mostly commonly referred to as the Calvin Cycle.

(b) Protons are also used in photosynthesis, as these are necessary ions for the electron transport chain or ETS. H+ ions, or protons, need to be transported across the membrane so that there is a resulting electrochemical proton gradient. The protein gradient helps produce the ATP that is responsible for the mechanisms in the Calvin Cycle. In chloroplast, the light that is being absorbed in is the process that drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH, with requires the transfer of the H+ ions across the chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, sometimes referred to as the power storage center, the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+, also requires the use of a proton.

(c) The data in Figure 3 shows that the mechanism is not the best to be measuring the photosynthetic activity of cells but measuring the amount of oxygen is valuable. Measuring the oxygen out is reasonable as oxygen is the byproduct of plant photosynthesis so b measuring the oxygen output then it would be a good indicator of how much photosynthesis is being done.

Question 3:

(a) (i)

(b) (i) The reaction is endothermic, since the change energy is negative.

(b)(ii) Sulfuric acid serves as the agent that breaks apart the glycerol.

(b) (iii) Cooling is required because the overall reaction is endothermic, meaning that it is trying to bring in heat energy from the outside to product the reaction. By keeping the external environment at a cool temperature, it would inhibit the action from being completed or slow it down to a point where it could be stored if it was kept at a less than ideal temperature for it to bring in heat energy.

(b) (iv) A strong base is a material that has a very low pH level.

(c)

Question 4:

(a) (i) The estimate for kinetic energy comes in the form of the equation: Ek = 1/2mv2

so Ek = (1/2) x (3.3 x103 kg m-3) x (8 cm y-1)

then Ek = 132 kg m-2

(a) (ii) Despite the small plate being more active, the large plate contains the most kinetic energy, making Student A correct. Smaller does not always necessarily indicate that something, in this case a plate, will have an increased kinetic energy; therefore, one of the most important factors to take into consideration when evaluating the kinetic energy was the mass of the plate in question and since Plate A weighs significantly more then, in this case, it seemed to the be deciding variable that made this one have an increased kinetic energy.

(b) (i) The quark model is a model that outlines a classification for the valence quarks of hadrons, at it's essence the quarks and antiquarks that determined the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The Boson model of weak nuclear interaction explains how the radioactive decay of subatomic particles. Since quarks and leptons are considered the "building blocks" of matter or the "elementary particles," it also means that they constitute all mesons and baryons. These elementary particles can rise out of the lambda decay, as these mesons and baryons can be released since there is energy expended in the radioactive decay of subatomic particles.