The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of financial statement values on financial success of enterprises traded on Istanbul Stock Exchange. Covering the period between 1996-2002, it analyzes as data the financial statement values of 228 enterprises per year. To measure the effect of financial statement values on financial success of enterprises, regression analysis was applied to the data for each year using SPSS 11.5 statistical software.
Multi-Regression Analysis
Children's norm for hand grip strength
Research study involves investigation on hand grip strength in normal children living in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.In the study 831 school children, whom 448 were boys and 383 girls whose age ranged from 4 to 15 years participated.
Smedley's hand dynamometer was used to measure grip strength, in addition standardized positioning and instructions were taken into consideration. The children exerted one maximal effort with their right and left hands. The outcome revealed that grip strength scores increased with an increase in age. A difference was realized in right arm or left arm maximum grip strength between boys and girls of the same age groups .Findings showed that right arm grip strength was greater than that of the left for children of the same age. Boys had greater grip strength than girls for the same height or weight, linear regression equation for right arm grip strength vs. body mass index was done.(J.Health Dev 2010:12)
INTRODUCTION
Grip strength measurement is a trouble-free non-invasive test that is characterized by abundant, accurate, and reliable information about changes in the various physiological systems of a person. It assesses the disease status of the patient; it is majorly applied in sports medicine and in foretelling of some diseases like those of rheumatic arthritis.
Muscle physiology revealed the increase in grip strength in the younger age group and a decline in the older age group; in the old the decline was associated with decline in muscle mass.
Cardiovascular physiology maintained grip strength was shown to elicit sympathetic stimulation that came up with significant elevation in blood pressure and heart rate. These changes were associated with the release of circulating adrenaline and aldosterone.Grip strength plays important role in assessing the prognosis of fracture, complications after operations and finding out the risk of mortality.
In the scrutiny of high mortality groups, findings shows that those patients who died from acute illness had significant low grip strength score (p
Grip strength measurement has excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability; it is reproducible as compared to other evaluation indices which does not have this advantage. The reliability characteristic of grip strength measurement plays a critical role as it is used in the follow up of patients.
Although grip strength measurement is versed with all the mentioned merits it has not been greatly utilized in Ethiopian health system.
The intention of the research study is to come out with base line data on grip strength of measurement. The study aid in answering the following questions:
1. Do grip strength increase with chronological age in Ethiopian children?
2. Do boys have stronger grip strength?
3. Is it true that right arm grip strength is greater in boys than in girls of the same height or weight?
4. What is the linear regression equation of grip strength in relation to body mass index (BMI) in these subjects?
Table 1: "Mean" of maximum hand grip strength by age in school children, Abadria Institute, Ethiopia, 2010.
Age years
Gender
Number
Right Arm Kg
Sx
Left Arm Kg
0.60 1
4.50
.74
11
Boys
49
17.16
0.60
16.60*
0.47
Girls
36
17.08+
0.58 1
5.42
0.62
12
Boys
55
20.49+
0.56
18.99
0.54
Girls
37
20.89
0.77
20.14
0.71
13
Boys
62
24.34+
0.67
23.03*
0.56
Girls
38
22.42
0.80
21.29
0.75
14
Boys
28
31.50*
1.28
30.93*
1.00
Girls
25
23.12
0.97
22.56
0.70
15
Boys
7
34.00#
2.63
32.00*#
2.01
*=p
+=P
Sx=Standard error #=the value for F. And P, with a one way ANOVA, for each sex and arm is the following:
F (11,436) =110.25, p
F (11,436) =144.24, p
F (11,374) = 79.56, p
F) 11,374) = 08.23, p
Methods used.
Study of site and population
Grip strength measurement was undertaken on school children of Abadria institute, an elementary and junior high school located in the city of Ethiopia .Total population under study was 1200, out of whom 927 students volunteered for the study. Out of these 927 students 96 of them had one or more unfinished data, as a result only 831 children of whom 448 were boys and 383 being girls gave the completed data, there ages ranged from 4 to 15 years.
Anthropometric measurements
In this method of measurement an all metal smeldley's hand dynamometer that has circular meter reading of 1 to 100kg with an indicator needles and grip handle was used. To be able to get accurate results the dynamometer was gripped in the hand at the subjects' side, shoulders adducted, elbow placed at 180 degrees and fore-arm and wrist in same position.
Alternative measurement of right and left hand grip strength done, and single test was used as the grip strength score for maximum voluntary grip contraction of each hand. Other measurement included standing height and weight whereby height was measured using a wooden ruler two meters long that was fixed perpendicularly on the wall. For accurate results subjects were advised to take off their shoes and made to stand straight that their heels and shoulders were being in contact with the wall. Horizontal headboard was brought down to the subjects head.
Table 2: "Mean" of maximum right arm grip strength by height of school children, Abadria institute, Ethiopia, 2010
Height (M)
Boys Grip Strength Sx
(Kg)
Girls Grip Strength Sx
(Kg)
0.90-0.99
8.33*
0.54
6.75
0.42
1.00-1.09
8.19
0.32
9.16
0.47
1.10-1.19
10.23*
0.22
8.92
0.33
1.20-1.29
12.80*
0.44
11.75
0.35
1.30-1.39
14.78*
0.36
13.65
0.43
1.40-1.49
19.18*
0.46
18.00
0.48
1.50-1.59
24.11*
0.59
22.48
0.66
1.60-1.69
30.71*
0.86
26.18
0.98
*=P
Sx=Standard error
Anthropometrical analysis
This was done where the body mass index was derived from the height and weight measurement.
Data gathering and statistical analysis
Record of name, age, sex, grade, weight, height, BMI, and grip strength of each student was undertaken. Various tests were done which include:
Using a 2 tailed student's t test and comparison of grip strength differences between boys and girls of the same age.
ANOVA test used to test the significance of grip strength across the age range of 4 to 15
Tukey-Kurner Multiple Comparison test to compare a particular grip strength value with all other grip strength values that had been realised.
Instant 2 statistical packages to come up with statistical analysis.
OUTCOME
Fig1.shows the maximum grip strength of right and left arms of school children whose ages range from 4 to 15 years. Findings indicate rampant increase maximum grip strength with age in both sexes ANOVA portrayed the increase to be significant amongst age groups from age 4 to 15 years
Table 3, "mean" of maximum right arm grips strength by weight of school children, abadria institute, Ethiopia, 2010.
Weight (Kg)
Boys Grip Strength Sx
(Kg)
Girls Grip Strength Sx
(Kg)
10-14
8.45*
0.47
7.23
0.38
15-19
9.24
0.26
8.80
0.34
20-24
11.36
0.29
10.88
0.34
25-29
14.24*
0.81
12.73
0.34
30-34
18.69*
0.52
16.37
0.49
35-39
21.57*
0.53
18.23
0.68
40-44
25.05*
0.94
20.83
1.07
45-49
29.78*
1.10
24.36
0.81
50-54
35.75*
1.87
25.75
1.59
55-59
34.5*
2.87
26.5
1.35
*=P
Sx=Standard error
Significant difference noted as a result of comparison of each age group with that of age group three years old (p
Table 4: Regression equation to estimate right arm "Mean" maximum grip strength from BMI of school children, Abadria institute, Ethiopia, 2010
BMI (Kg/m*m)
Boys Grip Strength (Kg)
Sx
Girls Grip Strength (Kg)
Sx
10.00-10.99
8.5
0.56
7.75
0.74
11.00-11.99
10.18
0.86
9.70
0.81
12.00-12.99
10.55
0.39
9.00
0.70
13.00-13.99
12.74
0.69
10.51
0.57
14.00-14.99
14.28
0.64
12.13
0.61
15.00-15.99
16.15
0.53
12.62
0.48
16.00-16.99
17.82
0.98
15.33
0.57
17.00-17.99
23.08
1.07
16.80
0.88
18.00-18.99
25.00
2.28
24.44
1.14
19.00-19.99
23.13
2.71
22.31
1.38
20.00-20.99
22.69
1.83
Gender Regressions Sy.x r
(Kg)
Boys 1.91B-11.55-1.48-0.95
Girls 1.70B-10.69-2.02-0.90
B=BMI
Outcomes shows that comparison of right arm strength with that of the left arm for the same age group and sex shows that right arm was stronger than left arm. The difference in strength was revealed from ages of 4, 6,7,9,11,12 and 13.
Tables 2 and 3 which showed the grip strength distribution of the right arm when compared to height or weight distributions indicates that there is a grip strength increase with increase in weight. Overall outcome showed that boys had stronger grip as compared to girls.
Table 4 shows the value of grip strength compared to BMI and regression equation for both boys and girls. Results shows that Grip strength increased with an increase in BMI for both boys and girls (0.0001)in the BMI range of 11 to 16kg/m shows that boys had a stronger grip strength than girls.(p
Regression equation for right arm grip was formulated using the body mass index. The regression equation was as shown below:
For boys: 1.81B-11.55(5yx=1.48, r=0.95)
For girls: 1.71B-10.69(5yx=2.02, r=0.90)
B=BMI
SUMMARY
The outcome revealed that the 'mean' of the maximum grip strength in school children increased with chronological increase in age of the children .this outcome was the same as grip strength values reported in literature i.e. 4,5,12,13.
The increase in the mean of maximum grip strength becomes important when a comparison of a single value of a given age is done. The outcome also revealed that in some cases, a significant difference existed in the 'mean' maximum grip strength between the right or left arms of boys as compared to those of girls within the same age group. This finding does not give a back up to the statement that boys of all age groups are stronger than girls in their grip strength.
Research study revealed that where boys were found to be stronger than girls, the difference in the extent was expected to reach 61% by the age of 18.There is emphasis that the strength difference between the sexes is majorly seen for the right arm. Physical performance in Ethiopian subjects was not optimal, Poor nutrition was termed to influence performance; the influence was as a result of:
Permanent stunting growth as a consequence of severe malnutrition in early childhood.
Continuous inadequate food which caused low energy state of Ethiopian children.
The expectation was that the grip strength will improve with the improvement nutritional status. There was grip strength increase with weight of the children, with boys found to be stronger than girls under the same weight range in their right arm grip strength.Chatterjee, et al. showed that grip strength was positively correlated with weight which reveals (r=0.87 and r=0.88 left arms),and height (r=0.9 for both arms).
The relationship of strength to body size and the fact that boys have a slight size advantage over girls' aid in explaining the differences in grip strengths between the two sexes, also since body size is related with age then the increase in grip strength with age can be related to an increase in body size.
The significant outcome of grip strength on a three-year gap period can be explained using the velocity of growth in body size in different age groups.
Group strength comparison with weight and height in research study can aid in the assessment of physical maturity.Baccous et al. suggested the use of height and grip strength as a practical non-invasive method to classify physical maturity in boys.
The regression equation formulated for right arm grip strength vs. BMI can be useful in predicting strength from BMI measurements. The instrument advisable for use is hand dynamometer, it is a simple non-invasive instrument, more so, it is reliable and its concurrent validity is conformed with grip strengths relation to upper muscle cross sectional area and physical performance
CONCLUSION
With the use of hand dynamometer, grip strength measurement can be made use of for a wider physiological and clinical application. The research study revealed the normal mean values and the regression equation that can enable one to predict the right arm grip strength from BMI of children, this plays an important role since it assist physicians as well as basic science researchers in this area of specialization. The research study also aid in identifying the cause of the mean differences such as malnutrition, inadequate food which leads to struggle in identification of solutions to curb the differences.
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