Meiosis Transpiration Monocots Dicots Plant Cell Angiosperms Fungi Algae

Meiosis, Transpiration, Monocots, Dicots, Plant Cell, Angiosperms, Fungi, Algae

The Events of Meiosis and the Importance of Prophase 1

Generally, meiosis has two divisions of events. Each constitutes 4 phases of same names but of different division number. They are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. From Meiosis of Access Excellence, the events in meiosis can be summarized as the following.

Prophase 1 - chromosomes duplicate into a pair of chromatid. Later, exchanging of fragments or crossing-over may occur.

Metaphase 1 - aligning of chromosome pairs at the center of the cell.

Anaphase 1 - separation of homologous pairs to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase 1 - homologous pairs separate and forms two daughter cells

Prophase 2 - no replication of DNA

Metaphase 2 - aligning of chromosomes at the center of each cell

Anaphase 2 - the chromatids separate moving to opposite cell direction

Telophase 2-4 cells are formed each containing one chromosome.

Prophase 1 is essential because it is this phase where chromatids become visible, allowing the replication and the development of chromosomes.

Transpiration and How it Affects Water Movement in Plants

Transpiration is the process of water loss in plants. This occurs when water evaporates from plants through the tiny pores called stomata. Transpiration causes the roots to pull more water from the soil into the plant, replacing water that is lost.

Anatomical Differences Between Monocots and Dicots

Following is a table of differences between monocots and dicots (from Flowering Plant Organizations, and Monocots vs. Dicots)

Characteristic

Monocots

Dicots

Number of cotyledons

Single cotyledon

Two cotyledon

Pollen structure

With single pore or furrow

With three pores or furrows

Number of flower parts

In multiples of three

In multiples of four or five

Leaf veins

Parallel venation

Netted/Reticulated venation

Stem vascular arrangement

Scattered rings of vascular bundles in stem ring of vascular bundles

Root development

Roots are adventitious

Roots develop from radicle

Second growth

No secondary growth

Oftentimes with secondary growth

Parts of a Plant Cell

Cell Wall. It is the outer part of the cell that determines the cell's shape. Cell wall supports and protects the cell.

Cell Membrane. A thin double-layer membrane visible only in microscope. The substances that passes through the cell are regulated by the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm. It is the surrounding membrane of a cell (Thiers, G.) It handles all the chemical processes of the plant.

Nucleus. It is a double membrane ring formation inside the cytoplasm. Nucleus controls all the functions inside a cell (Structure and Function of the Parts of a Plant Cell).

Chloroplast. It is a double membrane organelle that handles photosynthesis and manufacturing of starch.

Vacuole. It is a sac that contains fluids or water. Vacuole is responsible for holding nutrients and discharge of waste products.

Angiosperms, Fungi, and Algae

Angiosperms are flowering plants and the plant kingdom's largest group (Calfieri).

Angiosperms constitute stems, leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers making them more structured than fungi and algae. Because of this, angiosperms can inhabit in land and can make their own food. Angiosperms are our source of oxygen. They are also good sources of lumber, fibers, and drug substances (Calfieri).