Essasy When Someone Records Their

¶ … Essasy

When someone records their voice on a recording machine and then listens back to it, they are often surprised by how different their voice sounds. Typically, the reaction is that one does not even recognize their own voice. What is even more surprising is that the voice you hear playing on the recording machine is actually the voice that everyone else hears when you speak to them, regardless of whether it is the voice you hear when you speak.

The reason for the difference comes from the fact that our ears are placed in the actual vocal instrument and thus effects what we hear. Our vocal instrument is our voice, which comes from our voice box and lungs. These are internal apparatuses. As the ears are actually attached to this same general apparatus, they get an "internal hearing" of the voice. Thus, when we speak, we hear a fuller sound than the actual sound that comes out of our vocal instrument (our mouths). Once it leaves our body, the sound begins to dissipate.

In other words, our voice is like a saxophone in that the sound does not just come out of the "main hole." Instead, the sound of our voice is shaped by our lungs, diaphragm, throat, voice box, vocal chords, throat, mouth, nasal cavities and sinuses, making the entire head resonate with sound. As the ears are part of this unit, they capture the entire sound.

Chapter Six

Today there is a great societal and legal differentiation between marijuana, alcohol and tobacco. For one, marijuana is illegal whereas alcohol and tobacco are not. On the other hand, tobacco is regulated and restricted to a much higher amount than alcohol is. The question is, why is marijuana illegal and alcohol and tobacco legal when all three products are similar in their health risks and addiction risks?

The answer to this question, like the answer to most questions, comes down to politics. Alcohol and tobacco are legal because they have a strong political lobbying force whereas marijuana does not.

In the early part of the twentieth century, marijuana was legal and was widely used. To verify this, all one has to do is watch the classic film, Reefer Madness. Marijuana is a product of hemp. During this period of time, hemp was a growing and powerful product that had the potential to produce numerous beneficial products. During World War One, the government actually encouraged people to grow and manufacture hemp to help support the troops. Following the war, however, the chemical powerhouse DuPont, saw hemp as being a threat to all of their products as hemp could be used for the same things but at a cheaper costs. Thus, DuPont lobbied the government to outlaw hemp, pointing to the "harmful effects" of marijuana as evidence why.

Chapter Seven:

reinforcer is a consequence that follows a response, which increases the probability of that response occurring under similar conditions sometime in the future. A partial reinforcer, therefore is one that only partially creates a consequence to a response.

The concept of reinforcement is a grounding principal in our nation's criminal justice system. Our laws are written as saying if one does X, then they will be punished by Y. Even after being charged, the probation and/or prison system is based on the reinforcement method to controlling behavior.

Whether used in criminal justice, schools or any other setting, once the consequence, or the punishment aspect of the reinforcement method is inconsistent, then the method of reinforcement becomes partial reinforcement and is thus essentially ineffective. This occurs when one says "if you do X, you will be punished by Y," but when the person does X they are punished by Z. What the individual takes away from this is that they will not always be punished, thus there is no reinforcement. Instead the behavior is only partially reinforced, as in "if I do X, sometimes I may be punished by Y, but not always."

Chapter Eight:

rehearsal is essentially a practice session of an event that will be performed at an actual level later on. An elaborate rehearsal requires multiple activities to be coordinated and completed in order to give the rehearser a comprehensive run-through of the activity.

A mnemonic is a memory aid, often verbal (like a poem or word list, that assist a learner in learning through the use of both repetition and by utilizing easy to remember lines, words, riddles and poems. For example, an acronym mnemonic is often used to memorize a list. It contains an easily remembered word, phrase or rhyme where all the first letters are associated with an item on the list being memorized.

Elaborative rehearsal and mnemonics are similar in that mnemonics is a form of rehearsal and rehearsals use mnemonics as part of the rehearsal process. When one rehearses something, they are essentially practicing the activity. Thus, one method of rehearsing a speech is to practice memorizing the content. A method used to assist with memorizing the content is a mnemonic. Therefore the mnemonic is used as a form of the elaborate rehearsal. Likewise, the reverse is true. When one is using mnemonic to assist with learning a list, they are rehearsing that list for performance on the final activity, such as an exam.

Assignment Six

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, human being have a number of needs that are arranged in a hierarchy based on their potency. Although all needs are instinctive, some, such as morality, creativity and problem solving (self-actualization) are more powerful tan others.

According to the website, motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and gives it direction through goal setting, thus influencing the needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. This definition of motivation plays into Maslow's hierarchy of needs because, according to Maslow, one's level of motivation is based on the level of the need. Essentially, the need is the goal. If that need is a powerful, self-actualization need, than that person's behavior will exhibit signs of greater motivation. On the other hand, if a person exhibits low motivation, it means that they are functioning at a lower level of hierarchical needs.

This relationship between motivation and needs is further explored in the other three websites. Each of these sites focus on the role that motivation plays in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and, particularly, how this effects behavior science. For example, if one has low motivation, how does an educator increase that motivation? Simply by working to take the student to the next level of need.