However, when one looks at the history of any philosophical subject, it is important to note that differing concepts of philosophy often arise "out of" that very historical and cultural fabric of the time -- and then evolve so that they become more acceptable to future generations rather than contemporaneous ones. Individuals tend to justify unethical behavior based on these concepts; if the behavior results in what they perceive to be the best choice for everyone, or if they have self-interests and are able to find a reason for their action. A classic example is in the Victor Hugo book Les Miserables. The main character is imprisoned for stealing a loaf of bread for his starving sister and seven children. He is imprisoned for 19 years for the offense, even though in his mind he had no ethical choice but to try to feed starving family members. Within the individual mind, the ends justifying the means may certainly contribute to the intellectual and/or emotional justification of any action. Question 4 -- Locus of control, or the manner in which the individual believes they can control...

Often, it is the difference between the attitude of allowing the external to completely control oneself, or for a manager, one's group; or conversely taking charge of situations and exerting decision making power and control over the events. Managers with a high locus of control seem to have better control over their own behavior, as well as a handle upon the group themselves -- and are able to influence others to a greater degree. Because of their high locus of control, this type of manager is more confident that their own views are correct and the path is aggressive rather than passive. They are also more apt to seek active information and knowledge that concerns their own activities. Within the paradigm of leadership, the development of locus of control helps proactively influence the development of strategic objectives. This ability to expand locus of control through cooperation and inclusionary behaviors also engenders a strong set of principles that allows a greater chance for the overall success of a given set…