Tsunami Numerical Modeling
Tsunami Modeling There was a nasty tsunami in 1956 that affected the area of Greece. One of the ten articles reviewed for this literature review and results summary reflect that the disaster was recorded and assessed from nearby Yafo, Israel. This was far from the first such event in that area as there were 300 descriptions of tsunamis or at least something very similar over the decades and centuries. Of course, scientific standards and measurement methods were paltry or were not even attempted back in the 1950's and before. However, this does not mean that something cannot or should not be learned from those experiences. Frustratingly, most of the accounts that were ever offered were based on simple eye-witness accounts and little to anything else. Even so, the fishing buoy gauges that existed at the time reflected that Yafo and nearby Greece got creamed by a tsunami in 1956. The tsunami started at 0900 hours local time in Israel and lasted about twelve to fifteen minutes (Beisel et al., 2008). The Greek account of the same event yielded similar results. The tsunami was ostensibly the result of an earthquake and caused swells of thirty, twenty and ten meters in height. Updating modeling since then has relocated the epicenter and genesis of the earthquake that led to the tsunami and has led to a modeling crafted after the fact even though the event was more than half a century ago and before modern scientific methods were or could be employed (Okal et al., 2009).
Tsunamis, along with other massive natural disaster events such as earthquakes, hurricanes and so forth, represent one of the most (if not the most) destructive natural disaster event that has occurred in the past or that could occur in the future. They typically coincide with earthquakes in a given area but accurately predicting and projecting when they will occur, when they will not occur and the methods of predicting both has become a fairly chaotic and fickle endeavor. However, the use of computer and numerical-based modeling has represented a shift in that it can more accurately predict what will or will not occur when earthquakes and other conditions relative to tsunamis occur and avail themselves to geologists, oceanic experts and other scientists that are the least bit involved in predicting tsunamis and warning the populace around the world about the same. After explaining the data sources and methods, this repot will cover how to predict and account for damage scenarios, the areas of the world that tsunamis typically occur in, what happens when tsunamis make landfall, what patterns have become clear over time, what areas are more vulnerable than others, and particular tsunami events in the past, mostly in the 1950's, that have illuminated the subject quite effectively.
Materials & Methods
The materials and methods to be used for this brief literature review, methodology and results/discussion treatise are fairly basic. Of course, the main topic at hand is tsunami and the "drill down" on the subject has been and will be on how numerical models can be used to explain why things happened a certain way in the past and how that data can be used to predict similar events or close calls in the future. The materials used include ten different professional or peer-reviewed journals that relate specifically to modelling of tsunami prediction and handling, historical analysis, future predictions or a combination of the three. After assessing the ten sources, there will be a synthesis of what was reviewed and the relevant points that can or perhaps should be captured from the material.
Results
Tsunami modeling of any sort, numerical or otherwise, is not remotely an exact science yet but the hotspots and the amount of warning time involved is fairly clear. One such hotspot can be found in the eastern Corinth Gulf along the Perachora Fault in the area of Greece, the same area just mentioned in the prior paragraph (Tselentis et al., 2006). Further, the "hotspots" in question have been so for many centuries or even multiple millennia. For example, it is commonly held that the Greece area has been a hotbed of tsunamis for more than 3,500 years. While the…
Michael Cooley (1972) has suggested that the drawing office has been downgraded in importance as a result of the finer division of labor in engineering that began in the 1930s. He described how the creative design element had become increasingly separated from the work of executing drawings. The fragmentation of shop floor jobs was, according to Cooley, paralleled by fragmentation of the job of the designer/drafter. Until the 1930s, drafters
Inferential Statistics: Decision Modeling Decision Modeling: Inferential Statistics Decision models are important components of inferential statistics. They are crucial in helping researchers choose the most appropriate statistical test to use for their study. This text presents the various steps involved in decision modeling, and uses two studies to demonstrate how such models can be used to guide the decision on what test to use. Decision Models in Inferential Statistics Decision models play a crucial
competency modeling and job analysis to select suitable candidates for different positions in the organization has increased the effectiveness of the recruitment and hiring process. The two processes make it easier for human resource practitioners to determine the best competencies for a particular position and make use of assessment strategies and instruments that will choose a candidate that is fit for the position. However, to be effective, assessment strategies
Building and Assumptions Use the Best Subsets approach to refine the predictive models constructed using multiple linear regression Employ techniques (including residual analysis) to test the assumptions of predictive models obtained through multiple linear regression The core of predictive modeling is the search for useful predictors. Prediction is centered on a problem that is defined by the size of the data set (the number of cases or observations) and the number or
This effect is particularly important for structures on the boundary of different topographical features, such as those in Chicago, which sits next to Lake Michigan and thus feels the brunt of wind sweeping in from across the surface of the water while at the same time feeling the effects of the polar jet stream, or Los Angeles, which is positioned between the ocean and a range of tall mountains
Tsunami Relief and Reconstruction The images on television were unimaginable. The number of deaths, staggering. The stories of survival were both heroic and miraculous. Even today, some months later, the news is still filled with reports concerning the December 26, 2004 tsunami that literally devastated many areas of Indonesia. Relief efforts have been under way since the first few days of the disaster and have come from virtually every area of