Psychopharmaceutical reference guide for psychiatric medications

Psychopharmaceutical Reference Guide

Table of Contents

Exemplar 5
Category: Antidepressants 7
Class: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 7
Medication 1 7
Medication 2 7
Medication 3 8
Class: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) 10
Medication 1 10
Medication 2 10
Medication 3 11
Class: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 13
Medication 1 13
Medication 2 13
Medication 3 14
Class: Atypical Agents 16
Medication 1 16
Medication 2 16
Medication 3 17
Category: Mood Stabilizers 19
Medication 1 19
Medication 2 19
Medication 3 20
Category: Anticonvulsants (nonbenzodiazepines) 22
Medication 1 22
Medication 2 22
Medication 3 23
Category: Anxiolytics 25
Class: Benzodiazepines 25
Medication 1 26
Medication 2 26
Medication 3 27
Class: Buspirone and others 29
Medication 1 29
Medication 2 29
Medication 3 30
Category: Antipsychotics 32
Class: Antipsychotics – FGA 32
Medication 1 32
Medication 2 32
Medication 3 33
Class: Antipsychotics – SGA 34
Medication 1 34
Medication 2 35
Medication 3 36
Class: Atypical antipsychotics 38
Medication 1 38
Medication 2 38
Medication 3 39
Category: Sleep Aids 41
Class: Sedative hypnotics 42
Medication 1 42
Medication 2 42
Medication 3 43
Class: Z-hypnotics 45
Medication 1 45
Medication 2 45
Medication 3 46
Category: ADHD Medications 48
Class: Stimulants 49
Medication 1 49
Medication 2 49
Medication 3 50
Class: Non-stimulants 52
Medication 1 52
Medication 2 52
Medication 3 53
Category: SUD Medications 55
Buprenorphine 55
Naltrexone 56
Naloxone 57
Methadone 58
Buproprion 59
Acomprosate 60
Topiramate 61
Disulfiram 62

Exemplar

Sample Reference: Xanax

1. Brand Name of Medication
Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam

1. Generic Name of Medication
Alprazolam

1. Drug Class
Benzodiazepines

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer, Inc.

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Anxiety disorders, panic disorders, anxiety caused by depression

1. Contraindications
Narrow-angle glaucoma; if patient is also on itraconazole or ketoconazole; if allergic to Xanax or similar medications (Librium, Klonopin, Tranxene, Valium, Ativan, Serax)

1. Pregnancy
Do not use Xanax if pregnant

1. Potential for Dependency
Alprazolam may be habit-forming. Misuse of this medication could cause addiction, overdose or death.

1. Precautions of Use
· Do not drink alcohol while taking Xanax
· Do not take opioid medications while taking Xanax – unless under medical supervision

1. Allergic Reaction
Hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face/lips/tongue/ throat

1. Common Side Effects
Common side effects of Xanax include: ataxia, cognitive dysfunction, constipation, difficulty in micturition, drowsiness, dysarthria, fatigue, memory impairment, skin rash, weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, blurred vision, diarrhea, insomnia, decreased libido, increased appetite, slurred speech, and decreased appetite. Other side effects include: hypotension, sexual disorder, muscle twitching, and increased libido.

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
· Depressed mood, thoughts of suicide or hurting self
· Racing thoughts, increased energy, unusual risk-taking behavior
· Confusion, agitation, hostility, hallucinations
· Uncontrolled muscle movements, tremor, seizure, convulsions
· Pounding heartbeats or fluttering in chest

1. Dose Range
· Treatment for patients with anxiety should be initiated with a dose of 0.25 to 0.5 mg given three times daily. The dose may be increased to achieve a maximum therapeutic effect, at intervals of 3 to 4 days, to a maximum daily dose of 4 mg, given in divided doses.
· The successful treatment of many panic disorder patients has required the use of XANAX at doses greater than 4 mg daily. In controlled trials conducted to establish the efficacy of XANAX in panic disorder, doses in the range of 1 to 10 mg daily were used. The mean dosage employed was approximately 5 to 6 mg daily.
· Treatment may be initiated with a dose of 0.5 mg three times daily. Depending on the response, the dose may be increased at intervals of 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg per day. Slower titration to the dose levels greater than 4 mg/day may be advisable to allow full expression of the pharmacodynamic effect of XANAX.
· For patients receiving doses greater than 4 mg/day, periodic reassessment and consideration of dosage reduction is advised.

1. Types of Administration
Oral: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets

1. Pharmacodynamics
Clinically, all benzodiazepines cause a dose-related central nervous system depressant activity varying from mild impairment of task performance to hypnosis.
it may enhance the activity of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, in the brain. This produces a hypnosis (a trancelike state)

1. Half-Life
A mean half-life of alprazolam of 16.3 hours has been observed in healthy elderly subjects (range: 9.0–26.9 hours, n=16) compared to 11.0 hours (range: 6.3–15.8 hours, n=16) in healthy adult subjects. In patients with alcoholic liver disease the half-life of alprazolam ranged between 5.8 and 65.3 hours (mean: 19.7 hours, n=17) as compared to between 6.3 and 26.9 hours (mean=11.4 hours, n=17) in healthy subjects. In an obese group of subjects, the half-life of alprazolam ranged between 9.9 and 40.4 hours (mean=21.8 hours, n=12) as compared to between 6.3 and 15.8 hours (mean=10.6 hours, n=12) in healthy subjects.

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Alprazolam concentrations may be reduced by up to 50% in smokers compared to non-smokers.

1. Other Notes
Put your special notes here. For example, Xanax is often prescribed PRN (take as needed).

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/xanax.html






Category: Antidepressants

Class: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Prozac

1. Generic Name of Medication
fluoxetine

1. Drug Class
SSRI

1. Manufacturer
Eli Lilly and Company

1. Indicated Diagnoses
major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder (drugs.com)

1. Contraindications
Do not take with MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
Only if the benefits to user outweigh potential risks to fetus (RxList.com)

1. Potential for Dependency
Yes—Can cause changes to the brain and physical dependency (https://harvardmagazine.com/2000/05/the-downsides-of-prozac-html)

1. Precautions of Use
Best to avoid alcohol. Persons with family history of bipolar disorder need to be careful. Suicidal thoughts occur for some users.

1. Allergic Reaction
Possible.

1. Common Side Effects
sleep problems, headache, upset stomach, ry mouth, anxiety, and more

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
blurred vision, loss of coordination, vomiting, fever, skin reactions.

1. Dose Range
Adult: 20mg.day; Children: 10-20mg.day

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Inhibits uptake of serotonin

1. Half-Life
changes with use; 3 days after single dose; up to 6 days after long-term use

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid alcohol and other drugs if possible.

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/prozac.html
https://www.rxlist.com/prozac-drug.htm#warnings
https://harvardmagazine.com/2000/05/the-downsides-of-prozac-html
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-6997/prozac-oral/details




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Paxil

1. Generic Name of Medication
paroxetine

1. Drug Class
SSRI

1. Manufacturer
GlaxoSmithKline

1. Indicated Diagnoses
depression, panic disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD

1. Contraindications
Not to be used with MAOIs, or with  pimozide or thioridazine.

1. Pregnancy
may cause lung problems in baby, and should not breastfeed

1. Potential for Dependency
Some potential for dependency

1. Precautions of Use
high blood pressure, heart disease, liver disease, seizures

1. Allergic Reaction
hives and other severe skin reactions

1. Common Side Effects
weakness, vision changes, dry mouth, insomnia

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
agitation, hallucination, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, suicidal thoughts

1. Dose Range
Adults: 20mg.day; Not recommended for persons under the age of 18

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
inhibition of serotonin reuptake

1. Half-Life
21 hours, after 30 days of administration

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Can cause some side effects

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/paxil.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Zoloft

1. Generic Name of Medication
sertraline

1. Drug Class
SSRI

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer

1. Indicated Diagnoses
depression, OCD, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, PTSD

1. Contraindications
Not to be used with pimozide or MAOIs.

1. Pregnancy
May be used, but may also cause complications. Doctor consultation necessary.

1. Potential for Dependency
Moderate potential

1. Precautions of Use
Warning for serotonin syndrome. watch for suicidality.

1. Allergic Reaction
skin rash/hives

1. Common Side Effects
nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, decreased libido (https://www.drugs.com/sfx/zoloft-side-effects.html)

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
suicidal thoughts, aggression,

1. Dose Range
Adults: 25-50 mg.day; Not recommended for persons under 18 years of age except in rare cases.

1. Types of Administration
oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
inhibits reuptake of serotonin

1. Half-Life
24 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Should not be taken with alcohol

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/zoloft.html




Class: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Cymbalta

1. Generic Name of Medication
duloxetine

1. Drug Class
SNRI

1. Manufacturer
Eli Lilly

1. Indicated Diagnoses
major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia

1. Contraindications
Not to be taken with MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
Mainly safe but could cause complications

1. Potential for Dependency
May cause dependency but generally not addictive

1. Precautions of Use
Use with caution or not at all if history of liver disease, epilepsy, high blood pressure, glaucoma

1. Allergic Reaction
skin rash, hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Suicidal thoughts, dizziness/light-headedness, mania, headache, confusion, severe skin reactions, serotonin syndrome

1. Dose Range
Adults: 40-60 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
oral (capsule or tablet)

1. Pharmacodynamics
inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

1. Half-Life
8 to 17 hours, 12 on average

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid alcohol, amphetamines, opioids

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/cymbalta.html



Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Effexor XR

1. Generic Name of Medication
venlafaxine

1. Drug Class
SNRI

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Major depressive disorder, anxiety, panic disorder

1. Contraindications
do not take with MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
Use with caution, weighing risks of not taking antidepressants with potential harm to fetus

1. Potential for Dependency
Moderate but not considered addictive

1. Precautions of Use
Caution when taking amphetamines. Danger of serotonin syndrome. Caution if history of bipolar disorder, heart disease, suicidal ideation.

1. Allergic Reaction
skin rash/hives

1. Common Side Effects
dizziness, anxiety, sleep changes, dry mouth, appetite changes, changes to sex drive, vision changes

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
suicidal thoughts, serotonin syndrome (agitation, increased heart rate, hallucination), muscle stiffness, trouble breathing, blurred vision

1. Dose Range
Adults: 75 mg/day—divided into 2-3 doses or time-release capsules/tablets

1. Types of Administration
capsules, tablets

1. Pharmacodynamics
inhibits reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine

1. Half-Life
15 hours on average

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Alcohol can cause nervous system effects.

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/effexor.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Pristiq

1. Generic Name of Medication
desvenlafaxine

1. Drug Class
SNRI

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer

1. Indicated Diagnoses
major depressive disorder

1. Contraindications
Do not take with MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
Likely safe, but should consult with physician

1. Potential for Dependency
Low to moderate

1. Precautions of Use
history of heart disease, bipolar disorder, suicidality, glaucoma

1. Allergic Reaction
skin rash, hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Convulsions, seizure, blurred vision, chest pain, severe headache, severe weakness, confusion

1. Dose Range
Adults: 50mg.day

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

1. Half-Life
11 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Alcohol should be avoided; also take care with blood thinners, and NSAIDs.

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/pristiq.html




Class: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) 
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Anafranil

1. Generic Name of Medication
clomipramine

1. Drug Class
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

1. Manufacturer
Mallinckrodt

1. Indicated Diagnoses
OCD

1. Contraindications
Do not take with MAOIs. May also interfere with SSRIs

1. Pregnancy
unknown; need to consult with physician

1. Potential for Dependency
Low

1. Precautions of Use
Caution for people with history of liver disease, bipolar disorder, kidney disease, or heart disease

1. Allergic Reaction
Hives or difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
dry mouth, nausea, memory issues, appetite or weight changes, sleep problems

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Blurred vision, rapid heart rate, painful urination, confusion, seizure

1. Dose Range
Adults: Start with 25mg/day up to 100 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Actual neurochemical mechanism unknown; does effect serotonergic neuronal transmission and inhibits serotonin reuptake

1. Half-Life
UP to 24 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Use with alcohol can cause serious side effects such as confusion and irregular heart rate.

1. Other Notes
Need titration, with low dose initially and gradual increase

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/anafranil.html




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Norpramin


1. Generic Name of Medication
desipramine 

1. Drug Class
TCA

1. Manufacturer
Validus

1. Indicated Diagnoses
depression

1. Contraindications
Do not give to patient who has had a heart attack. Do not use with MAOIs.

1. Pregnancy
Unknown; consult with doctor

1. Potential for Dependency
Not addictive but caution should be taken when going off the drug

1. Precautions of Use
Bipolar disorder, liver disease, heart disease, diabetes, glaucoma

1. Allergic Reaction
Unlikely but may include skin rash

1. Common Side Effects
headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, trouble sleeping

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Confusion, changes to breast milk, irregular or painful periods, numbness

1. Dose Range
Adults: 100-200 mg/day up to 300mg/day; Adolescents and Geriatric patients: 25 mg to 100 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Unknown, but generally blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

1. Half-Life
Between 7 and 65 hours (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/014399s066s067lbl.pdf)

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
May experience moderate side effects when taken with alcohol

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.rxlist.com/norpramin-side-effects-drug-center.htm
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/014399s066s067lbl.pdf
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/norpramin.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Tofranil

1. Generic Name of Medication
imipramine 

1. Drug Class
TCA

1. Manufacturer
Mallinckrodt

1. Indicated Diagnoses
depression

1. Contraindications
Do not give to patient who has recently suffered a heart attack. Do not use with MAOIs.

1. Pregnancy
unknown; consult with doctor and monitor closely

1. Potential for Dependency
Low risk but unknown

1. Precautions of Use
history of heart disease, kidney or liver disease, overactive thyroid, bipolar disorder, may cause suicidal thoughts in young people; also use caution with older adults

1. Allergic Reaction
Skin reactions such as hives

1. Common Side Effects
dry mouth, nausea, tingling, constipation, diarrhea

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
blurred vision, eye pain, sudden numbness, fever, sore throat

1. Dose Range
Depends on the presenting condition. Adult dose for depression 100 to 200 mg/day.

1. Types of Administration
Oral; also available as injection

1. Pharmacodynamics
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine

1. Half-Life
19 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
May experience moderately uncomfortable effects when used with alcohol, and may have interactions with other drugs

1. Other Notes
Need to take for three weeks before presenting symptoms subside.

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/imipramine.html




Class: Atypical Agents
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Wellbutrin

1. Generic Name of Medication
bupropion

1. Drug Class
Atypical antidepressant

1. Manufacturer
GlaxoSmithKline

1. Indicated Diagnoses
depression; smoking cessation; seasonal affective disorder

1. Contraindications
Do not take with MAOIs. Do not give to patients with eating disorders or who experience seizures.

1. Pregnancy
Consult with doctor; implications unknown

1. Potential for Dependency
Unknown

1. Precautions of Use
May lead to suicidal thoughts; Can cause seizures

1. Allergic Reaction
rash, fever (uncommon)

1. Common Side Effects
anxiety, dry mouth, irritability, restlessness

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Seizure, dizziness, irregular heartbeat

1. Dose Range
100-150 mg/day depending on indication

1. Types of Administration
oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Not fully known; may be dopaminergic and/or noradrenergic (https://www.drugs.com/ppa/bupropion.html)

1. Half-Life
Long (30+ hours)

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Use with nicotine can cause elevated blood pressure

1. Other Notes


1. Source





Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Remeron

1. Generic Name of Medication
Mirtazapine

1. Drug Class
Tetracyclic antidepressant

1. Manufacturer
Amneal; Apotex

1. Indicated Diagnoses
major depressive disorder

1. Contraindications
Do not take with tryptophan or MAOIs.

1. Pregnancy
Consult with doctor

1. Potential for Dependency
Low risk

1. Precautions of Use
History of liver or kidney disease, low blood pressure, heart problems. May increase suicidal thoughts

1. Allergic Reaction
Unknown but reactions may occur such as skin rash

1. Common Side Effects
sedation, constipation, drowsiness,

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
skin rash, swelling, shortness of breath

1. Dose Range
Adults: 15 mg/day up to 45 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
Oral (tablet), with or without food

1. Pharmacodynamics
“presynaptic alpha2-adrenergic antagonist”; “antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and H1 histamine receptors” (https://www.drugs.com/ppa/mirtazapine.html)

1. Half-Life
Long (20 to 40 hours)

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid alcohol.

1. Other Notes
May take several weeks—up to four weeks—to notice changes. Do not stop taking abruptly

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mirtazapine.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/mirtazapine-oral-route/description/drg-20067334




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Viibryd

1. Generic Name of Medication
vilazodone

1. Drug Class
Atypical antidepressant

1. Manufacturer
Allergan

1. Indicated Diagnoses
major depressive disorder

1. Contraindications
Do not use with MAOIS.

1. Pregnancy
May cause complications late in the pregnancy; consult with doctor

1. Potential for Dependency
Low

1. Precautions of Use
liver or kidney disease, drug addiction, suicidal thoughts, seizures/epilepsy, glaucoma

1. Allergic Reaction
skin rash, hives, swelling

1. Common Side Effects
nausea, vomiting, sleep problems, diarrhea

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
Seizure, convulsions, hallucination, fever

1. Dose Range
Adults: 10-40 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
Oral tablet

1. Pharmacodynamics
inhibits serotonin reuptake

1. Half-Life
24 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Taking with other drugs may lead to serotonin syndrome

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/vilazodone.html






Category: Mood Stabilizers

Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Liskonum, Priadel, Lithonate

1. Generic Name of Medication
Lithium

1. Drug Class
Antimanic

1. Manufacturer
Multiple: Apotex, Muylan, Roxanne

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Bipolar disorder (administered only during the manic phase)

1. Contraindications
Do not give to patients with kidney disease; use with caution in patients with thyroid conditions

1. Pregnancy
Use with caution; consult physician

1. Potential for Dependency
Low

1. Precautions of Use
Potential for toxicity; dose sensitive

1. Allergic Reaction
Difficulty breathing, hives

1. Common Side Effects
dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
light-headedness, shortness of breath, memory problems, hallucinations, dehydration, agitation, increased heart rate

1. Dose Range
Adults: 1800 mg/day in incremental doses or time-release

1. Types of Administration
tablet or liquid

1. Pharmacodynamics
unknown; may alter carbon transport and inhibit serotonin and/or norepinephrine reuptake

1. Half-Life
long, about 27 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Many drugs interact poorly with lithium; consult physician

1. Other Notes
Requires close monitoring to prevent toxicity

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/lithium.html




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Tegretol

1. Generic Name of Medication
carbamazepine 

1. Drug Class
Dibenzazepine anticonvulsant

1. Manufacturer
Novartis

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Seizures, nerve disorders

1. Contraindications
Do not give to patients with history of bone marrow suppression; not to be taken within two weeks of taking MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
unknown but may harm pregnancy; consult with doctor

1. Potential for Dependency
low

1. Precautions of Use
could cause serious blood problems; can interfere with other drugs; use with caution if history of heart disease, liver or kidney disease

1. Allergic Reaction
could cause serious skin rash

1. Common Side Effects
dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
blurred vision or odd eye movements

1. Dose Range
Start with low dose. 100 mg twice a day for tablets 

1. Types of Administration
Oral (tablets)

1. Pharmacodynamics
unknown mechanism of action. Reduces polysynaptic responses and “blocks the post-tetanic potentiatio” (https://www.drugs.com/pro/tegretol.html)

1. Half-Life
25-60 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
no serious effects known but patient should avoid using alcohol and alert physician of other drug use

1. Other Notes
May interfere with oral contraceptives; use a barrier method of birth control; avoid taking with grapefruit

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/tegretol.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Sycrest


1. Generic Name of Medication
asenapine

1. Drug Class
atypical antipsychotic

1. Manufacturer
Merck

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Bipolar, issued during manic episodes; can be used for severe PTSD (https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB06216); can be prescribed for schizophrenia and dementia-related psychosis

1. Contraindications
Hepatic impairments

1. Pregnancy
May cause fetal harm

1. Potential for Dependency
low to none

1. Precautions of Use
Caution when used with other medications; also caution with patients who have history of liver, heart, or kidney disease

1. Allergic Reaction
can cause allergic reactions; watch for hives or difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
sleepiness, dizziness

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
anxiety, drooling, trouble swallowing, cramping, spasms

1. Dose Range
5-10 mg, up to two times per day

1. Types of Administration
sublingual

1. Pharmacodynamics
serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, and histamine antagonist (https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB06216)

1. Half-Life
24 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
alcohol may increase some side effects like dizziness and drowsiness and should be avoided

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB06216






Category: Anticonvulsants (nonbenzodiazepines)

Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Topamax

1. Generic Name of Medication
topiramate

1. Drug Class
anticonvulsant

1. Manufacturer
Johnson & Johnson

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Epilepsy and other disorders causing seizure; can also be used for migraine

1. Contraindications
None on label, but caution with patients who have history of glaucoma, kidney disease, lung disease, metabolic acidosis.

1. Pregnancy
May be used if the benefits outweigh the risks but may cause birth defects including cleft lip/palate (https://www.drugs.com/mtm/topiramate.html)

1. Potential for Dependency
low to none

1. Precautions of Use
Can cause kidney stones, and increases acid levels in blood. Could also cause suicidal thoughts; monitoring patient is important

1. Allergic Reaction
uncommon

1. Common Side Effects
anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, lack of concentration and memory impairment

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
changes to vision, tingling sensations, confusion

1. Dose Range
Depends on indication. For Adults with epilepsy 400 mg twice per day. For children with epilepsy start with 25 mg.

1. Types of Administration
Oral; extended release available

1. Pharmacodynamics
several mechanisms of action: “Blocks neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels, enhances GABA(A) activity, antagonizes AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors, and weakly inhibits carbonic anhydrase,” (https://www.drugs.com/ppa/topiramate.html)

1. Half-Life
up to 21 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid alcohol

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/topiramate.html




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Depakene

1. Generic Name of Medication
valproic acid

1. Drug Class
Fatty acid derivative anticonvulsant

1. Manufacturer
Akorn

1. Indicated Diagnoses
seizure disorders; can also be prescribed for manic phases of bipolar and for migraine

1. Contraindications
Do not administer to patients with liver disease

1. Pregnancy
May be necessary to use, but could harm baby or cause birth defects

1. Potential for Dependency
Low to none

1. Precautions of Use
Can cause serious liver problems; use with caution with people who have depression or suicidal thoughts

1. Allergic Reaction
hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, hair loss

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
confusion, panic attack, depression, anxiety, easy bruising

1. Dose Range
Adults or Children: 10-15 mg/day not to exceed 60 mg/day.

1. Types of Administration
oral or injection

1. Pharmacodynamics
causes increased GABA availability

1. Half-Life
9-16 hours in adults

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid or limit alcohol use

1. Other Notes
Do not stop taking it without notifying physician; oral birth control may interfere with mechanism of action

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/valproic-acid.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Neurontin

1. Generic Name of Medication
gabapentin 

1. Drug Class
Gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer

1. Indicated Diagnoses
 neuropathic pain (nerve pain); can be prescribed for seizures

1. Contraindications
use with caution in patients with history of lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes, depression, or liver disease

1. Pregnancy
May be taken under doctor supervision

1. Potential for Dependency
low to none

1. Precautions of Use
May cause or exacerbate suicidal thoughts

1. Allergic Reaction
hives, difficulty breathing, swelling

1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
weak, shallow breathing, skin discoloration, confusion, balance or coordination issues, involuntary eye movements

1. Dose Range
For epilepsy: 300 mg, three times per day to start, up to 600 mg three times per day

1. Types of Administration
Tablet or liquid

1. Pharmacodynamics
unknown

1. Half-Life
5-7 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
unknown but best to avoid alcohol

1. Other Notes
Advise patient to not stop taking the medication without consulting with doctor first; avoid antacids

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/neurontin.html






Category: Anxiolytics

Class: Benzodiazepines
Do not include Xanax as one of the benzodiazepines
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
Valium

1. Generic Name of Medication
diazepam

1. Drug Class
benzodiazepine

1. Manufacturer
Pfizer

1. Indicated Diagnoses
anxiety disorders; can also be used to treat muscle spasm or seizure

1. Contraindications
Do not give to patients with sleep apnea, liver disease, or myasthenia gravis

1. Pregnancy
Avoid; could cause harm to baby and could also cause baby to be born with chemical dependency

1. Potential for Dependency
High potential for addiction

1. Precautions of Use
Caution for patients with glaucoma, kidney diseases, substance use disorders

1. Allergic Reaction
hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
weak, shallow breathing, suicidal thoughts, confusion, hallucination, panic attack

1. Dose Range
2.5-15 mg

1. Types of Administration
Oral: tablets or liquid

1. Pharmacodynamics
interacts with GABA receptors throughout the CNS

1. Half-Life
long, up to 72 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Can be fatal if used in conjunction with alcohol, opioids, or other sedatives

1. Other Notes
Use with caution with older adults due to risk of falling, and enhanced sedative effects; do not take for more than 4 months

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/diazepam.html




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Prosom

1. Generic Name of Medication
estazolam

1. Drug Class
benzodiazepine

1. Manufacturer
Teva

1. Indicated Diagnoses
sleep disorders

1. Contraindications
Do not use with itraconazole or ketoconazole.

1. Pregnancy
No not use while pregnant

1. Potential for Dependency
High potential for addiction

1. Precautions of Use
caution with patients who have asthma, sleep apnea, substance use disorder, liver disease

1. Allergic Reaction
can cause severe allergic reaction; watch for hives and other signs like difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
memory problems, dizziness, drowsiness, headache

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
unusual thoughts or behavior, depression, suicidal thoughts, confusion, agitation

1. Dose Range
1-2 mg

1. Types of Administration
oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
binds to GABA receptors at several points in the CNS

1. Half-Life
10-24 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Dangerous when combined with alcohol

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/estazolam.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
KlonoPIN

1. Generic Name of Medication
clonazepam

1. Drug Class
benzodiazepine

1. Manufacturer
Apotex

1. Indicated Diagnoses
seizure disorders, panic disorder, agoraphobia

1. Contraindications
Do not administer to patients with liver disease or narrow-angle glaucoma; use with great care or not at all with patients who have history of depression or suicidality

1. Pregnancy
Use with caution and consult with physician

1. Potential for Dependency
Moderate to high potential

1. Precautions of Use
Caution for patients who have substance use disorders

1. Allergic Reaction
hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
depressed mood, lethargy, memory problems

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
worsening seizures, weak or shallow breathing, changes to mood or behavior, chest palpitations

1. Dose Range
.125 to .5 mg. For panic disorders use .25 2 times per day up to 4 mg/day

1. Types of Administration
Oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
unknown, but does impact GABA systems

1. Half-Life
17-60 hours in adults

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
alcohol can increase some nervous side effects and cause drowsiness and difficulty breathing

1. Other Notes
Do not use for more than 9 weeks

1. Source







Class: Buspirone and others
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication
BuSpar

1. Generic Name of Medication
Buspirone

1. Drug Class
anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics

1. Manufacturer
Amneal

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms

1. Contraindications
Do not use with MAOIs

1. Pregnancy
Relatively low risk but inform physician

1. Potential for Dependency
Low risk.

1. Precautions of Use
Caution with patients who have kidney or liver disease

1. Allergic Reaction
hives, difficulty breathing

1. Common Side Effects
headache, dizziness, drowsiness

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
chest pain, shortness of breath, light-headedness

1. Dose Range
7.5 mg twice per day, up to 60 mg per day

1. Types of Administration
oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
unknown, but does seem to work with serotonin receptors

1. Half-Life
2-3 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid use with alcohol, which can cause impaired judgment, difficulty concentrating, and drowsiness

1. Other Notes


1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/buspirone.html




Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication
Ambien


1. Generic Name of Medication
zolpidem


1. Drug Class
Sedative/Hypnotic; Nonbenzodiazepine

1. Manufacturer
Sanofi

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Insomnia

1. Contraindications
obstructive sleep apnea, liver disease, depression, psychotic disorders

1. Pregnancy
Do not use in late pregnancy

1. Potential for Dependency
High potential; use with caution

1. Precautions of Use
could cause memory loss of events after taking the drug; caution for persons with substance use disorder, depression, breathing problems

1. Allergic Reaction
Can cause severe allergic reaction; seek medical attention if hives, difficulty breathing, or other signs occur

1. Common Side Effects
dizziness

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
chest pain, confusion, anxiety

1. Dose Range
5-10mg; do not exceed 10mg. Women should use lower doses

1. Types of Administration
oral; CR tablets are time release

1. Pharmacodynamics
acts on GABA receptors

1. Half-Life
2 to 16 hours

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
Avoid alcohol

1. Other Notes
Dose sensitivity depends on gender. Patient may experience impaired cognitive functioning upon awakening

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/ambien.html




Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication
Sonata

1. Generic Name of Medication
zaleplon

1. Drug Class
anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic

1. Manufacturer
Roxane

1. Indicated Diagnoses
Insomnia

1. Contraindications
substance use disorders; sleep apnea, lung disease, liver disease

1. Pregnancy
Do not use while pregnant

1. Potential for Dependency
High potential for dependency/addiction

1. Precautions of Use
Use with caution or not at all if patient has history of liver or kidney disease. Some people using this medicine have engaged in activity while not fully awake and later had no memory of it,” (https://www.drugs.com/mtm/zaleplon.html)

1. Allergic Reaction
difficulty breathing, hives

1. Common Side Effects
dizziness, amnesia

1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention
not remembering what happened after taking the medication; somnambulism, chest pain, anxiety, double vision

1. Dose Range
5-10mg, not to exceed 20 mg

1. Types of Administration
oral

1. Pharmacodynamics
Acts on benzodiazepine GABA receptor system

1. Half-Life
short—about an hour

1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)
alcohol will increase drowsiness and lead to impaired judgment

1. Other Notes
Short-term use only

1. Source
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/zaleplon.html






Category: Antipsychotics

Class: Antipsychotics – FGA
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication


1. Drug Class


1. Manufacturer


1. Indicated Diagnoses


1. Contraindications


1. Pregnancy


1. Potential for Dependency


1. Precautions of Use


1. Allergic Reaction


1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention


1. Dose Range


1. Types of Administration


1. Pharmacodynamics


1. Half-Life


1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)


1. Other Notes


1. Source





Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication


1. Drug Class


1. Manufacturer


1. Indicated Diagnoses


1. Contraindications


1. Pregnancy


1. Potential for Dependency


1. Precautions of Use


1. Allergic Reaction


1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention


1. Dose Range


1. Types of Administration


1. Pharmacodynamics


1. Half-Life


1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)


1. Other Notes


1. Source





Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication


1. Drug Class


1. Manufacturer


1. Indicated Diagnoses


1. Contraindications


1. Pregnancy


1. Potential for Dependency


1. Precautions of Use


1. Allergic Reaction


1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention


1. Dose Range


1. Types of Administration


1. Pharmacodynamics


1. Half-Life


1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)


1. Other Notes


1. Source





Class: Antipsychotics – SGA
Medication 1
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication


1. Drug Class


1. Manufacturer


1. Indicated Diagnoses


1. Contraindications


1. Pregnancy


1. Potential for Dependency


1. Precautions of Use


1. Allergic Reaction


1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention


1. Dose Range


1. Types of Administration


1. Pharmacodynamics


1. Half-Life


1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)


1. Other Notes


1. Source





Medication 2
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication


1. Drug Class


1. Manufacturer


1. Indicated Diagnoses


1. Contraindications


1. Pregnancy


1. Potential for Dependency


1. Precautions of Use


1. Allergic Reaction


1. Common Side Effects


1. Concerning Side Effects Needing Medical Attention


1. Dose Range


1. Types of Administration


1. Pharmacodynamics


1. Half-Life


1. Effects with Poly-Substance Use (e.g., cigarettes, alcohol, etc.)


1. Other Notes


1. Source





Medication 3
1. Brand Name of Medication


1. Generic Name of Medication