Politics in video gaming and British political ideologies

Video games have for a long time been associated with the passage of certain ideologies. The concept of video games has therefore been instrumental in the process of passing certain social and political ideologies. This paper seeks to explore the element and role that the video games play in the process of passing certain political ideologies in the British society. The main aim is therefore to expose the extent to which video games side with certain British political ideologies. This paper begins by analyzing the role that video game play in the passage of general ideologies and then it narrows down to the real specifics that are involved in the process of influencing the British ideologies. The exact parameters are then evaluated and then the extent of influence of video games on the British political culture is the evaluated.

Introduction

Video games are electronic games that engage the user through an interactive interface. The interaction involves the use of visual feedback mechanism which is generated on a specially designed video device. Just like any other medium, the use of video games can be used as an effective communication channel. The content of the specific game is however the determinant of the specific ideology that it expresses.

A video game is a computer program that is enabled to respond to users directions. In common use a personal computer refers to a form of media that involves a player interacting with a personal computer connected to a high-resolution video monitor. Aconsole game is played on a specialized electronic device that connects to a standard or high-definition television set or composite video monitor. A handheld gaming device is a self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands. It is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a visual display unit or a video device. Platforms are electronic systems used to play video games.

A video game, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres based on many factors such as method of game play, types of goals, art style and more. Because genres are dependent on content for definition, genres have changed and evolved as newer styles of video games have come into existence. Ever advancing technology and production values related to video game development have fostered more life-like and complex games which have in turn introduced or enhanced genre possibilities (e.g., virtual pets), pushed the boundaries of existing video gaming or in some cases add new possibilities in play (such as that seen with titles specifically designed for devices like Sony's Eye Toy or Nintendo's Wii Remote). Some genres represent combinations of others, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games, or, more commonly, MMORPGs. It is also common to see higher level genre terms that are collective in nature across all other genres such as with action, music/rhythm or horror-themed video games.

Platform refers to the specific combination of electronic or computer hardware which, in conjunction with low-level software, allows a video game to operate;examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while previously common, have gradually declined in use.

A game controller is an input device used to manipulate video games, and varies across platforms. A dedicated console controller might consist of only a button and a joystick. Another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks. Early personal computer games often needed a keyboard for gameplay, or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. Modern computer games allow, or even require, the player to use a keyboard and mouse simultaneously. It enables the multiple use of joystick and other various keys on a dedicated keyboard which in most cases sends binary functions to the system and enables movement in the game.

Video games typically also use other ways of providing interaction and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using sound reproduction devices, such as speakers and headphones. Other feedback may come via haptic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral o "Peripheral"peripherals, such as vibration or force feedback, with vibration sometimes used to simulate force feedback.

Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947 -- a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on January 25, 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. And Estle Ray Mann, and issued on December 14, 1948 as U.S. Patent 2455992.Other early examples include the NIMROD computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain, OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952, Tennis for Two, an interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958, Spacewar, written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961.

Arcade game is a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a special cabinet. These distinctions are not always clear and there may be games that bridge one or more platforms. Beyond this there are platforms that have non-video game variations such as in the case of electro-mechanically based arcade machines. There are also devices with screens which have the ability to play games but are not dedicated video game machines (examples are mobile phones, PDAs and graphing calculators).

It has been shown that action video game players have better visuo-motor skills, such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briefly presented objects, than nonplayers. Researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games, involving challenges that switch attention between different locations, but not with games requiring concentration on single objects. It has been suggested by a few studies that online/offline video gaming can be used as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of different mental health concerns.

It has been proven through elaborate research that video games have a profound influence in the manner which an individual thinks and behave. Certain experimental and analytical data shows that the playing of video games has a direct influence on one's thoughts. The playing of violent video games has been proven to increase the level of aggressive and hostile thoughts (Anderson, Buckley, & Gentile, 2007;

Anderson, Carnagey, Flanagan, Benjamin, Eubanks & Valentine, 2004).The engagement of a player in games that have positive content has also been proven to elicit positive outcomes. A perfect example is the playing of video games by children which has been proven to help in weight management. In this paper we explicitly investigate whether video games side with certain British political ideologies.

In the recent past, researchers have questioned the validity of passing on political ideologies in videogames. This has always drawn the conclusion that the reputation of the video game industry despite being a disposable form of entertainment which serves a very wide audience does in fact have a degree of political discourse. This notion of political ideologies being encoded in the some games is true but has a degree of flaw.

Thus notion for example overlooks the effort of certain independent game designers and developers. Games such as Super Combine massacre RPG and Cutthroat Capitalism go to a large extent to dispute the notion of apolitical landscape in the industry of videogames. The level of success in the process of communicating the various political statements which incorporate military, social and economic issues just illustrate the political nature of these videogames. Video games by design and existence are a true example of cultural artifacts which bear a certain degree of political messages. It is a proven fact that even the simplest of the video games despite their low level of mindlessness can never fail to portray the politics of the underlying culture in which they are designed.

The mainstream video which games do seem to lack political ideologies in actual sense have an implicit political undertone. The basic design of these games is not supposed to handle or tackle any form of political issue directly. The design also does not allow for the carrying of political messages covertly. The reality however is that the games do reflect the underlying social values and most of the popular ideologies of the resident culture in which the game was intended to be deployed in. Even in the conservative and economically centered eighties or even the liberal society, politics are in fact intertwined in the very underlying codes of the video games that we do enjoy

Video Games and the Brain

Researchers have in past conducted experiments to investigate the influence the mechanism and relationship that occurs in the brain when an individual is playing a computer game. The work of researchers published in Nature (1998), a British journal indicated that the brain secrets a special hormone called dopamine when one is laying a computer game. Dopamine is a pleasure inducing chemical that is secreted whenever an individual engages his/her mind in the playing f video games. The New brain research that was conducted years back (Bartholow,

Bushman & Sestir, 2006) was the first to show that the playing of violent video games results in bad health of the players. The emphatic responses of the brain to the simulation of certain real-life violence such as shooting with a gun and bombing are also elicited. It was also explained by Walsh (2004, 2006). That the exposure of a teenaged brain to video games results in certain violent long-term effects.

In Steven Johnson's book, Everything Bad Is Good for You, he argues that video games in fact demand far more from a player than traditional games like Monopoly. To experience the game, the player must first determine the objectives, as well as how to complete them. They must then learn the game controls and how the human-machine interface works, including menus and HUDs. Beyond such skills, which after some time become quite fundamental and are taken for granted by many gamers, video games are based upon the player navigating (and eventually mastering) a highly complex system with many variables. This requires a strong analytical ability, as well as flexibility and adaptability. He argues that the process of learning the boundaries, goals, and controls of a given game is often a highly demanding one that calls on many different areas of cognitive function. Indeed, most games require a great deal of patience and focus from the player, and, contrary to the popular perception that games provide instant gratification, games actually delay gratification far longer than other forms of entertainment such as film or even many books. Some research suggests video games may even increase players' attention capacities

A group of British researchers embarked on a research to understand the neurochemical outcomes of playing video games (Koepp et al. 1998).They measured the amount of dopamine hormone which gets released whenever subjects were engaged in playing a video game. The video games were of action genre. The action game involved the maneuvering through a battlefield full of landmines and tanks. Dopamine is a special neurotransmitter that necessitates the modulation of certain information that is passed from one brain area to another. The particular interest in dopamine was because of its role in the control and influence of a wide range of human behavior. Some of the behaviors that it influences are pleasure, learning and even addiction. An example is the fact that in most cases of drug addiction, pleasure is achieved by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain. By employing a special form of brain imaging technique called (Positron Emission Tomograph) the researchers were in a position to determine the effects of playing a video game on the level of dopamine that is released. The result showed a rapid surge in the amount of dopamine that was released in the brain. The areas that were most noted to have these dopamine surges/release are the areas that are attributed to learning and reward. The injection of amphetamines intravenously gave out comparable results. The observed surge in dopamine and its resulting implications are never well-known but is a success in rats. This implies that dopamine may indeed be very crucial in the process of modifying the brain following a certain period of perpetual engagement in training activities. Bao Etal conducted a study using groups of rats. One group of rats was paired with the presentation of a certain tone of about 9-kHz.The observation made was that there was a particular expansion in the brain area that is devoted to the used tone. This was just in the rats that had concurrent of dopamine simulation. (Bao, CHan, and Merzenich,2001).Their conclusion therefore was that dopamine plays a very integral role in the process of learning. This was what caused the neural realignment in the rats. The conclusion from this experiment is that the large increase in the amount of dopamine that is observed when a person plays a video games has a role that is similar to the one in the rats. The dopamine released leads to a faster rate of learning and pleasure.

The Dominant British political Ideology

The term ideology was first made use of by French philosopher Destutt de Tracy in the nineteenth century. He used it to refer to the 'science of human ideas'. However several definitions have been coined for the word. The term ideology is however used to refer to a certain particular set of ideas and assumptions that are necessary in the shaping of one's understanding of the world. It was however argued by Leys (1983:14) that ideology refers to 'any set of social ideas that become part of the 'operative assumptions of the general political practice of a certain particular social group. The very nature of an ideology is usually interpreted to be very coherent in that the main ideas within the specific ideology will usually tend to show a high degree of coherent with one another. The main ideologies that dominate the British way of life are conservatism, socialism and liberalism.

More recently, Thompson has heavily criticized a number of video games and campaigned against their producers and distributors. His basic argument is that violent video games have repeatedly been used by teenagers as murder simulators to rehearse violent plans. He has pointed to alleged connections between such games and a number of school massacres. According to Thompson, in every school shooting, we find that kids who pull the trigger are video gamers." Also, he claims that scientific studies show teenagers process the game environment differently from adults, leading to increased violence and copycat behavior. According to Thompson, if some wacked-out adult wants to spend his time playing Grand Theft Auto; Vice City, one has to wonder why he doesn't get a life, but when it comes to kids, it has a demonstrable impact on their behavior and the development of the frontal lobes of their brain. Thompson has described the proliferation of games by Sony, a Japanese company, as Pearl Harbor 2." According to Thompson, Many parents think that stores won't sell an M-rated game to someone under 17 all the studies show, are able to walk into any store and get any game regardless of the rating, no questions asked."

Thompson has rejected arguments that such video games are protected by freedom of expression, saying, Murder simulators are not constitutionally protected speech. They're not even speech. They're dangerous physical appliances that teach a kid how to kill efficiently and to love it, as well as simply calling video games "mental masturbation. In addition, he has attributed part of the impetus for violent games to the military, saying that it was looking for a way to disconnect in the soldier's mind the physical act of pulling the trigger from the awful reality that a life may end." Thompson further claims that some of these games are based on military training and simulation technologies, such as those being developed at the Institute for Creative Technologies, which, he suggests, were created by the Department of Defense to help overcome soldiers' inhibition to kill

Methodology

This chapter will discuss the research design, population of study, sampling techniques and sample size, data collection procedures, data analysis, expected output and ethical requirements.

Research design

Data collection methods

The data will be collected through questionnaire as principle research instruments. Secondary data will be used complement the primary data. This data will be gathered from documented material relevant to the area study. These will include books, research papers, statistical abstracts, journals, newsletters and annual reports.

Data collection procedures

The research instruments to be used in this study will include questionnaire method. The questionnaire will be the main research instruments. Both open and closed ended questions in order to capture all the information and opinion of the respondents. By using the questionnaire, the management staff will be asked the same questions in the same form from all companies.

Each questionnaire will be given a number and pre-coded before the data collection process begins. This will ensure easy transfer of information into the computer for data processing and analysis. Quantitative data will be collected through the questionnaire method. The data will be collected by the principal researcher with the help of one research assistant. The research assistant will be thoroughly trained before the work commences. Appointments will be made in advance with the company staff to avoid missing the respondents. Before giving questionnaires, the researcher will have to explain to the respondents in detail the aim after research and go through the questionnaire with them first. The questionnaire will be administered to the management staff through drop and pick letter method. The questionnaire will be completed in the absence of the researcher because all respondents are literate. Then the researcher will go back and collect all the completed questionnaires for data analysis.

Data analysis

In this study the data will be analyzed using descriptive analysis. A narrative summary of the open and closed questions will be made. This includes statistical data that will be made available. The analyzed data will be presented and interpreted through graphs and simple frequency tables. The SPSS statistical computer package will be used to analyze the responses that will be secured from likert scale type of questions

The planned procedures for carrying out the research study will be through descriptive research design. This design is chosen because it uses individuals as a basic unit of analysis and it will help in collecting the original data that describes a population that cannot be observed directly. These individuals will have high levels of representation in the population. The information is going to be gathered through self-administered questionnaires. This will later be analyzed to determine the possible answers to the research questions and provide relevant information needed to achieve the research objectives.

Sampling design

This unit will consist of sampling selecting techniques and sampling size.

Sampling selection techniques

In this study the sampling technique to be used will be quota sampling which is a non-random sampling technique to arrive at the desired sample. These techniques will be chosen because it is easy to use, economical and the study is investigative in nature. In quota sampling, managers to be included by their personal numbers as per their records kept in the logistics department from the company. Here the researcher will be given the choice to select the sample members that conform to certain criterion. The researcher will divide the team into quotas in terms of their functional areas.

Participants

The participants were gathered from a certain popular social online video gaming platform. To explore the questions as to how often the participants engage themselves in playing video games and How this video games affect politics, the research was undertaken by interviewing six hundred participants of which the majority were male compared to females. There were 65% of males compared to 45% females. The participants were aged between eighteen years and forty years with the mean age being 25-year and a standard deviation of 0.64.

Procedure

Data collection was done between the months of January and February the year 2010. The affair was random and after informing the officials of the underlying research it was on. The participants were recruited randomly through random sampling technique which was geared towards a generalized finding that gives a wider scope of views from the respondents, and avoidance of biasness. This was done to eradicate biasness and to get various views from different people who comes from all forms of employment. The main concern of the research was to analyze how people especially teenagers look up for political information online. Secondly there was a concern was how they had persuaded people into voting in elections; thirdly they sort to know how the people had been living informed on politics and other current affairs in the past six months, forth is whether they have stayed committed to their civic participation. And lastly the research sort to see how interested the participants are in political issues around them.

The research engage in analyzing both the activities and interests of the participant from that earlier ages because though teenagers do not always involve themselves in political issues as compared to their adult counterparts, they are at a critical age where experimentation are eminent that can help in the development of new political ideologies that give them certain political identities.

Each person participating filled an anonymous survey questionnaire that was to give details of their attitudes towards videogames, what they know about them, how often they play and lastly, their perception of politics and how video games affects it. The participants ware told that video games included any games played on a computer, video arcades, and handheld devices among others. The data collectors were also taught and trained the manner in which the survey was to be conducted. (Walsh, 2000)

The research uses logistic regression and multivariate linear methods in their analysis between the participant's background information variables and their civic quality in playing video games together with the above five concerns of the research on what the participants engage in. The games can then be categorized under various groupings such as those that tries to coin the thoughts of participants on moral issues, how they help people learn about problems in the society, how they help in influencing communities decision making procedures, and the nation at large. And lastly some are categorized on how they help in teaching about social issues.

The above statistical methods are used because they assist in controlling factors such as how parent may influence the civil participation of the youths and also how participant's incomes can affect their civil and political participation.

The analysis due to past researches on the topic goes a head to categorize influencing measures in four different categories that includes; the political characteristics of the games played which talks about how the participants and whether they have any civic experiences that influence political issues or supports them. Another is the social context of the games played which assesses the way the games are played. This could be in solitude or in groups. It also assesses the political behaviors and attitudes, this deal with the magnitude of involvement of the participants to gamming and their political involvement. Also there are demographic variables. They include analysis on age, gender, race and also household incomes. It also analyses the frequency of the games played. Therefore on this research our main concern will be on the variables listed below.

Variables

Amount of time spent on video games: the participants were asked how much time they spend playing their favorite video games. This time was categorized into week days and weekends which helped in calculating the amount of time people use in playing the video games weekly.

Video games exposure: the participants were again asked to name at least three of their favorite video games. On each video game named the participants were expected to rate how often they play this game on a seven point Likert scale. Also the participants were asked to rate how the video game related to politics on the same Likert scale. On the scale it is interpreted that 1 represent a no relation to politics while 7 mean a higher relationship to politics. The video game political relation score was calculated.

The participants were also asked to rate their video games relation on a 1to 10 scale to show how much trends of politics in video games has changed in the past two to three years.

Video game limit: the participants were again asked how often they limit themselves from playing video and the period of time they use in playing the video games.

Underlying video game political inclination: The participants were asked to state the general mood that laying the game elicited as concerns the major British political ideologies.

The model

There exists broad based and multidisciplinary body of research work that deal with the effects of video games on various social phenomena, some borrow their relevance applications, game theory. DeGroot (1974) came up with a perfect self updating model, whereby persons adjust their personal belief regarding a certain event (also called the state of the world) by way of observing all persons with whom they have a common social tie and in effect taking an average of their friends' averages. Political ideologies and beliefs do necessarily involve a certain level of personal stubbornness but is not explicitly explored by the model, however the DeGroot updating model is still relevant towards the process of forming a political ideology, especially when the aspect of social video gaming which is so connected and impressionable is concerned. In this research however, we do a slight modification of the DeGroot's model in order to include an element of political judgment as well as a decreasing level of an individual's sensitivity to other's views in a bid to capture the overall maturation state and solidification of the various political views and ideologies. For this purpose we begin by employing DeGroot model which has a simple stochastic configuration having the following parameters.

The model is employed in gauging a person's view regarding the elements of British political ideologies that they derive or perceive to be entailed in the video games. The model is a follows.

(1)

Where n is denotes the number of direct links that an individual I has with certain other people j in the online gaming network. I reconfigured the model to incorporate some of the most observed realities of British political ideology acquisition.

In the model we assume that a person maintains an autoregressive component in his or her ideology.The model then becomes as follows.

(2)

Allowing the general political ideology to start out at time 1 as I b~ + e, in which ?i is a random error term which is drawn from N (0,s 2 ) . The expectation of ?i, and 2 is b~ is arrived at by inspection, as the expectation

( ) IE b~ + e is b~,

Which leads us back to equation (2). Variance of ?i,2 is evaluated the equation

Nis clearly decreasing. Therefore, one can boldly infer that more connections of n can lead to correponding ?'s which quickly converges to the equilibrium of mb~ and to each other.2

This model however comes with a certain number of assumptions, some of which are more concrete than others. The initial assumption is that it does not take into account the weightings or a measure of the strength of the various different ties.

Literature Review

Many theorists have come up with similar and different arguments concerning the relations of video games, politics and culture of different regions of the earth.

When participating in these social practices, players of the game have the opportunity to involve themselves in new identities. For example, while playing the game "Sims Online" a presidential political contest of Alphaville erupted between, Baynes who is 21 years old, and Laura who is a 14-year-old girl. Political jockeying and voter fraud accusations emerged just like it would in a real political activity. These occurrences created learning opportunities to Laura and Baynes about the realities of real politics and what they entail. This very election attracted national attention as pundits engaged in debates on the significance of games where players could not only run political systems in their virtual lives, but could also engage in political debates and arguments. Laura's political campaign, platform and alliances were substantial enough to initiate a stronger police force and run an overhaul of the system of judiciary. This creates an understanding of how deep it can be to gain experience in online virtual worlds. These games contain very rich contexts for learning since players are able to have new and powerful identities and actually experiment on them ( Shaffer 2004)

According to Terry Flew (2005) digital games are on the increase in society, a thing which has created social isolation especially teenage boys, who hide in bedrooms; thus fail to actively engage in the society. David Marshal (2002) agrees with Flew though he is against the effects of the out come of his research He found out that games are dynamically social and extensive social conversations emerge from online gaming in huge multi-player formats. For example, the "Sims Online" has created entire social and political structures in some communities that have adopted a social gaming prospect in their daily lives. These online gamers actively participate in various forms of communication which includes one-on-one correspondence. These kinds of games are massive, social and intimate.

On the other hand, McArthur (2008) argues that the amount of time young people play, or the frequency of the plays are significantly related to most outcomes of both civic and political occurrences in pour daily lives. McArthur continues to emphasize that the gaming influence to games has increasingly persuaded others on the voting process, charity contribution, volunteer work, and also in growing interest as far as political views and events are concerned. MacArthur finds very little evidence supporting the aspect of videogames in the promotion of attitudes and behavior that undermine behavior as well as civic commitments. On the same note, there is also little evidence supporting an association of video game playing and that of a vibrant civic and political life. McArthur concluded that the frequency of playing games was associated with only two political and civics outcomes i.e. An increase in political interest and protesting with variations that only emerge according to the level of frequency a gamer has to play.

Henry Jenkins, a prominent scholar in digital media highlighted potential participation of cultures that come up as a result of engagement with the digital media. Such participatory cultures are in support of communities that share the same interest and involve themselves in sharing and creating what they create with others. Those with experience join in to mentor those who are coming up. With the kind of report put forth by Jenkins, the newly created participatory culture presents more opportunities for gamers to, participate in community life as opposed to isolation, engage in civic debates, or to be leaders in politics. Extensive opportunities through participation may gradually change self-perception and encourage social ties with other inhabitants. In order to be empowered, one is supposed to make meaningful decisions within a civic point-of-view. For example, citizenship skills are learnt through engaging into political acting in order to understand choices to be made in political terms; all these require steps from watching political news and acting politically. This is more like having interest in politics acting in a game world and then acting politically in the real world. Henry Jenkins (2007)

Developmental Psychologists concerned with adolescent behavior have suggested that nurturing is very important during the early years in life i.e. child and teenage years. This is the time that teenagers try to anticipate the lives of adulthood and work hard to understand who they are, who they want to be and how they relate to the society. Gibson (2003) notes that the development of sociopolitical orientations is very critical; therefore assessment of the importance to which young members of the society experiment with civic and political activities available to them is crucial in development of future participation.

Brown and Thomas in their arguments in "virtual worlds" write that players learn to create new innovations within networked environments that are well suited to social interactions, problem solving and effective communication. For example, in world of warcraft, players generally come together to form guilds in which they associate together and coordinate in how to attack and destroy the enemy as well as plan to raid the enemy. When new members are recruited, they undergo training as well as ways of resolving conflict among the guild members. This calls for the establishment of an implicit or explicit code of conduct. This kind of interaction and social influence prepares young people on the future stance of their lives. Douglas Thomas (2008)

Sasha Barab and Kurt Squire have qualitatively studied the content of the game Civilization IV. This is a game where players begin to join a group settlers living in an underdeveloped land. After joining the piece of land, they try to think deeply on how they will develop the land to the standards of a big city; they therefore send a number of scouts to go and explore the territories that surround them. In order to do this, they are expected to set up a group of warriors who are supposed to fight and protect their city. These players start their ways from the Stone Age period and keep moving until the modern twenty first century. This is a process where they have to develop ideas and make wise decision on how to introduce religion, reading e.t.c at the same time; trade negotiations take place as well as talks on governing their territories especially financially and politically. This kind of simulation enables players to have opportunities of learning about the dynamics of political, economical, as well as the legal system that are stipulated in a real government. This simulation also provides opportunity for players to acknowledge their civic identities due to their experience as civic leaders in the virtual world. Such cognitions and attitude coincide with the players' behavior, thus help them develop and practice civic skills. With this study, Squire and Borab concluded that young people gain both civic and political knowledge through playing commercial video games such as Civilization IV. Borab and Squire (2004). Participation is the key here as pointed out by Borab and Squire by saying that "Participation & #8230; can be neither fully internalized as knowledge structures nor fully externalized as instrumental artifacts or overarching activity structures. Participation is always based on situated negotiation and renegotiation of meaning in the world.

This implies that understanding and experience are in constant interaction -- indeed, are mutually constitutive. The notion of participation thus dissolves dichotomies between cerebral and embodied activity, between contemplation and involvement, between abstraction and experience: persons, actions, and the world are implicated in all thought, speech, knowing, and learning. (pp. 51 -- 52)"

There also have been games purely designed to be used within a basic education context. Games such as Quest Atlantis include a narration based on a storyline of young male and female protagonists. This is meant to initiate a proper understanding in pupils about the purpose of some of the activities they carry out in their daily prospects. This game has also helped students perform batter in their studies, especially in subjects like, language arts, social studies and science. For example, in social studies; students have developed and appreciated history and its relationship to their present lives and the adoption of various perspectives of making decisions. As far as gaming in an educational setting is concerned, studies show that players under the guidance and intervention of adults yield more productivity and worthiness as opposed to the players under the reflection of peer groups. Other arguments though state that games with more distinct design features can facilitate greater civic learning conditions without the intervention of an adult. Borab and Squire (2004).

More literacy scholars have introduced the new vs. The old literacy in this new technology era of global understanding. Meyer and rose (1999) interprets the old literacy concept based on the assumption that the basic carrier of information in our culture is the print and the most important knowledge is the ability of students to express and understand themselves through text. Right now technology is catching up, thus the new definition of literacy has changed to mean the ability of a student tot be able to express self through digital technology which is rapidly becoming the sole carrier of information. This is critical in today's education context. This education context requires the knowledge of print literacy; this call for both the old (print) and this new (digital) concept to enhance more skilled literacy. It simply shows that there is a perverse challenge of literacy in both the digital and the non-digital innovations of our daily lives. (Meyer & Rose, 1999)

Electronic games have actually been used in the classroom by teachers to associate the traditional ways of teaching. Young people have always been inspired by some character in the games. This invokes some sense of attention and concentration which are part of the teacher's goals in the teaching process. After the digital game use, pupils begin to reveal some real enthusiasm for writing diaries, text, coloring and making drawings; this also motivate them to keep proper records for what they have learned and drafted in the classroom. They also go on to discuss their projects in broader perspectives, thanks to the games their teachers introduce to them in classroom. The game world in schools is particularly stronger in the United Kingdom for the sole contribution of contributing and advancing personal skills in innovation and creativity. These games develop intellectual and social skills that includes self-confidence, ability to explore and cooperate, enterprise and initiative, responsibility, independence e.t.c. (Meyer & Rose, 1999)

According to Zimmerman and Salen, games are forms of organized play with a set of rules and guide to players. If a game is well designed with a meaningful purpose, then the game will definitely yield positive results "meaningful play" which is a very good learning condition. This definition of meaningful play simply means the results of the relationship between the outcome and the action in a game which are integrated and discernable into the wider view of the game. When the real design focuses on meaningful learning results, then it is able to preserve playfulness which is deserved by children and at the same time serious learning. Games really motivate players to concentrate on mastering their tasks according to how the game is supposed to be played. The innovation of very distinct elements of game design such as rewards, goals, rules, multisensory cues, interactivity, and narrative context, have proven necessary to kindle the expected outcomes of learning. For example, EVE Online is an online game that one has to subscribe to in order to play. Its nature as a casual game doesn't in any way undermine the gain of knowledge while playing it. EVE Online is all about dominating a market by setting up a number of corporations. This game has attracted so many prominent personnel including, MBA's, city traders, economists, chief executives e.t.c. To gain knowledge of complex financial lessons that they can practice in the real world. One of the gamers was interviewed and explained that once one has managed to conquer a virtual corporation spanning the universe, you can then easily be able to manage a real corporation spanning the earth. (Zimmerman and Salen 2004)

Games are interactive mediums with to fully understand becomes a core challenge. Within game worlds, players have the agency. These games are therefore inhabited by the gamers, within the theories of digital games, a reliable game should be able to constrain players through the narratives and the rules that they are bound to. It is also important that the players be given the actual control for entering the virtual world. Kreimeier, 2000 continues to explain that the game developer's desire is always be able to design games that enable the players to fully engage themselves in the game world. In this way, games are constructions by both the players as well as the authors. For example, the Grand Theft is a game representing the inner L.A in a way that leads players to understand some of the limited choices urban youth have, this game also has a way of inviting them to try the personae of the black man in the inner city; and the experience the sensations of the urban culture and the life of an urban gang member. The Grand Theft game allows gamers to inhabit this for a particular view point and also help in the development of the identities within them. (Squire, 2004).

Deux Ex is a very popular game design as a science fiction game. It contains characters of duplicitous leaders of the government, very powerful corporations and also full of terrorists who are sponsored by the government. Warren Spector who designed the game offers moral choices to the gamers on whether to trust organizations or to trust individual people. In a world where no moral decision is right, the player is left tot rethink of who he wants to joint the competing organizations such, as family royalties, government or corporations. This kind of game helps us know the must important things and choices to make; as well as what to ignore when making very important decisions. All these game are differently understood and interpreted by different player.(Black 2004)

According to Tom Malone (1981), there is an intrinsic motivation of games to players through challenge, control, fantasy, curiosity and opportunities for competition, collaborative play and social interaction. He goes on arguing that games have a way of creating presence, or emotional immediacy which is one of their most appealing features; the core to this is that we are entering the word to this and not merely manipulating the screen pixels. Clinton (2004) says on the other hand that immersion is fundamentally built through the game world interaction. These verbs given to players- jumping, punching, running, diving and kicking through and over enemies and few other obstacles are the building blocks through which gamers become war lords, action heroes, or civilization leaders. Clinton maintains that the digital world's cognition is mediated thoroughly by player's action capacity. Thus the player's actions become the player's interface with the world. Clinton's observations go on proving that the first thing a player does before playing a particular game is to familiarize him with the game controls. This action gives him total control of the characters body and what he can do in the virtual world. In the real world this helps a player to conform and find out his abilities that he can use to venture through his day-to-day prospects. (Clinton 2004)

Game perception to the players is another half of the action/perception system where the kind of graphics that have been created in the gaming world create signs that players are supposed to understand. As gamers interact with the real world, they assert action possibilities, thus develop the vision in order to gain maximum affordances of the world. (Jenkins and Squire 2004). It is this professional vision that is shaped by the world's sign which are strategically significant.

Pragmatic theories of learning and knowing expansion are interesting sites of learning a game through cycles of seeing, doing and being. As gamers adopt and detect goals in games, it is a good process of identifying very important variables so as to analyze and interpret the game play then come up with strategies as you understand more about the game. These cycles of repetitive play usually produce new concepts which can be used as tools for the game execution. These concepts come up through action and are used in action for the future. (Squire, 2001). For example, historical maps studied by students have a great impact of nurturing and making them better players of the game civilization. This is very necessary to examine how such tools are gathered and used up in the future contexts. In Civilization III, the gamer uses terms such as cultural imperialism, golden ages and culture flipping this means the process under which the influence of civilization spreads to cover up other civilizations. This is also how the United States of America went for their culture victory with an aim of achieving global domination by spreading their ideologies, republican democracy and capitalism. Many kinds of games clearly represent these vices of ideologies. (Squire & Gionavetto, in press)

(Kuo, 2004) has generally watched children play video games and afterwards talk about their games while sharing strategies, participating in forums which are conducted online and also downloading FAQs form the internet. This description of social experience by the gamers has a way of connecting friends and offer very intense social learning especially in multiplayer games. These are the type of games conducted online through which gamers interact with others massively over the internet. The uniqueness of these games is their persistence; data on the gamers' avatars persist through sessions in orders to change the identities which they inhabit. Sherry Turkle (1995) is a psychologist who calls this pseudonymity. She explains that these online gamers are completely anonymous among themselves. This whole group might be "gender-bed" in which the whole concept is less defined by the race, skin color, cultural background or class. This makes persistent global games more like digital nations, services or worlds. These games are neither private nor public, they are just spaces where gamers cross boundaries, explore new ideas, socialize and also develop new identities. Hence enable a distinct study of cultures and politics.