Animal biology fundamentals and concepts

¶ … PDF file was unable to be edited, thus I have included answers for each question in the narrative below. I separated each tabled question into the different rows, depicted by the row note at the beginning of each answer.

Record the sexes and immerse sets of 10 of each of the animals in three separate containers of room temperature water. Hold one container steady at room temperature and then incrementally increase the temperature of one of the other containers and decrease the temperature (with ice) of the last container. Observe changes if any in the animals. If temperature affects sexuality, the changing temperature should have had an effect on the majority of the animals in one of the containers. If decreasing temperature affects sexuality, more animals in the cold container will have changed sexuality and vice versa for the warm temperature container.

The beta cells of the islets of Lagerhans in the pancreatic follicles.

Insulin is constantly secreted into the bloodstream at low levels, but when blood glucose levels are high, more insulin is secreted than normal.

c. Diabetes would develop. Insulin and Amylin will accumulate in beta cells in the pancreas and causes Amyloid to deposit, disrupting the ability of these cells to produce and regulate insulin.

2. First Row: It binds to ?1 receptors, signaling the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase (inactivating and activating them, respectively), leading to the latter activating glycogen phosphorylase, to release glucose to the bloodstream.

Second Row: Cardiac rhythm is started or increased. It does this by increasing peripheral resistance via ?1-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction and the ?1-adrenoceptor response.

Third Row: 2 receptors are found primarily in skeletal muscle blood vessels where they trigger vasodilation. -adrenergic receptors are found in smooth muscles and adrenaline triggers vasoconstriction in those vessels.

Fourth Row: Gives the body's muscles greater ability to evade or attack (ie moves blood further away from less imperative body systems to the areas where it is needed for optimum performance).

4. Amniotes are internally fertilized and the males have larger plumbing, whereas basal vertebrates are often externally fertilized and male plumbing is much smaller and less visible.

5. First Row: Hypothalumus with a negative feedback loop. / Uterine and muscle contractions with positive feedback loop.

Last Row: Endocrine. / Oxytocin-Induces more muscular contractions. ADH- affects absorption of kidney tissues.

6. Doping with testosterone causes decline in spermatogenesis and a decline in LH levels through interactions of the testosterone cells and the sperm cells.

7. Estrodial will decline and endometrial development will slow and eventually stop. With endometrial development stopped, GnRH will decrease which will lead to further decline in endometrial development in a negative feedback loop.

8. Protethria-egg laying, medium length gestation inside the mother. Lactation occurs after hatching.

Metatheria-marsupial, short length gestation period inside skin pouch on the outside of mother. Lactation occurs upon gestation.

Eutheria-develop from embryos inside of the mother, long gestation period and lactation occurs throughout gestation.

9. First Row: Propagation is stopped as the two waves would cancel one another out. Propagation would occur if the nerve was stimulated in the middle and the two waves moved towards the tips.

Second Row: Initiation is slowed or will stop and result in cramps of the involved muscle. The ion channels are slow to respond or will not respond at all without sodium being present.

Third Row: Transduction will not occur as it relies on the Ca2+ gates to transfer the signal and change the stimulus.

10. Sight-Photoreceptor / Cells react to light hitting them / Optic Nerve

Smell-Olfactory, a-Rodopsin-like receptors / Binds to odor molecule and changes form / Olfactory Nerve

Sound -- Mechanoreceptor / Waves of sound move cells in inner ear / Cochlear Nerve

11. First Row: White Matter

Second Row: Toward the cerebral cortex as she can initiate movement but not respond to incoming signals from stimuli.

Third Row: Afferent neurons are neurons that transmit information regarding stimuli, while efferent neurons are what assist the brain and body in creating a reaction to that particular stimulus.

Fourth Row: Her reflexes would not work properly or at all as all neuron tips are rooted in the dorsal root ganglia.

12. First Row: The hypothalamus is involved with homeostatic regulation and the cerebellum controls coordination and reflexes.

Second Row: It would be very difficult to learn as the cerebellum is the major part of the brain that assists in movement and coordination. It also plays a role in regulating fear and cognitive abilities (specifically attention span, which would be required in order to learn a new sport).