Marks (2010) Conducted a Through

Marks (2010) conducted a through literature review on all academic studies published between 1980 and November, 1, 2010 in order to determine the causes of hip fractures. The objective of the research was to identify risk factors that may lead to hip fractures and, accordingly, to devise ways to prevent them from occurring. The author conducted his thorough literature research by using primary terms that included disability, epidiemiology, hip fracture, risk factors, and prevention. Data from the author's research base that was associated with specific hip fracture cases was included in search. Pertinent retrieved articles were closely examined for key topics and the relevant data was analyzed and reviewed.

The results showed that hip fractures are a frequent cause of accident and can lead to adverse effects but that they are easily preventable too. One of the easiest ways to prevent hip fractures from occurring is by an increase and, or by adoption, of physical exercise. Whilst physical exercise should be a part of one's curriculum, it is particularly important that the activity levels not be too intense or severe but that rather they should be relevant of one's capacity. Furthermore, the earlier that one engages in physical activity the better, since later on it is harder to adopt the habit. Secondly, determinants of sub-optimal neuromuscular function also significantly contribute to hip fracture disability. This sub-optimal muscles function may be attributed to excess alcohol consumption, visual problems, or medical comorbidities and therefore, when existent, these aspects should be targeted too in order to prevent hip fractures from occurring.

Physical activity not only helps prevent hip fractures but also reduces risk of osteoporosis and depression, as well as many other chronic diseases that aggravate hip fracture risk such as diabetes and cancer. A curriculum of high-intensity strengthening and balance related exercises are recommended. This should be synthesized with weight-bearing activities and prolonged follow-up strategies. Finally, people with a history of fracturing and falls should be targeted as well as those with comorbid conditions that include cognitive disorders, osteoporosis, and visual impairments.

The conclusion of Marks (2010) was that nominal physical activity and exercise on the level of the individual can help in reducing the prevalence of hips fractures and should be encouraged. "Young adults everywhere need to be appraised of their future risk for hip fracture in later life and encouraged to follow healthy active lifestyles." (p.12)

Discussion questions:

1. Quoting Wehre and Magaziner (2003), Marks (2010) says that annual incidence of hip fractures will likely increase rather than increase. May this be due to the unprecedented growth of the elderly population, or rather due to the fact that people are less inclined to engage in physical activity? and, if you think the latter may be the cause why is this s more so now than in previous times?

2. What is the best way to formulate a physical activity program that can encourage people to follow it?

3. Marks (2010) recommends that "Young adults everywhere need to be appraised of their future risk for hip fracture in later life and encouraged to follow healthy active lifestyles." (p.12) . How can such a publicity program be accomplished?

4. Foes fracturing hips have commonalities to fracturing any other part of the body