Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Oriental Fruit Fly Pesticide Resistance
Overuse of pesticides to control pest populations in fruit and vegetable commodities has led to the development of pesticide resistance among Bactrocera dorsalis, more commonly known as the oriental fruit fly. Pesticide resistance occurs when resistant individuals reproduce and the resistance to their offspring. If the pesticide is repeatedly used against a given population, the resistance will strengthen and a greater population will survive. It has been estimated that more than 500 species of insects, mites, and spiders have developed some level of pesticide resistance, a phenomenon that was predicted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring (Gut, 2007). Despite developing resistance to pesticides meant to control oriental fruit fly populations, eradication has been achieved through the use of quarantine and fumigation programs.
Various insecticides have been used to combat oriental fruit flies including fenthion, fenitrothion, formothion, malathion, naled, trichlorfon, methomyl, fenvalerate, and cyfuthrin. It has been determined that resistance to organophosphates and methomyl has occurred and biomechanical mechanisms have been recorded...
Pesticide resistance occurs when resistant individuals reproduce and the resistance to their offspring. It has been determined that "physiological mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects include decreased rates of cuticular penetration, increased detoxification of the toxicants, decreased target site sensitivity, and increased sequestration (Hsu et al., 2004).
Infestation of the oriental fruit fly has been recorded in more than 150 fruits and vegetables with avocado, mango, and papaya being the most commonly attacked. Injury to the fruit occurs through oviposition punctures and subsequent larval development (Weems et al., 2010). Infestations have been devastating to the agriculture industry; in Hawaii, the oriental fruit fly has infested more than 125 hosts; and infestations of 50%-80% have been recorded in pear, peach, apricot, fig, and other fruits in West Pakistan. The oriental fruit fly is considered the principle mango pest in the Philippines and was a serious pest of citrus and subtropical fruits in Japan until its eradication in 1985 following an intense 18-year eradication…
Reference List:
"Exotic Fruit Fly Risks." 2006. USDA-APHIS. Retrieved from:
<http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/fruit_flies/background.shtml>
Gut, L., Shilder, A., Isaacs, R., & McManus, P. (2007). Managing the Community of Pests and Beneficials. Fruit Crop Ecology and Management. Retrieved from: <http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideResist.htm>
Hsu, J., Wu, W., & Feng, H. (2004). Biochemical mechanisms of malathion resistance in oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Retrieved from:
"IRAC." 2011. Retrieved from: <http://www.irac-online.org/about/irac/>
Weems, H., & Heppner, J. (2010). Oriental Fruit Fly -- Bactrocera dorsalis. Featured Creatures. Retrieved from: <http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/oriental_fruit_fly.htm>
Antibiotic resistant organisms has become a topic of much debate in recent years. Antibiotic resistance is a serious concern because of the health care implications that occur as a result of this problem. The purpose of this discussion is to explain antibiotic resistance development in humans. The research will also provide a General overview of specific strains, causes and effects. Antibiotic Resistance Development According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Conventional approaches including bacterial therapy are becoming less effective and in some cases completely ineffective for combating bacterial infection. Bacteria are evolving, becoming smarter and more virulent, and increasingly resistant to traditional treatment including antibiotic use. While scan the literature available on probiotic use supports use of probiotics for treating drug resistant strains of bacteria in some cases (Diped, 2003). If nothing else the literature supports the use of
Macrolide: Erythromycin This is a proposal describing a study to test the hypothesis that: The macrolide, erythromycin, normally used to treat individuals with community-acquired pneumonia, causes significant antibiotic resistance in patients in Europe but not individuals in the United States. 9 sources To assess the prevalence of macrolide resistance (Erythromycin) among pneumococci in Europe and the United States and difference in frequency of Erythromycin use in both countries for respiratory infections. To
Efficiency of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer Mechanisms Upon Exposure to Triclosan Triclosan has become the latest buzz word in the grocery store. It is being hailed as the ultimate biocide and finds its way into many everyday products such as toothpaste and hand soap. Mass media produced a great amount of hype and convinced the general public that this was necessary to protect them from potentially harmful or even fatal bacteria.
One organism, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), kills approximately 19,000 Americans annually, which is more than HIV / AIDS, Parkinson's disease, emphysema, and homicide combined (5). In the mid-1980s, the incidence of MRSA isolates was close to zero, and by 1998 the incidence of MRSA was approximately 70% in Japan, 40% in Belgium, 30% in the United Kingdom, and 28% in the United States (1). Every year, 2 million Americans
Antibiotic Resistant Streptococci There are more than thirty different species of streptococcal bacteria. The infections that strep causes in humans range from "strep throat," which is caused by Group A strep and relatively easily treatable, to diseases such as pneumonia and serious wound infections, both of which can prove deadly.(1) Antibiotics were first developed during World War II, and have saved many millions of human lives since then that would have been